Practical guidelines for evaluating lead exposure in children with mental health conditions: Molecular effects and clinical implications

Postgraduate Medicine

Volumn 123, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 160-168

  Burke, Mary G ^a,b   Miller, Mark D ^b  

^a Sutter Pacific Medical Foundation   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Developmental psychopathology; Environment; Lead; Pediatric mental health

Indexed keywords

COSMETIC; LEAD;

ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; CHILD; DISEASE EXACERBATION; ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HUMAN; LEARNING DISORDER; MENTAL DISEASE; MENTAL HEALTH; MENTAL HEALTH CARE; NUTRITION; POVERTY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; REVIEW; UNITED STATES; URBAN POPULATION; ARTICLE; DNA METHYLATION; GENETICS; LEAD POISONING; MENTAL STRESS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; RISK FACTOR;

DNA METHYLATION; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HUMANS; LEAD POISONING, NERVOUS SYSTEM, CHILDHOOD; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; RISK FACTORS; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; UNITED STATES;

EID: 79952812618     PISSN: 00325481     EISSN: 19419260     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2011.01.2256     Document Type: Review

References (71)

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vital and Health Statistics. Diagnosed attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and learning disability: United Sates, 2004-2006, data from the National Health Survey. Publication No (PHS) 2008-1565. Rockville, MD: Dept of Health and Human Services. http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/data.html. Accessed, May 2, 2010.
2. Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network Surveillance Year 2006 Principal Investigators; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders - Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, United States, 2006. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2009;58(10):1-20.
3. Perry B. Examining child maltreatment through a neurodevelopmental lens: clinical applications of the neurosequential model of therapeutics. J Loss Trauma. 2009;14(4):240-255.
4. Wright RO. Neurotoxicology: what can context teach us? J Pediatr. 2007;152:155-157.
5. Amon-P'Olak K, Ormel J, Huisman M, Verhulst FC, Oldehinkel AJ, Burger H. Life stressors as mediators of the relation between socioeconomic position and mental health problems in early adolescence: the TRAILS study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;48(10):1031-1038.
6. Ayer L, Hudziak JJ. Socioeconomic risk for psychopathology: the search for causal mechanisms. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;48(10):982-983.
7. Lu M, Halfon N, Racial and ethnic disparities in birth outcomes: a lifecourse perspective. Matern Child Health J. 2003;7(1):13-30.
8. Canfield RL, Henderson CR, Cory-Slechta DA, Cox C, Jusko TA, Lanphear BP. Intellectual impairment in children with blood lead concentrations below 10 microg per deciliter. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(16):1517-1526.
9. Bellinger D. Lead neurotoxicity and socioeconomic status: conceptual and analytic issues. 2008;29(5):828-832.
10. Jones R, Homa D, Meyer P, et al. Trends in blood lead levels and blood lead testing among US children aged 1 to 5 years, 1988-2004. Pediatrics. 2009;123(3):e376-e385.
11. S. AACAP Work Group on Quality Issues. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46(7):894-921.
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Case studies in environmental medicine: lead toxicity, 2007. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.html#CSEM. Accessed September 25, 2009.
13. Braun JM, Froelich TE, Daniels JL, et al. Association of environmental toxicants and conduct disorder in U.S. children: NHANES 2001-2004. Environ Health Perspect. 2008;116(9):956-962.
14. Cory-Slechta DA, Virgolini MB, Rossi-George A, Thiruchelvam M, Lisek R, Weston D. Lifetime consequences of combined maternal lead and stress. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2008;102(2): 218-227.
15. Rossi-George A, Virgolini MB, Weston D, Cory-Slechta DA. Alterations in glucocorticoid negative feedback following maternal Pb, prenatal stress and the combination: a potential biological unifying mechanism for their corresponding disease profiles. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2009;234(1):117-127.
16. Toscano CD, Guilarte T. Lead neurotoxicity: from exposure to molecular effects. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2005;49(3):529-554.
