Evolution in agriculture: The application of evolutionary approaches to the management of biotic interactions in agro-ecosystems

Evolutionary Applications

Volumn 4, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 200-215

  Thrall, Peter H ^a   Oakeshott, John G ^a   Fitt, Gary ^a   Southerton, Simon ^a   Burdon, Jeremy J ^a   Sheppard, Andy ^a   Russell, Robyn J ^a   Zalucki, Myron ^b   Heino, Mikko ^c   Ford Denison, R ^d  

^a CSIRO   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN   (Norway)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

Agro ecosystem; Biological control; Environment; Genetic modification; Pathogens; Pests; Productivity; Resistance; Species interactions; Weeds

Indexed keywords

EID: 79951615762     PISSN: 17524563     EISSN: 17524571     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00179.x     Document Type: Article

References (144)

1. Arnaud, J. F., S. Fénart, M. Cordellier, and J. Cuguen 2010. Populations of weedy crop-wild hybrid beets show contrasting variation in mating system and population genetic structure. Evolutionary Applications 3:305-318.
2. Ayres, M. P., and M. J. Lombardero 2000. Assessing the consequences of global change for forest disturbance from herbivores and pathogens. Science of the Total Environment 262:263-286.
3. Bais, H. P., T. L. Weir, L. G. Perry, S. Gilroy, and J. Vivanco 2006. The role of root exudates in rhizosphere interactions with plants and other organisms. Annual Review of Plant Biology 57:233-266.
4. Baker, R. H. A., C. E. Sansford, C. H. Jarvis, R. J. C. Cannon, A. MacLeod, and K. F. A. Walters 2000. The role of climatic mapping in predicting the potential geographical distribution of non-indigenous pests under current and future climates. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 82:57-71.
5. Barbour, R. C., B. M. Potts, and R. E. Vaillancourt 2005. Pollen dispersal from exotic eucalypt plantations. Conservation Genetics 6:253-257.
6. Barrett, S. C. H., R. I. Colautti, and C. G. Eckert 2008. Plant reproductive systems and evolution during biological invasion. Molecular Ecology 17:373-383.
7. Bartsch, K., and C. C. Tebbe 1989. Initial steps in the degradation of phosphinothricin (glufosinate) by soil bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 55:711-716.
8. Bianchi, F. J. J. A., N. A. Schellhorn, and W. van der Werf 2009. Predicting the time to colonization of the parasitoid Diadegma semiclausum: the importance of the shape of spatial dispersal kernels for biological control. Biological Control 50:267-274.
9. Blossey, B., and R. Nötzold 1995. Evolution of increased competitive ability in invasive nonindigenous plants: a hypothesis. Journal of Ecology 83:887-889.
10. van den Bosch, F., and C. A. Gilligan 2008. Models of fungicide resistance dynamics. Phytopathology 46:123-147.
11. Bossdorf, O., H. Auge, L. Lafuma, W. E. Rogers, E. Siemann, and D. Prati 2005. Phenotypic and genetic differentiation between native and introduced plant populations. Oecologia 144:1-11.
12. Brunner, A. M., J. Y. Li, S. P. DiFazio, O. Shevchenko, B. E. Montgomery, R. Mohamed, H. Wei et al. 2007. Genetic containment of forest plantations. Tree Genetics & Genomes 3:75-100.
13. Burdon, J. J., and P. H. Thrall 2008. Pathogen evolution across the agro-ecological interface: implications for management. Evolutionary Applications 1:57-65.
14. Burdon, J. J., R. H. Groves, and J. M. Cullen 1981. The impact of biological control on the distribution and abundance of Chondrilla juncea in south-eastern Australia. Journal of Applied Ecology 18:957-966.
15. Calcagno, V., V. Bonhomme, Y. Thomas, M. C. Singer, and D. Bourguet 2010. Divergence in behaviour between the European corn borer, Ostrinia scapulalis, and its sibling species Ostrinia nubilalis: adaptation to human harvesting? Proceedings of the Royal Society B 277:2703-2709.
16. Campbell, L. G., A. A. Snow, P. M. Sweeney, and J. M. Ketner 2008. Rapid evolution in crop-weed hybrids under artificial selection for divergent life histories. Evolutionary Applications 2:172-186.
17. Carnegie, A., J. Walker, J. Lidbetter, L. Tesoriero, M. Horwood, M. Glen, and M. Priest 2010. Uredo rangelii, a taxon in the guava rust complex, newly recorded on Myrtaceae in Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology 39:463-466.
18. Carpenter, J. E. 2010. Peer-reviewed surveys indicate positive impact of commercialised GM crops. Nature Biotechnology 28:319-321.
19. Carriére, Y., D. W. Crowder, and B. E. Tabashnik 2010. Evolutionary ecology of insect adaptation to Bt crops. Evolutionary Applications 3:561-573.
20. Carroll, S. P., and C. W. Fox (eds). 2008. Conservation Biology: Evolution in Action. Oxford University Press, New York.
