HCV-genotypes: A review on their origin, global status, assay system, pathogenecity and response to treatment

Hepato-Gastroenterology

Volumn 57, Issue 104, 2010, Pages 1529-1538

  Irshad, M ^a   Ansari, M A ^a   Singh, Akanksha ^a   Nag, Prashant ^a   Raghvendra, L ^a   Singh, Shiwani ^a   Badhal, Sukhbir Singh ^a  

^a ALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (India)

Author keywords

Diversity; Genotype; HCV; Pathogenicity; Variant

Indexed keywords

ANTIVIRUS AGENT; GLYCOPROTEIN E1; INTERFERON; NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEIN 5A; NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEIN 5B; PEGINTERFERON ALPHA; RIBAVIRIN; VIRUS PROTEIN;

ANTIVIRAL THERAPY; ARTICLE; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOTYPE; HEPATITIS C; HEPATITIS C VIRUS; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENICITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TREATMENT RESPONSE; UNTRANSLATED REGION; VIRUS REPLICATION; VIRUS TRANSMISSION;

ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; GENOTYPE; HEPACIVIRUS; HEPATITIS C; HUMANS; PREVALENCE; WORLD HEALTH;

EID: 79952480837     PISSN: 01726390     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (129)

1. Choo QL, Kuo G, Weiner AJ, Overby LR, Bradley DW & Houghton M: Isolation of a cDNA derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B hepatitis genome. Science, 1989:244, 359-362. (Pubitemid 19117877)
2. Kuo G, Choo QL, Alter HJ et al: An assay for circulating antibodies to a major etiologic virus of human non-A, non-B hepatitis. Science, 1989:244, 362-364. (Pubitemid 19117878)
3. Hoofnagle JH: Course and outcome of hepatitis C. Hepatology, 2002:36, S21-S29.
4. Seeff LB: Natural history of chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology, 2002:36, S35-S46.
5. Pawlotsky J-M: The nature of interferon- resistance in hepatitis C virus infection. Curr Opin Infect Dis., 2003b:16, 587-592.
6. Okamoto H, Kojima M, Okada S et al: Genetic drift of hepatitis C virus during an 8.2-year infection in a chimpanzee: variability and stability. Virology, 1992:190, 894-899.
7. Okamoto H, Kojima M, Okada S et al: Genetic drift of hepatitis C virus during an 8.2-year infection in a chimpanzee: variability and stability. Virology, 1992:190, 894-899.
8. Smith DB, Pathirana S, Davidson F, Lawlor E, Power J, Yap PL & Simmonds P: The origin of hepatitis C virus genotypes. J Gen Virol, 1997:78, 321-328.
9. Weiner AJ, Geysen HM, Christopherson C et al: Evidence for immune selection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) putative envelope glycoprotein variants: potential role in chronic HCV infections. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1992:89, 3468-3472.
10. Kumar U, Brown J, Monjardino J & Thomas HC: Sequence variation in the large envelope glycoprotein (E2/NS1) of hepatitis C virus during chronic infection. J Infect Dis, 1993:167, 726-730. (Pubitemid 23056343)
11. Taniguchi S, Okamoto H, Sakamoto M et al: A structurally flexible and antigenically variable N-terminal domain of the hepatitis C virus E2/NS1 protein: implication for an escape from antibody. Virology, 1993:195, 297-301.
