Phosphatidylserine decarboxylases, key enzymes of lipid metabolism

IUBMB Life

Volumn 61, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 151-162

  Schuiki, Irmgard ^a   Daum, Günther ^a  

^a GRAZ UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Austria)

Author keywords

Bacteria; Mammals; Phosphatidylethanolamine; Phosphatidylserine decarboxylase; Plant; Yeast

Indexed keywords

PHOSPHATIDYLSERINE DECARBOXYLASE; PROTEIN SUBUNIT; CARBOXYLYASE; PHOSPHATIDYLETHANOLAMINE;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; BIOGENESIS; DECARBOXYLATION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; EUKARYOTIC CELL; LIPID METABOLISM; MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE; NONHUMAN; PHYLOGENY; PROKARYOTIC CELL; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN CLEAVAGE; PROTEIN DOMAIN; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; PROTEIN MOTIF; PROTEIN PROCESSING; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; PROTEIN TARGETING; PROTEIN TRANSPORT; REVIEW; ANIMAL; BIOSYNTHESIS; CHEMISTRY; ENZYME SPECIFICITY; FORECASTING; GENETICS; METABOLISM; MOLECULAR GENETICS; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PROTEIN TERTIARY STRUCTURE; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY; TRANSPORT AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); EUKARYOTA; MAMMALIA; PROKARYOTA;

AMINO ACID MOTIFS; AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT; CARBOXY-LYASES; CONSERVED SEQUENCE; DECARBOXYLATION; EUKARYOTIC CELLS; FORECASTING; LIPID METABOLISM; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; PHOSPHATIDYLETHANOLAMINES; PHYLOGENY; PROKARYOTIC CELLS; PROTEIN STRUCTURE, TERTIARY; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY, AMINO ACID; SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITY;