17. Evans G, Schamberg M. Childhood poverty, chronic stress and adult working memory. PNAS Early Edition 2008. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0811910106. Accessed May 17, 2009.
18. Gee GC, Payne-Sturges DC. Environmental Health Disparities: a framework integrating psychosocial and environmental concepts. Env Health Perspect. 2004;112(17):1645-1653.
19. Wright RJ. Moving toward making social toxins mainstream in children's environmental health. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2009;21(2):222-229.
20. Screening for elevated blood lead levels. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Environmental Health. Pediatrics. 1998;101(6):1072-1078.
21. Needleman HL, Gastonis CA. Low-lead level exposure and the IQ of children: a meta-analysis of modern studies. JAMA. 1990;263(5):673-678.
22. Needleman HL, Gunnoe C, Leviton A. et al. Deficits in psychologic and classroom performance of children with elevated dentine lead levels. N Eng J Med. 1979;300(13):689-695.
23. Morello-Frosch R, Shenassa ED. The environmental "riskscape" and social inequality: implications for explaining maternal and child health disparities. Environ Health Perspect. 2006;114(8): 1150-1153.
24. Koller K, Brown T, Spurgeon A, Levy L. Recent developments in lowlevel lead exposure and intellectual impairment in children. Env Health Perspect. 2004;112(9):987-994.
25. Francis DF. Conceptualizing child health disparities: a role for developmental neurogenomics. Pediatrics. 2009;124(suppl 3): S196-S202.
26. Bronfenbrenner U, Ceci SJ. Nature-nurture reconceptualized in developmental perspective: a bioecological model. Psychol Review.1994;101(4):568-586.
27. Bronfenbrenner U. Toward an experimental ecology of human development. American Psychologist. 1977:513-531.
28. Lee MG, Chin OK, Song WO. Determinants of the blood lead level of US women of reproductive age. J Am Coll Nutr. 2005;24(1):1-9.
29. Pilsner JR, Hu H, Ettinger A, et al. Influence of prenatal lead exposure on genomic methylation of cord blood DNA. Environ Health Perspect. 2009;117(9):1466-1471.
30. Knapp P, Mastergeorge AM. Clinical implications of current findings in neurodevelopment. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2009;32(1):177-197.
31. Solon O, Riddell T, Quimbo, et al. Associations between cognitive function, blood lead concentration, and nutrition among children in the Central Philippines. J Pediatr. 2008;152(2):237-243.
32. Stein J, Schettler T, Rohrer B, Valenti M. Environmental Threats to Healthy Aging. Boston, MA: GBPSR Environmental Health Network; 2008.
33. McEwen BS. Understanding the potency of stressful early life experiences on brain and body function. Metabolism. 2008;57(suppl 2): S11-S15.
34. McEwen BS. Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: central role of the brain. Physiol Rev. 2007;87(3):873-904.
35. Levin R, Brown MJ, Kashtock ME, et al. Lead exposures in U.S. children, 2008: implications for prevention. Environ Health Perspect. 2008;116(10):1285-1293.
36. Sanders T, Liu Y, Buchner V, Tchounwou P. Neurotoxic effects and biomarkers of lead exposure: a review. Rev Environ Health. 2009;24(1):15-45.
37. Binns H, Campbell C, Brown M. Interpreting and managing blood lead levels of less than 10 microg/dL in children and reducing childhood exposure to lead: recommendations of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention. Pediatrics. 2007;120(5):1285-1298.
38. Woolf AD, Goldman R, Belinger DC. Update on the clinical management of childhood lead poisoning. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2007;54(2):271-294.
39. Needleman HL, Reiss JA, Tobin MJ, Biesecker GE, Greenhouse JB. Bone lead levels and delinquent behavior. JAMA. 1996;275(5): 363-369.
40. Wright JJ, Dietrich KN, Ris MD, et al. Association of prenatal and childhood blood lead concentrations with criminal arrests in early adulthood. PLoS Med. 2008;5(5):e101.
41. Bouchard M, Bellinger D, Weuve J, et al. Blood lead levels and major depressive disorder, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder in US young adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66(12):1313-1319.
42. Basha MR, Wei W, Bakheet SA, et al. The fetal basis of amyloidogenesis: exposure to lead and latent overexpression of amyloid precursor protein and beta-amyloid in the aging brain. J Neurosci. 2005;25(4):823-829.
43. Flora SJ, Mittal M, Mehta A. Heavy metal induced oxidative stress and its possible reversal by chelation therapy. Indian J Med Res. 2008;128(4):501-523.
44. Wu J, Basha MR, Brock B, et al. Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like pathology in aged monkeys after infantile exposure to environmental metal lead (Pb): evidence for a developmental origin and environmental link for AD. J Neurosci. 2008;28(1):3-9.