12. Farci P, Shimoda A, Coiana A et al: The outcome of acute hepatitis C predicted by the evolution of the viral quasispecies. Science, 2000:288, 339-344. (Pubitemid 30226196)
13. Kantzanou M, Lucas M, Barnes E, Komatsu H, Dusheiko G, Ward S, Harcourt G & Klenerman P: Viral escape and T cell exhaustion in hepatitis C virus infection analysed using class I peptide tetramers. Immunol Lett, 2003:85, 165-171. (Pubitemid 36071572)
14. Erickson AL, Kimura Y, Igarashi S et al: The outcome of hepatitis C virus infection is predicted by escape mutations in epitopes targeted by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Immunity, 2001:15, 883-895. (Pubitemid 34075370)
15. Cooper S, Erickson AL, Adams EJ, Kansopon J, Weiner AJ, Chien DY, Houghton M, Parham P & Walker CM: Analysis of a successful immune response against hepatitis C virus. Immunity, 1999:10, 439-449. (Pubitemid 29205480)
16. Lechner F, Wong DKH, Dunbar PR et al: Analysis of successful immune responses in persons infected with hepatitis C virus. J Exp Med, 2000:191, 1499-1512. (Pubitemid 30257347)
17. Thimme R, Oldach D, Chang KM, Steiger C, Ray SC & Chisari FV: Determinants of viral clearance and persistence during acute hepatitis C virus infection. J Exp Med, 2001:194, 1395-1406. (Pubitemid 33081515)
18. Chang K-M, Rehermann B, McHutchison JG, Pasquinelli C, Southwood S, Sette A & Chisari FV: Immunological significance of cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope variants in patients chronically infected by the hepatitis C virus. J Clin Invest, 1997:100, 2376-2385. (Pubitemid 27500163)
19. Cantaloube J-F, Biagini P, Attoui H, Gallian P, de Micco P & De Lamballerie X: Evolution of hepatitis C virus in blood donors and their respective recipients. J Gen Virol, 2003:84, 441-446. (Pubitemid 36175719)
20. Sheridan I, Pybus OG, Holmes, EC & Klenerman P: High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis C virus adaptation and its relationship to disease progression. J Virol, 2004:78, 3447-3454. (Pubitemid 38568286)
21. Booth JC, Kumar U, Webster D, Monjardino J & Thomas HC: Comparison of the rate of sequence variation in the hypervariable region of E2/NS1 region of hepatitis C virus in normal and hypogammaglobulinemic patients. Hepatology, 1998:27, 223-227. (Pubitemid 28041558)
22. Kao JH, Chen PJ, Lai MY & Chen DS: Superinfection of heterologous hepatitis C virus in a patient with chronic type C hepatitis. Gastroenterology, 1993:105, 583-587.
23. Jarvis LM, Watson HG, McOmish F, Peutherer J F, Ludlam CA & Simmonds P: Frequent reinfection and reactivation of hepatitis C virus genotypes in multitransfused hemophiliacs. J Infect Dis, 1994:170, 1018-1022. (Pubitemid 24296590)
24. Lai ME, Mazzoleni AP, Balestriesi A, Argiolu F, De Virgilis S, Cao A, Purcell RH & Farci P: Hepatitis C virus in multiple episodes of acute hepatitis in polytransfused thalassaemic children. Lancet, 1994:343, 388-390. (Pubitemid 24049557)
25. Farci P, Alter HJ, Govindarajan S et al: Lack of protective immunity against reinfection with hepatitis C virus. Science, 1992:258, 135-140.
26. Kalinina O, Norder H, Mukomolov S & Magnius LO: A natural intergenotypic recombinant of hepatitis C virus identified in St. Petersburg. J Virol, 2002:76, 4034-4043.
27. Kalinina O, Norder H & Magnius LO: Full-length open reading frame of a recombinant hepatitis C virus strain from St Petersburg: proposed mechanism for its formation. J Gen Virol, 2004:85, 1853-1857. (Pubitemid 39023263)
28. Wasley A & Alter MJ: Epidemiology of hepatitis C: geographic differences and temporal trends. Semin Liver Dis, 2000:20, 1-16. (Pubitemid 30421405)
29. Pradat P & Trepo C: HCV: epidemiology, modes of transmission and prevention of spread. Baillières Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol, 2000:14, 201-210. (Pubitemid 30398315)
30. Thomas DL: Hepatitis C epidemiology. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol, 2000:242, 25-41.
31. Makuwa M, Souquiêre S, Telfer P et al: Occurrence of hepatitis viruses in wild-born non-human primates: a 3 year (1998-2001) epidemiological survey in Gabon. J Med Primatol, 2003:32, 307-314.
32. Gao F, Yue L, White AT et al: Human infection by genetically diverse SIVSM-related HIV-2 in west Africa. Nature, 1992:358, 495-499.
33. Gao F, Bailes E, Robertson DL et al: Origins of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes. Nature, 1999:397, 436-441.
34. Simons JN, Pilot-Matias TJ, Leary TP & 9 other authors: Identification of two flavivirus-like genomes in the GB hepatitis agent. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1995:92, 3401-3405.