EID: 63449135424     PISSN: 15216543     EISSN: 15216551     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/iub.159     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Nebauer, R., Birner-Grünberger, R., and Daum, G. (2003) Biogenesis and cellular dynamics of glycerophospholipids in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Top. Curr. Genet. 6, 125-168.
2. Vance, J. E. and Vance, D. E. (2004) Phospholipid synthesis in mammalian cells. Biochem. Cell Biol. 82, 113-128.
3. Menon, A. K. and Stevens, V. L. (1992) Phosphatidylethanolamine is the donor of the ethanolamine residue linking a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor to protein. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 15277-15280.
4. Jin, X. H., Okamoto, Y., Morishita, J., Tsuboi, K., Tonai, T., and Ueda, N. (2007) Discovery and characterization of a Ca2+-independent phosphtidylethanolamine N-acyltransferase generating the anandamide precursor and its congeners. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 3614-3623.
5. Cullis, P. R., de Kruijff, B., Verkleij, A. J., and Hope, M. J. (1986) Lipid polymorphism and membrane fusion. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 14, 242-245.
6. Huang, W. P. and Klionsky, D. J. (2002) Autophagy in yeast: a review of the molecular machinery. Cell. Struct. Funct. 27, 409-420.
7. Bezrukov, S. M. (2000) Functional consequences of lipid packing stress. Curr. Opin. Colloid. Interface. Sci. 5, 237-243.
8. Lange, C., Nett, J. H., Trumpower, B. L., and Hunte, C. (2001) Specific roles of protein-phospholipid interactions in the yeast cytochrome bc1 complex structure. EMBO J. 20, 6591-6600. (Pubitemid 33134190)
9. Chapman, K. D. (2000) Emerging physiological roles for N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine metabolism in plants: signal transduction and membrane protection. Chem. Phys. Lipids 108, 237-1230
10. Storey, M. K., Clay, K. L., Kutateladze, T., Murphy, R. C., Overduin, M., and Voelker, D. R. (2001) Phosphatidylethanolamine has an essential role in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that is independent of its ability to form hexagonal phase structures. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 48539-48548.
11. Rosenberger, S. and Daum, G. (2005) Lipids of yeast mitochondria. Res. Signpost 1735, 111-118.
12. Choi, J. Y., Wu, W. I., and Voelker, D. R. (2005) Phosphatidylserine decarboxylases as genetic and biochemical tools for studying phospholipid traffic. Anal. Biochem. 347, 165-175.
13. Cronan, J. E. (2003) Bacterial membrane lipids. Where do we stand? Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 57, 203-224.
14. Vance, J. E. (2008) Phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine in mammalian cells: two metabolically-related aminophospholipids. J. Lipid Res. 49, 1377-1387.
15. Bessoule, J. J. and Moreau, P. (2004) Phospholipid synthesis and dynamics in plant cells. Top. Curr. Genet. 6, 89-124.
16. Daiyasu, H., Kuma, K., Yokoi, T., Morii, H., Koga, Y., and Toh, H. (2005) A study of archaeal enzymes involved in polar lipid synthesis linking amino acid sequence information, genomic contexts and lipid composition. Archaea 1, 399-410. (Pubitemid 43273905)
17. Snell, E. E. (1977) Pyruvate-containing enzymes. Trends Biochem. Sci. 2, 131-135.
18. Birner, R. and Daum, G. (2003) Biogenesis and cellular dynamics of aminoglycerophospholipids. Int. Rev. Cytol. 225, 273-323.
19. Voelker, D. R. (2004) Genetic analysis of intracellular aminoglycero-phospholipid traffic. Biochem. Cell Biol. 82, 165-169.
20. Voelker, D. R. (2003) New perspectives on the regulation of intermembrane glycerophospholipid traffic. J. Lipid Res. 44, 441-449. (Pubitemid 37279690)
21. Voelker, D. R. (2005) Bridging gaps in phospholipid transport. Trends Biochem.Sci. 30, 396-404.
22. Vance, J. E. (2003) Molecular and cell biology of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine metabolism. Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 75, 69-111.
23. van Meer, G., Voelker, D. R., and Feigenson, G. W. (2008) Membrane lipids: where they are and how they behave. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 9, 112-124.
24. Borkenhagen, L. F., Kennedy, E. P., and Fielding, L. (1961) Enzymatic formation and decarboxylation of phosphatidylserine. J. Biol. Chem. 236, 28-32.
25. Dennis, E. A. and Kennedy, E. P. (1972) Intracellular sites of lipid synthesis and the biogenesis of mitochondria. J. Lipid Res. 13, 263-267.
26. Kuge, O., Nishijima, M., and Akamatsu, Y. (1991) A cloned gene encoding phosphatidylserine decarboxylase complements the phosphatidylserine biosynthetic defect of a Chinese hamster ovary cell mutant. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 6370-6376.
27. van Golde, L.M.G., Batenburg, J. J., Fleischer, B., Zambrano, F., and Fleischer, S. (1974) Biosynthesis of lipids in golgi complex and other subcellular fractions from rat liver. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 360, 179-192.
28. Percy, A. K., Moore, J. F., Carson, M. A., and Waechter, C. J. (1983) Characterization of brain phosphatidylserine decarboxylase: localization in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 223, 484-494.
29. Zborowski, J., Dygas, A., and Wojtczak, L. (1983) Phosphatidylserine decarboxylase is located on the external side of the inner mitochondrial membrane. FEBS Lett. 157, 179-182. (Pubitemid 13073606)