45. Boelsteri UA. Mechanistic Toxicology: The Molecular Basis of How Chemicals Disrupt Biological Targets. 2nd ed. Ch 6. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2007.
46. Stahl S. Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific Basis and Practical Applications. Ch 9. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 2008.
47. Boelsterli UA. Mechanistic Toxicology: The Molecular Basis of How Chemicals Disrupt Biological Targets. 2nd ed. Ch 7. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2007.
48. Farber NB, Olney JW. Drugs of abuse that cause developing neurons to commit suicide. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 2003;147(1-2):37-45.
49. Clifford PS, Hart N, Thompson J, et al. Prenatal lead exposure enhances methamphetamine sensitization in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2009;93(2):165-169.
50. Nation JR, Cardon AL, Heard HM, Valles R, Bratton GR. Perinatal lead exposure and relapse to drug-seeking behavior in the rat: a cocaine reinstatement study. Pyschopharmacology (Berl). 2003;168(1-2):236-243.
51. Siegel D. The Developing Mind: How Relationships and the Brain Interact to Shape Who We Are. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 1999.
52. Ogren MP, Lombroso PJ. Epigenetics: behavioral influences on gene function, Part I. Maternal behavior permanently affects adult behavior in offspring. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008;47(3):240-244.
53. Dolinoy DC, Weidman JR, Jirtle RR, Jirtle RL. Epigenetic gene regulation: linking early developmental environment to adult disease. Reprod Toxicol. 2007;23(3):297-307.
54. van Praag H, Kempermann G, Gage FH. Neural consequences of environmental enrichment. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2000;1(3):191-198.
55. McGowan PO, Sasaki A, D'Alessio AC, et al. Epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human brain associates with childhood abuse. Nat Neurosci. 2009;12(3):342-348.
56. Schneider JS, Lee MH, Anderson DW, Zuck L, Lidsky TI. Enriched environment during development is protective against lead-induced neurotoxicity. Brain Res. 2001;896(1-2):48-55.
57. Guilarte TR, Toscano CD, McGlothan JL, Weaver SA. Environmental enrichment reverses cognitive and molecular deficits induced by developmental lead exposure. Ann Neurol. 2003;53(1):50-56.
58. Bellinger D, Leviton A, Sloman J. Antecedents and correlates of improved cognitive performance in children exposed in utero to low levels of lead. Environ Health Perspect. 1990;89:5-11.
59. Kim Y, Kim BN, Hong YC, et al. Co-exposure to environmental lead and manganese affects the intelligence of school-aged children. Neurotoxicology. 2009;30(4):564-571.
60. Rydz D, Shevell MI, Majnemer A, Oskoui M. Developmental screening. J Child Neurol. 2005;20(1):4-21.
61. Wengrovitz AM, Brown MJ; Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning, Division of Environmental and Emergency Health Services, National Center for Environmental Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for blood lead screening of Medicaid-eligible children aged 1-5 years: an updated approach to targeting a group at high risk. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2009;58(RR-9):1-11.
62. Weissman M, Olfson M. Translating intergenerational research on depression into clinical practice. JAMA. 2009;302(24):2695-2696.
63. Gunlicks ML, Weissman MM. Change in child psychopathology with improvement in parental depression: a systematic review. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008;47(4):379-389.
64. H. On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen. New York, NY: Scribner; 2004.
65. Sadock B, Sadock V, eds. Kaplan and Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry. 9th ed. Ch 38. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins; 2003.
66. Tonge B, Einfeld S. The trajectory of psychiatric disorders in young people with intellectual disabilities. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2000;34(1):80-84.
67. National Environmental Education Foundation. Pediatric environmental history initiative. http://www.neefusa.org/health/PEHI/HistoryForm.htm. Accessed December 2, 2010.
68. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov. Accessed December 2, 2010.
69. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations of CDC's Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5608a1.htm. Accessed December 2, 2010.
70. Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics. National Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Units. http://www.aoec.org/PEHSU/about.html. Accessed December 2, 2010.
71. Physicians for Social Responsibility. Pediatric environmental health toolkit. http://www.psr.org/resources/pediatric-toolkit.html. Accessed December 2, 2010.