35. Simmonds P & Smith DB: Structural constraints on RNA virus evolution. J Virol, 1999:73, 5787-5794. (Pubitemid 29274865)
36. Tuplin A, Wood J, Evans DJ, Patel AH & Simmonds P: Thermodynamic and phylogenetic prediction of RNA secondary structures in the coding region of hepatitis C virus. RNA, 2004:8, 824-841.
37. Simmonds P, Tuplin A & Evans DJ: Detection of genome-scale ordered RNA structure (GORS) in genomes of positive-stranded RNA viruses: implications for virus evolution and host persistence. RNA, 2004:10, 1337-1351. (Pubitemid 39122104)
38. Domingo E, Escarmis C, Sevilla N, Moya A, Elena SF, Quer J, Novella IS & Holland JJ: Basic concepts in RNA virus evolution. FASEB,. 1996:J 10, 859-864. (Pubitemid 26184164)
39. Drake JW, Charlesworth B, Charlesworth D & Crow JF: Rates of spontaneous mutation. Genetics, 1998:148, 1667-1686. (Pubitemid 28180696)
40. Neumann AU, Lam NP, Dahari H, Gretch DR, Wiley TE, Layden TJ & Perelson AS: Hepatitis C viral dynamics in vivo and the antiviral efficacy of interferon-therapy. Science, 1998:282, 103-107.
41. Lamarre D, Anderson PC, Bailey M et al: An NS3 protease inhibitor with antiviral effects in humans infected with hepatitis C virus. Nature, 2003:426, 186-189. (Pubitemid 37442587)
42. Pause A, Kukolj G, Bailey M et al: An NS3 serine protease inhibitor abrogates replication of subgenomic hepatitis C virus RNA. J Biol Chem, 2003:278, 20374-20380.
43. Trozzi C, Bartholomew L, Ceccacci A et al: In vitro selection and characterization of hepatitis C virus serine protease variants resistant to an active-site peptide inhibitor. J Virol, 2003:77, 3669-3679.
44. Lu L, Pilot-Matias TJ, Stewart KD et al. Mutations conferring resistance to a potent hepatitis C virus serine protease inhibitor in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2004:48, 2260-2266. (Pubitemid 38691627)
45. Sarisky RT: Non-nucleoside inhibitors of the HCV polymerase. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2004:54, 14-16.
46. Gates AT, Sarisky RT & Gu B: Sequence requirements for the development of a chimeric HCV replicon system. Virus Res, 2004:100, 213-222. (Pubitemid 38293045)
47. Colina R, Casane D, Vasquez S, García-Aguirre L, Chunga A, Romero H, Khan B & Cristina J: Evidence of intratypic recombination in natural populations of hepatitis C virus. J Gen Virol, 2004:85, 31-37. (Pubitemid 38128867)
48. Simmonds P, Holmes EC, Cha TA, Chan SW, McOmish F, Irvine B, Beall E, Yap PL, Kolberg J, Urdea MS: Classification of hepatitis C virus into six major genotypes and a series of subtypes by phylogenetic analysis of the NS-5 region. J Gen Virol, 1993:74 (Pt 11), 2391-2399. (Pubitemid 23332300)
49. Narahari S, Juwle A, Basak S, Saranath D: Prevalence and geographic distribution of Hepatitis C Virus genotypes in Indian patient cohort. Infect Genet Evol., 2009:9(4), 643-645.
50. Khaja MN, Madhavi C, Thippavazzula R, Nafeesa F, Habib AM, Habibullah CM, Guntaka RV: High prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection and genotype distribution among general population, blood donors and risk groups. Inject Genet Evol, 2006:6(3), 198-204.
51. Ahmad N, Asgher M, Shafique M, Qureshi JA: An evidence of high prevalence of Hepatitis C virus in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Saudi Med J, 2007:28(3), 390-395.
52. Khan A, Tanaka Y, Azam Z, Abbas Z, Kurbanov F, Saleem U, Hamid S, Jafri W, Mizokami M: Epidemic spread of hepatitis C virus genotype 3a and relation to high incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in Pakistan. J Med Virol., 2009:81(7), 1189-1197.