30. Clancey, C. J., Chang, S.-C., and Dowhan, W. (1993) Cloning of a gene (PSD1) encoding phosphatidylserine decarboxylase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by complementation of an Escherichia coli mutant. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 24580-24590.
31. Trotter, P. J., Pedretti, J., and Voelker, D. R. (1993) Phosphatidylserine decarboxylase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Isolation of mutants, cloning of the gene, and creation of a null allele. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 21416-21424.
32. Trotter, P. J., Pedretti, J., Yates, R., and Voelker, D. R. (1995) Phosphatidylserine decarboxylase 2 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cloning and mapping of the gene, heterologous expression, and creation of the null allele. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 6071-6080.
33. Trotter, P. J. and Voelker, D. R. (1995) Identification of a non-mitochondrial phosphatidylserine decarboxylase activity in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 6062-6070.
34. Voelker, D. R. (1997) Phosphatidylserine decarboxylase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1348, 236-244. Elsevier Pub. Co
35. Zinser, E., Sperka-Gottlieb, C. D. M., Fasch, E.-V., Kohlwein, S. D., Paltauf, F., and Daum, G. (1991) Phospholipid synthesis and lipid composition of subcellular membranes in the unicellular eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Bacteriol. 173, 2026-2034.
36. Rontein, D., Wu, W.-I., Voelker, D. R., and Hanson, A. D. (2003) Mitochondrial phosphatidylserine decarboxylase from higher plants. Functional complementation in yeast, localization in plants, and overexpression in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 132, 1678-1687.
37. Larsson, K. E., Nystrom, B., and Liljenberg, C. (2006) A phosphatidylserine decarboxylase activity in root cells of oat (Avena sativa) is involved in altering membrane phospholipid composition during drought stress acclimation. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 44, 211-219.
38. Hawrot, E. and Kennedy, E. P. (1975) Biogenesis of membrane lipids: mutants of Escherichia coli with temperature-sensitive phosphatidylserine decarboxylase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 1112-1116.
39. Hawrot, E. and Kennedy, E. P. (1976) Conditional lethal phosphatidylserine decarboxylase mutants of Escherichia coli. Mapping of the structural gene for phosphatidylserine decarboxylase. Mol. Gen. Genet. 148, 271-279.
40. Kanfer, J. and Kennedy, E. P. (1964) Metabolism and function of bacterial lipids. II. Biosynthesis of phospholipids in Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 239, 1720-1726.
41. Matsumoto, K., Okada, M., Horikoshi, Y., Matsuzaki, H., Kishi, T., Itaya, M., and Shibuya, I. (1998) Cloning, sequencing and disruption of the Bacillus subtilis psd gene coding for phosphatidylserine decarboxylase. J. Bacteriol. 180, 100-106. (Pubitemid 28023789)
42. Dowhan, W., Wickner, W. T., and Kennedy, E. P. (1974) Purification and properties of phosphatidylserine decarboxylase from Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 249, 3079-3084.
43. Patterson, P. H. and Lennarz, W. J. (1971) Studies on the membrane of bacilli. I. Phospholipid biosynthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 246, 1062-1072.
44. Nishibori, A., Kusaka, J., Hiroshi, H., Umeda, M., and Matsumoto, K. (2005) Phosphatidylethanolamine domains and localization of phospholipid synthases in Bacillus subitilis membranes. J. Bacteriol. 187, 2163-2174. (Pubitemid 40316247)
45. Verma, J. N. and Goldfine, H. (1985) Phosphatidylserine decarboxylase from Clostridium butyricum. J. Lipid Res. 26, 610-616.
46. Baunaure, F., Eldin, P., Cathiard, A. M., and Vial, H. (2004) Characterization of a non-mitochondrial type I phosphatidylserine decarboxylase in Plasmodium falciparium. Mol. Microbiol. 51, 33-46.
47. Nerlich, A., von Orlow, M., Rontein, D., Hanson, A. D., and Dörmann, P. (2007) Deficiency in phosphatidylserine decarboxylase activity in the psd1 psd2 psd3 triple mutant of Arabidopsis affects phosphatidylethanolamine accumulation in mitochondria. Plant Physiol. 144, 904-914. (Pubitemid 46944753)
48. Larkin, M. A., Blackshields, G., Brwon, N. P., Chenna, R., McGettigan, P. A., McWilliam, H., Valentin, F., Wallace, I. M., Wilm, A., Lopez, R., Thompson, J. D., Gibson, T. J., and Higgins, D. G. (2007) ClustalW and ClustalX version 2. Bioinformatics 23, 2947-2948.
49. Sneath, P. H. A. and Sokal, R. R. (1973) Numerical taxonomy-the principles and practice of numerical classification. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco, 573 p.
50. Li, Q. X. and Dowhan, W. (1988) Structural characterization of Escherichia coli phosphatidylserine decarboxylase. J. Biol. Chem. 263, 11516-11522.
51. Okada, M., Matsuzaki, H., Shibuya, I., and Matsumoto, K. (1994) Cloning, sequencing, and expression in Escherichia coli of the Bacillus subitilis gene for phosphatidylserine synthase. J. Bacteriol. 176, 7456-7461. (Pubitemid 24382022)
52. Kuge, O., Saito, K., Kojima, M., Akamatsu, Y., and Nishijima, M. (1996) Post-translational processing of the phosphatidylserine decarboxylase gene product in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biochem. J. 319, 33-38. (Pubitemid 26394736)