53. Idrees M, Rafique S, Rehman I, Akbar H, Yousaf MZ, Butt S, Awan Z, Manzoor S, Akram M, Aftab M, Khubaib B, Riazuddin S: Hepatitis C virus genotype 3a infection and hepatocellular carcinoma: Pakistan experience. World J Gastroenterol, 2009:28, 15(40):5080-5085.
54. Campiotto S, Pinho JR, Carrilho FJ, Da Silva LC, Souto FJ, Spinelli V, Pereira LM, Coelho HS, Silva AO, Fonseca JC, Rosa H, Lacet CM, Bernardini AP: Geographic distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in Brazil. Braz J Med Biol Res, 2005:38(1), 41-49. (Pubitemid 40277937)
55. Torres MC, Pereira LM, Ximenes RA, Araújo AS, Secaf M, Rodrigues SS, Bezerra AC, Conceição IB, Valença MI, Martinelli AL: Hepatitis C virus infection in a Brazilian population with sickle-cell anemia. Braz J Med Biol Res, 2003:36(3), 323-329. (Pubitemid 36442981)
56. Freitas SZ, Cunha RV, Martins RM, Teles SA, Ibanhes ML, Motta-Castro AR: Prevalence, genotypes and risk factors associated with hepatitis C virus infection in hemodialysis patients in Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 2008:103(4), 405-408. (Pubitemid 352026449)
57. Albuquerque AC, Coêlho MR, Lopes EP, Lemos MF, Moreira RC: Prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis C virus infection in hemodialysis patients from one center in Recife, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 2005:100(5), 467-470.
58. Méndez-Sánchez N, Motola-Kuba D, Chavez-Tapia NC, Bahena J, Correa-Rotter R, Uribe M: Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among hemodialysis patients at a tertiary-care hospital in Mexico City, Mexico. J Clin Microb, 2004:42(9), 4321-4322. (Pubitemid 39296167)
59. Sereno S, Perinelli P, Laghi V: Changes in the prevalence of hepatitis C virus genotype among Italian injection drug users-relation to period of injection started. J Clin Virol., 2009:45(4):354-7. Epub 2009 Jun 3.
60. CENCI Maria, DE SOCCIO Gennaro, RECCHIA Olga: Prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes in Central Italy. Anticancer research, 2003:23(6), 5129-5132.
61. Soriano V, Mocroft A, Rockstroh J, Ledergerber B, Knysz B, Chaplinskas S, et al: Spontaneous viral clearance, viral load, and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in HIV-infected patients with anti-HCV antibodies in Europe. J Infect Dis. 2008:198(9), 1337-1344.
62. Moreno J, Planas M, Fernández Ruiz F, Portero Azorin E, Boullosa Graña E, et al: Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes in a Spanish Liver Transplant Unit. Transplantation Proceedings, 2005:37 (3), 1486-1487.
63. García-Montalvo BM, Galguera-Colorado, PL: Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes, risk factors and liver disease in patients from Yucatán, México. Ann Hepatol., 2008:7(4), 345-349.
64. Rivas-Estilla AM, Cordero-Pérez P, Trujillo-Murillo Kdel C, Ramos-Jiménez J, Chen-López C, Garza-Rodríguez Mde L, et al: Genotyping of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in infected patients from Northeast Mexico. Ann Hepatol, 2008:7(2), 144-147. (Pubitemid 351845525)
65. Zhao SM, Jiang TL, Li RQ, Gao FX, Lu L, Zheng HQ, Hu J, Fan YH, Li B, Xiao RQ, Yury K: HCV infection in voluntary donors and its influence on recruitment of donors in chongqing area. Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi, 2008:16(3), 676-680.
66. Huang CH, Zhou JK, Liu L, Jiang RM, Cao YQ, Mu ZY, Zhang Y: Investigating genotype of HCV distribution among residents in a "blood donation" village in Hebei Province. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi., 2009:23(1), 8-10.
67. Zhou Y, Wang X, Mao Q, Fan Y, Zhu Y, Zhang X, Lan L, Jiang L, Tan W: Changes in modes of hepatitis C infection acquisition and genotypes in southwest China. J Clin Virol, 2009:46(3), 230-233.
68. Jutavijittum P, Jiviriyawat Y, Yousukh A, Pantip C, Maneekarn N, Toriyama K: Genotypic distribution of hepatitis C virus in voluntary blood donors of northern Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 2009:40(3), 471-479.
69. Ayesh BM, Zourob SS, Abu-Jadallah SY, Shemer-Avni Y: Most common genotypes and risk factors for HCV in Gaza strip: a cross sectional study. Virol J, 2009:6, 105.
70. Sharvadze L, Nelson KE, Imnadze P, Karchava M, Tsertsvadze T: Prevalence of HCV and genotypes distribution in general population of Georgia. Georgian Med News, 2008:165, 71-77.
71. Hosseini-Moghaddam, SM, Keyvani H, Kasiri H, Kazemeyni SM, Basiri A, Aghel N, Alavian SM: Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes among hemodialysis patients in Tehran - a multicenter study. J Med Virol, 2006:78(5), 569-573.
72. Seme K, Vrhovac M, Mocilnik T, Maticic M, Lesnicar G, Baklan Z, Volkar JM, Rajter M, Stepec S, Lunar M, Poljak M: Hepatitis C virus genotypes in 1,504 patients in Slovenia, 1993-2007. J Med Virol, 2009:81(4), 634-639.
73. Krekulová L, Rehák V, Strunecký O, Nēmecek V: Current situation and trends in the hepatitis C virus genotype distribution among injecting drug users in the Czech Republic. Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol, 2009:58(2), 84-89.
74. Ahmetagic, S., N Salkić, N., Cickusic, E., Zerem, E., Mott-Divković, S., Tihic, N., Smriko-Nuhanovic, A: Hepatitis C virus genotypes in chronic hepatitis C patients and in first time blood donors in northeastern bosnia and herzegovina. Bosn J Basic Med Sci, 2009:(4), 278-282.
75. Mellor J, Holmes EC, Jarvis LM, Yap PL, Simmonds P: Investigation of the pattern of hepatitis C virus sequence diversity in different geographical regions: implications for virus classification. J Gen Virol, 1995:76, 2493-2507.
76. Ruggieri A, Argentini C, Kouruma F, Chionne P, D'Ugo E, Spada E, Dettori S, Sabbatani S, Rapicetta M: Heterogeneity of hepatitis C virus genotype 2 variants in West Central Africa (Guinea Conakry). J Gen Virol, 1996:77, 2073-2076. (Pubitemid 26316076)
77. Jeannel D, Fretz C, Traore Y et al: Evidence for high genetic diversity and long-term endemicity of hepatitis C virus genotypes 1 and 2 in West Africa. J. Med Virol, 1998:55, 92-97. (Pubitemid 28221610)
78. Wansbrough, Jones, M. H., Frimpong, E., Cant, B., Harris, K., Evans, M. R. W., Teo, C. G: Prevalence and genotype of hepatitis C virus infection in pregnant women and blood donors in Ghana. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1998:92, 496-499. (Pubitemid 28486470)
79. Candotti D, Temple J, Sarkodie F, Allein JP: Frequent recovery and broad genotype 2 diversity characterize hepatitis C virus infection in Ghana, West Africa. J Virol, 2003:77, 7914-7923. (Pubitemid 36792788)
80. Bukh J, Purcell RH, Miller RH: At least 12 genotypes of hepatitis C virus predicted by sequence analysis of the putative E1 gene of isolates collected worldwide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1993:90, 8234-8238.