53. Igarashi, K., Kaneda, M., Yamaji, A., Saido, T. C., Kikkawa, U., Ono, Y. Inoue, K., and Umeda, M. (1995) A novel phosphatidylserine-binding peptide motif defined by an anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody localization of phopshatidylserine-specific binding sites on protein kinase C and phosphatidylserine decarboxylase. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 29075-29078.
54. Kitamura, H., Wu, W. I., and Voelker, D. R. (2002) The C2 domain of phosphatidylserine decarboxylase 2 is not required for catalysis but is essential for in vivo function. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 33720-33726.
55. Schatz, G. (1996) The protein import system of mitochondria. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 31763-31766.
56. Nalefski, E. A. and Falke, J. J. (1996) The C2 domain calcium-binding motif: structural and functional diversity. Protein Sci. 5, 2375-2390. (Pubitemid 26424851)
57. Bai, J. and Chapman, E. R. (2004) The C2 domains of synaptotagmin - partners in exocytosis. Trends Biochem. Sci. 29, 143-151.
58. van Poelje, P. D. and Snell, E. E. (1990) Pyruvoyl-dependent enzymes. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 59, 29-59.
59. Dowhan, W. and Li, Q. X. (1992) Phosphatidylserine decarboxylase from Escherichia coli. Methods Enzymol. 209, 348-359.
60. Li, Q. X. and Dowhan, W. (1990) Studies on the mechanism of formation of the pyruvate prosthetic group of phosphatidylserine decarboxylase from Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 265, 4111-4115.
61. Rizollo, L. J. (1981) Kinetics and protein subunit interactions of Escherichia coli phosphatidylserine decarboxylase in detergent solution. Biochemistry 20, 868-873.
62. Nebauer, R., Schuiki, I., Kulterer, B., Trajanoski, Z., and Daum, G. (2007) The phosphatidylethanolamine level of yeast mitochondria is affected by the mitochondrial components Oxa1p and Yme1p. FEBS J. 274, 6180-6190. (Pubitemid 350135337)
63. Emoto, K., Kuge, O., Nishijima, M., and Umeda, M. (1999) Isolation of Chinese hamster ovary cell mutant defective in intramitochondrial transport of phosphatidylserine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 96, 12400-12405.
64. Satre, M. and Kennedy, E. P. (1978) Identification of bound pyruvate essential for the activity of phosphatidylserine decarboxylase of Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 253, 479-483.
65. Voelker, D. R. (2005) Protein and lipid motifs regulate phosphatidylserine traffic in yeast. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 33, 1141-1145.
66. No, Z., Sanders C. R. II, Dowhan, W., and Tsai, M. (1988) Steric course of the reaction catalyzed by phosphatidylserine decarboxylase from Escherichia coli. Bioorg. Chem. 16, 184-188.
67. Warner, T. G. and Dennis, E. A. (1975) Action of highly purified, membrane-bound enzyme phosphatidylserine decarboxylase Escherichia coli toward phosphatidylserine in mixed micelles and erythrocyte ghosts in the presence of surfactant. J. Biol. Chem. 250, 8004-8009.
68. Voelker, D. R. and Golden, E. B. (1992) Phosphatidylserine decarboxylase from rat liver. Methods Enzymol. 209, 360-365.
69. Bürgermeister, M., Birner-Grünberger, R., Heyn, M., and Daum, G. (2004) Contribution of different biosynthetic pathways to species selectivity of aminoglycerophospholipids assembled into mitochondrial membranes of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1686, 148-160.
70. Heikinheimo, L. and Somerharju, P. (1998) Preferential decarboxylation of hydrophilic phosphatidylserine species in cultured cells. Implications on the mechanism of transport to mitochondria and cellular aminophospholipid species compositions. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 3327-3335.
71. Kevala, J. H. and Kim, H.-Y. (2001) Determination of substrate preference in phosphatidylserine decarboxylation by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal. Biochem. 292, 130-138.
72. Bleijerveld, O. B., Brouwers, J. F. H. M., Vaandrager, A. B., Helms, J. B., and Houweling, M. (2007) The CDP-ethanolamine pathway and phosphatidylserine decarboxylation generate different phosphatidylethanolamine molecular species. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 28362-28372.
73. Funato, K., Valée, B., and Riezman, H. (2002) Biosynthesis and trafficking of sphingolipids in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochemistry 41, 15105-15114. (Pubitemid 36008117)
74. Van Tol, A. (2002) Phospholipid transfer protein. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 13, 135-139.
75. Voelker, D. R. (2000) Interorganelle transport of aminoglycerophospholipids. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1486, 97-107.
76. Simbeni, R., Tangemann, K., Schmidt, M., Ceolotto, C., Paltauf, F., and Daum, G. (1993) Import of phosphatidylserine into isolated yeast mitochondria. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1145, 1-7.
77. Trotter, P. J. and Voelker, D. R. (1994) Lipid transport processes in eukaryotic cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1213, 241-262.
78. Achleitner, G., Gaigg, B., Krasser, A., Kainersdorfer, E., Kohlwein, S. D., Perktold, A., Zellnig, G., and Daum, G. (1999) Association between the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria of yeast facilitates interorganelle transport of phospholipids through membrane contact. Eur. J. Biochem. 264, 545-553.