81. Stuyver L, Rossau R, Wyseur A, Duhamel M, Vanderborght B, Van Heuverswyn H, Maertens G: Typing of hepatitis C virus isolates and characterization of new subtypes using a line probe assay. J Gen Virol, 1993:74, 1093-1102. (Pubitemid 23203705)
82. Xu LZ, Larzul D, Delaporte E, Bréchot C, Kremsdorf D: Hepatitis C virus genotype 4 is highly prevalent in central Africa (Gabon). J Gen Virol, 1994:75, 2393-2398. (Pubitemid 24282254)
83. Fretz C, Jeannel D, Stuyver L, Hervé V, Lunel F, Boudifa A, Mathiot C, de Thé G, Fournel JJ: HCV infection in a rural population of the Central African Republic (CAR): evidence for three additional subtypes of genotype 4. J Med Virol, 1995:47, 435-437. (Pubitemid 26019000)
84. Menéndez C, Sánchez-Tapias J-M, Alonso P-L et al: Molecular evidence of mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis G virus among women without known risk factors for parenteral infections. J Clin Microbiol, 1999:37, 2333-2336. (Pubitemid 29277802)
85. Ndjomou J, Pybus OG & Matz B: Phylogenetic analysis of Hepatitis C virus isolates indicates a unique pattern of endemic infection in Cameroon. J Gen Virol, 2003:84, 2333-2341. (Pubitemid 37063121)
86. Tokita H, Okamoto H, Tsuda F et al: Hepatitis C virus variants from Vietnam are classifiable into the seventh, eighth, and ninth major genetic groups. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1994a:91, 11022-11026. (Pubitemid 24349617)
87. Tokita H, Shrestha SM, Okamoto H, Sakamoto M, Hirokita M, Iizuka H, Shrestha S, Miyakawa Y & Mayumi M: Hepatitis C virus variants from Nepal with novel genotypes and their classification into the third major group. J Gen Virol, 1994:75, 931-936. (Pubitemid 24118128)
88. Tokita H, Okamoto H, Luengrojanakul P, Vareesangthip K, Chainuvati T, Iizuka H, Tsuda F, Miyakawa Y & Mayumi M: Hepatitis C virus variants from Thailand classifiable into five novel genotypes in the sixth (6b), seventh (7c, 7d) and ninth (9b, 9c) major genetic groups. J Gen Virol, 1995:76, 2329-2335.
89. Simmonds P: The origin and evolution of hepatitis viruses in humans. J Gen Virol, 2001:82, 693-712.
90. Pybus OG, Charleston MA, Gupta S, Rambaut A, Holmes EC & Harvey PH: The epidemic behavior of the hepatitis C virus. Science, 2001:292, 2323-2325.
91. Pybus OG, Drummond AJ, Nakano T, Robertson BH, Rambaut A: The epidemiology and iatrogenic transmission of hepatitis C virus in Egypt: a Bayesian coalescent approach. Mol Biol Evol, 2003:20, 381-387. (Pubitemid 36427172)
92. Cochrane A, Searle B, Hardie A et al: A genetic analysis of hepatitis C virus transmission between injection drug users. J Infect Dis, 2002:186, 1212-1221. (Pubitemid 35192999)
93. Raghuraman S, Abraham P, Sridharan G, Ramakrishna BS: Hepatitis C virus genotype 6 infection in India. Indian J Gastroenterol, 2005:24, 72-73. (Pubitemid 40705110)
94. Ohno T, Mizokami M, Wu R-R et al: New hepatitis C virus genotyping system that allows for identification of HCV genotypes 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, 4, 5a, and 6a. J Clin Microbiol,1997:35, 201-207 (Pubitemid 26422655)
95. Chandra, M., Thippavuzzula, R., Rao, V.V. R, Aejaz, M. H.,Chittor M. Habibullah, Narasu, L., Prameela, Y., Khaja M. N: Genotyping of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) in infected patients from South India. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 2007:7, 724-730
96. McOmish F, Yap PL, Dow BC et al: Geographical distribution of different hepatitis C virus genotypes in blood donors: an international collaborative survey. J. Clin. Microbiol, 1994:32, 884-892.
97. Davidson F, Simmonds P, Ferguson JC, Jarvis LM, Dow BC, Follett EAC et al: Survey of major genotypes and subtypes of hepatitis C virus using RFLP of sequences amplified from the 5′ non-coding region. Journal of General Virology, 1995:76, 1197-1204.
98. Johnson YNL, Gary LD, Linda EP, Maertens G, Lindsay KL, Qian K, Mizokami M, Simmonds P: Distribution of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes Determined by Line Probe Assay in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Seen at Tertiary Referral Centers in the United States, Ann Intern Med, 1996:124, 868-876. (Pubitemid 26193303)
99. Buoroa S, Pizzighellab S, Boschettoa R, Pellizzaria L, Cusana M, Bonaguroa R, Mengolia C, Caudaic C, Padulac M, Egisto P, Palùa VG: Typing of Hepatitis C Virus by a New Method Based on Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism. Intervirology, 1999:42, 1-8.
100. Cook L, Sullivan K, Krantz EM, Bagabag A and Jerome KR: Multiplex Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR Assay for Determination of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 2006:4149-4156. (Pubitemid 44737262)
101. Cláudia M, Costi C, Krug LP, Ramos AB, Grandi T, Gandolfi VL, Menezes ME, Ocampos M, Niel C, Rossetti MLR: High proportion of hepatitis C virus genotypes 1 and 3 in a large cohort of patients from Southern Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 2007:102(7), 867-870.
102. Martró E, González V, Buckton AJ, Saludes V, Fernández G, Matas L, Planas R, Ausina V: Evaluation of a new assay in comparison with reverse hybridization and sequencing methods for Hepatitis C virus genotyping targeting both 5′ noncoding and nonstructural 5b genomic regions. J Clin Microbiol. 2008:46(1) ,192-197.
103. Verma V and Chakravarti A: Comparison of 50 Noncoding-Core with 50 Noncoding Regions of HCV by RT-PCR:Importance and Clinical Implications. Curr Microbiol, 2008:57, 206-211.
104. Forns X., Marí, A.D. Maluenda, Francesc, X., Labrador, L.P., Sergi, A., Olmedo, E., Costa, J., Simmonds, P., José, M., SáNchez-Tapias, JiméNez De Anta M. T., rodés, J: Comparative Study of Three Methods for Genotyping Hepatitis C Virus Strains in Samples from Spanish Patients, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 1996:2516-2521.
105. Schroter M, Zollner B, Schafer P, Landt O, Lass U, Laufs R et al: Genotyping of hepatitis C virus types 1, 2, 3, and 4 by a one-step lightcycler method using three different pairs of hybridization probes. J. Clin. Microbiol, 2002:40, 246-250.
106. Moghaddam A, Reinton N, Dalgard O: A rapid real-time PCR assay for determination of hepatitis C virus genotypes 1, 2 and 3a., 2006:13(4), 222-229
107. Engle RE, Russell RS, Purcell RH, Bukh J: Development of a taqman assay for the six major genotypes of hepatitis C virus: comparison with commercial assays. J Med Virol, 2008:80(1), 72-79. (Pubitemid 350220091)
108. Vedernikov VE, Ivanov MK, Prasolova MA, Kandrushin EV, Dymshits GM: Hepatitis C virus genotyping using 5 nuclease real-time PCR and probes with oligodeoxyinosine linkers, 2009:(4), 32-38.
109. Chevaliez S, Bouvier-Alias M, Brillet R, Pawlotsky J.M: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 subtype identification in new HCV drug development and future clinical practice. Plos One. 2009:4(12), 8209.
110. Alfaresi M S, Elkoush AA: Determination of hepatitis C virus genotypes by melting-curve analysis of quantitative polymerase chain reaction products. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2007:25(3), 249-252.
111. Pogam SL, Dubois F, Christen R, Raby C, Cavicchini A, Goudeau A: Comparison of DNA enzyme immunoassay and line probe assays (Inno-lipa HCV I and II) for hepatitis C virus genotyping. J Clin Microbiol, 1998:36, 1461-1463. (Pubitemid 28208054)
112. Chan S W, Mcomish F, Holmes EC, Dow B, Peutherer JF, Follett E, Yap PL, Simmonds P: Analysis of a new Hepatitis C virus type and its phylogenetic relationship to existing variants, Journal of General Virology, 1992:73, 1131-1114.
113. Simmonds P, Smith DB, Mcomish F, Yap PL, Kolberg J, Urdea MS, Holmes EC: Identification of genotypes of hepatitis C virus by sequence comparisons in the core, E1 and NS-5 regions. Journal of General Virology, 1994; 75, 1053-1061 (Pubitemid 24143150)
114. Lole KS, Jha JA, Shrotri SP et al: Comparison of HCV genotyping by 5′NCR & core based Reverse Transcriptase PCR Assay with sequencing and use of the assay for determining subtypes distribution in India. J Clin Microbiol, 2003:41, 5240-5244. (Pubitemid 37429950)
115. Tan SL and Katze MG: How hepatitis C virus counteracts the interferon response: the jury is still out on NS5A. Virology, 2001:284, 1-12.