79. Daum, G. and Vance, J. E. (1997) Import of lipids into mitochondria. Prog. Lipid Res. 36, 103-130.
80. Ardail, D., Gasnier, F., Lermé, F., Simonot, C., Louisot, P., and Gateau- Roesch, O. (1993) Involvement of mitochondrial contact sites in the subcellular compartmentalization of phospholipid biosynthetic enzymes. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 25985-25992.
81. Voelker, D. R. (1989) Phosphatidylserine translocation to the mitochondrion is an ATP-dependent process in permeabilized animal cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 9921-9925.
82. Achleitner, G., Zweytick, D., Trotter, P. J., Voelker, D. R., and Daum, G. (1995) Synthesis and intracellular transport of aminoglycerophospholipids in permeabilized cells of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 29836-29842. (Pubitemid 26001655)
83. Schumacher, M. M., Choi, J.-Y., and Voelker, D. R. (2002) Phosphatidylserine transport to the mitochondria is regulated by ubiquitination. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 51033-51042.
84. Trotter, P. J., Wu, W. I., Pedretti, J., Yates, R., and Voelker, D. R. (1998) A genetic screen for aminophospholipid transport mutants identifies the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase, Stt4p, as an essential component in phosphatidylserine metabolism. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 13189-13196.
85. Wu, W. I., Routt, S., Bankaitis, V. A., and Voelker, D. R. (2000) A new gene involved in the transport-dependent metabolism of phosphatidylserine, PSTB2/PDR17, shares sequence similarity with the gene encoding the phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylcholine transfer protein, SEC14. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 14446-14456.
86. Jesch, S. A., Zhao, X., Wells, M. T., and Henry, S. A. (2005) Genome-wide analysis reveals inositol, not choline, as the major effector of Ino2p-Ino4p and unfolded protein response target gene expression in yeast. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 9106-9118.
87. Overmeyer, J. H. and Waechter, C. J. (1991) Regulation of phosphatidylserine decarboxylase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by inositol and choline: kinetics of repression and derepression. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 290, 511-516.
88. Griac, P. (1997) Regulation of yeast phospholipid biosynthetic genes in phosphatidylserine decarboxylase mutants. J. Bacteriol. 179, 5843-5848.
89. Lamping, E., Kohlwein, S. D., Henry, S. A., and Paltauf, F. (1991) Coordinate regulation of phosphatidylserine decarboxylase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Bacteriol. 173, 6432-6437.
90. Iwanyshyn, W. M., Han, G. S., and Carman, G. M. (2004) Regulation of phospholipid synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by zinc. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 21976-21983.
91. Hawrot, E. and Kennedy, E. P. (1975) Biogenesis of membrane lipids: mutants of Escherichia coli with temperature-sensitive phosphatidylserine decarboxylase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 1112-1116.
92. Hawrot, E. and Kennedy, E. P. (1978) Phospholipid composition and membrane function in phosphatidylserine decarboxylase mutants of Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 253, 8213-8220.
93. Birner, R., Bürgermeister, M., Schneiter, R., and Daum, G. (2001) Roles of phosphatidylethanolamine and of its several biosynthetic pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Biol. Cell 12, 997-1007.
94. Birner, R., Nebauer, R., Schneiter, R., and Daum, G. (2003) Synthetic lethal interaction of the mitochondrial phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthetic machinery with the prohibitin complex of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Biol. Cell 14, 370-383.
95. Steenbergen, R., Nanowski, T. S., Beigneux, A., Kulinski, A., Young, S. G., and Vance, J. E. (2005) Disruption of the phosphatidylserine decarboxylase gene in mice causes embryonic lethality and mitochondrial defects. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 40032-40040.
96. DeChavigny, A., Heacock, P. N., and Dowhan, W. (1991) Sequence and inactivation of the pss gene of Escherichia coli. Phosphatidylethanolamine may not be essential for cell viability. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 5323-5332.
97. Saha, S. K., Nishijama, S., Matsuzaki, H., Shibuya, I., and Matsumoto, K. (1996) A regulatory mechanism for the balanced synthesis of membrane phospholipid species in Escherichia coli. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 60, 111-116.
98. Xie, J., Bogdanov, M., Heacock, P., and Dowhan, W. (2006) Phosphatidylethanolamine and monoglucosyldiacylglycerol are interchangeable in supporting topogenesis and function of the polytopic membrane protein lactose permease. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 19172-19178.
99. Vial, H. and Ancelin, M. L. (1992) Malarial lipids. An overview. Subcell Biochem. 18, 259-306.
100. Gulshan, K., Schmidt, J. A., Shahi, P., and Moye-Rowley, W. S. (2008) Evidence for the bifunctional nature of mitochondrial phosphatiylserine decarboxylase: role in Pdr3-dependent retrograde regulation of PDR5 expression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 28, 5851-5864.