116. Reyes GR: The nonstructural NS5A protein of hepatitis C virus: an expanding, multifunctional role in enhancing hepatitis C virus pathogenesis. J Biomed Sci, 2002:9, 187-197.
117. Macdonald A and Harris M: Hepatitis C virus NS5A: tales of a promiscuous protein. J Gen Virol, 2004:85, 2485-2502. (Pubitemid 39214345)
118. Gale MJ Jr, Korth MJ, Tang NM, Tan S-L, Hopkins DA, Dever TE, Polyak SJ, Gretch DR, Katze MG: Evidence that hepatitis C virus resistance to interferon is mediated through repression of the PKR protein kinase by the nonstructural 5A protein. Virology, 1997:230, 217-227. (Pubitemid 27211852)
119. Gong G, Waris G, Tanveer R and Siddiqui A: Human hepatitis C virus NS5A protein alters intracellular calcium levels, induces oxidative stress, and activates STAT-3 and NF-B. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2001:98, 9599-9604. (Pubitemid 32769349)
120. Majumder M, Ghosh AK, Steele R, Ray R, Ray RB: Hepatitis C virus NS5A physically associates with p53 and regulates p21/waf1 gene expression in a p53-dependent manner. J Virol, 2001:75, 1401-1407. (Pubitemid 32094698)
121. Polyak SJ, Khabar KSA, Paschal DM, Ezelle HJ, Duverlie G, Barber GN, Levy DE, Mukaida N, Gretch DR: Hepatitis C virus nonstructural 5A protein induces interleukin-8, leading to partial inhibition of the interferon-induced antiviral response. J Virol, 2001:75, 6095-6106. (Pubitemid 32553140)
122. Foy E, Li K, Wang C, Sumpter R Jr, Ikeda M, Lemon SM, Gale M Jr: Regulation of interferon regulatory factor-3 by the hepatitis C virus serine protease. Science, 2003:300, 1145-1148.
123. Pavio N, Taylor DR, Lai MMC: Detection of a novel unglycosylated form of Hepatitis C virus E2 envelope protein that is located in the cytosol and interacts with PKR. J Virol, 2002:76, 1265-1272. (Pubitemid 34066430)
124. Taylor DR, Shi ST, Romano PR, Barber GN, Lai MMC: Inhibition of the interferon-inducible protein kinase PKR by HCV E2 protein. Science, 1999:285, 107-110.
125. Enomoto N, Sakuma I, Asahina Y, Kurosaki M, Murakami T, Yamamoto C, Izumi N, Marumo F, Sato C: Comparison of full-length sequences of interferon-sensitive and resistant hepatitis C virus 1b: sensitivity to interferon is conferred by amino acid substitutions in the NS5a region. J Clin Invest, 1995:96, 224-230.
126. Sarrazin C, Herrmann E, Bruch K & Zeuzem S: Hepatitis C virus nonstructural 5A protein and interferon resistance: a new model for testing the reliability of mutational analyses. J Virol, 2002:76, 11079-11090. (Pubitemid 35176224)
127. McHutchison JG, Gordon SC, Schiff ER, Shiffman ML, Lee WM, Rustgi VK, Goodman ZD, Ling MH, Cort S, Albrecht JK: Interferon alfa-2b alone or in combination with ribavirin as initial treatment for chronic hepatitis C. Hepatitis Interventional Therapy Group. N Engl J Med, 1998:339(21), 1485-1492. (Pubitemid 28543496)
128. Poynard T, Marcellin P, Lee SS, Niederau C, Minuk GS, Ideo G, Bain V, Heathcote J, Zeuzem S, Trepo C, Albrecht J: Randomised trial of interferon alpha2b plus ribavirin for 48 weeks or for 24 weeks versus interferon alpha2b plus placebo for 48 weeks for treatment of chronic infection with hepatitis C virus. International Hepatitis Interventional Therapy Group (IHIT). Lancet, 1998:352(9138), 1426-1432. (Pubitemid 28510876)
129. Pawlotsky JM: Treating hepatitis C in "difficult-to-treat" patients. N. Engl J. Med. 2004:351(5):422-423.