21. Castle, L. A., D. L. Siehl, R. Gorton, P. A. Patten, Y. H. Chen, S. Bertain, H.-J. Cho et al. 2004. Discovery and directed evolution of a glyphosate tolerance gene. Science 304:1151-1154.
22. Chin, K. M., and M. S. Wolfe 1984. Selection on Erysiphe graminis in pure and mixed stands of barley. Plant Pathology 33:535-546.
23. Claudianos, C., H. Ranson, R. M. Johnson, S. Biswas, M. A. Schuler, M. R. Berenbaum, R. Feyereisen et al. 2006. A deficit of detoxification enzymes: pesticide sensitivity and environmental response in the honey bee. Insect Molecular Biology 15:615-636.
24. Cohan, F. M. 2006. Towards a conceptual and operational union of bacterial systematics, ecology, and evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 361:1985-1996.
25. Cupolillo, E., H. Momen, and G. Grimaldi Jr. 1998. Genetic diversity in natural populations of New World Leishmania. Memorias de Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 93:663-668.
26. Dal'Molin, C. G. D., L. E. Quek, R. W. Palfreyman, S. M. Brumbley, and L. K. Nielsen 2010. A genome-scale reconstruction of the primary metabolic network in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology 152:579-589.
27. Denison, R. F., E. T. Kiers, and S. A. West 2003. Darwinian agriculture: when can humans find solutions beyond the reach of natural selection? The Quarterly Review of Biology 78:145-168.
28. Diggle, A. D., P. B. Neve, and F. P. Smith 2003. Herbicides used in combination can reduce the probability of herbicide resistance in finite weed populations. Weed Research 43:371-382.
29. Downes, S., R. J. Mahon, L. Rossiter, G. Kauter, T. Leven, G. Fitt, and G. Baker 2010. Adaptive management of pest resistance by Helicoverpa species (Noctuidae) in Australia to the Cry2Ab Bt toxin in Bollgard II® cotton. Evolutionary Applications 3:574-584.
30. Ellstrand, N. C., and K. A. Schierenbeck 2000. Hybridization as a stimulus for the evolution of invasiveness in plants? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97:7043-7050.
31. Ellstrand, N. C., S. M. Heredia, J. A. Leak-Garcia, J. M. Heraty, J. C. Burger, L. Yao, S. Nohzadeh-Malakshah et al. 2010. Crops gone wild: evolution of weeds and invasives from domesticated ancestors. Evolutionary Applications 3:494-504.
32. Evans, H. C. 2008. The endophyte-enemy release hypothesis: implications for classical biological control and plant invasions. In M. H. Julien, R. Sforza, M. C. Bon, H. C. Evans, P. E. Hatcher, H. L. Hinz, and B. G. Rector, eds. Proceedings of the XII International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, pp. 20-25. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
33. Ewald, P. W. 1994. Evolution of Infectious Diseases. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
34. Fitt, G. P. 2008. Have Bt crops led to changes in insecticide use patterns and impacted IPM? In J. Romeis, A. M. Shelton, and G. G. Kennedy, eds. Integration of Insect-resistant GM Crops Within IPM Programs, pp. 303-328. Springer, Dordrecht.
35. Fitt, G. P., L. Wilson, D. Kelly, and R. Mensah 2009. Advances with integrated pest management as a component of sustainable agriculture: the case of the Australian cotton industry. In R. Peshin, and A. K. Dhawan, eds. Integrated Pest Management: Dissemination and Impact, pp. 507-524. Springer, Dordrecht.
36. Garrett, K. A., S. P. Dendy, E. E. Frank, M. N. Rouse, and S. E. Travers 2006a. Climate change effects on plant disease: genomes to ecosystems. Annual Review of Phytopathology 44:489-509.
37. Garrett, K. A., S. H. Hulbert, J. E. Leach, and S. E. Travers 2006b. Ecological genomics and epidemiology. European Journal of Plant Pathology 115:35-51.
38. Geber, N., M. van Eckert, and T. Breuer 2009. Biofuels and food prices: a review of recent and projected impacts. In S. Krauter, F. Baranowski, N. R. Blandon, and E. Kempf, eds. RIO9 - World Climate & Energy Event 17-19 March 2009, pp. 139-146. Rio Solar, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
39. Gibbs, H. K., M. Johnston, J. A. Foley, T. Holloway, C. Monfreda, N. Ramankutty, and D. Zaks. 2008. Carbon payback times for crop-based biofuel expansion in the tropics: the effects of changing yield and technology. Environmental Research Letters 3:34001.
40. Gilligan, C. A. 2008. Sustainable agriculture and plant diseases: an epidemiological perspective. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 363:741-759.
41. Glen, M., A. C. Alfenas, E. A. V. Zauza, M. J. Wingfield, and C. Mohammed 2007. Puccinia psidii: a threat to the Australian environment and economy - a review. Australasian Plant Pathology 36:1-16.
42. Gray, M. E., T. W. Sappington, N. J. Miller, J. Moesner, and M. O. Bohn 2009. Adaptation and invasiveness of western corn rootworm: intensifying research on a worsening pest. Annual Review of Entomology 54:303-321.
43. van der Heijden, M. G. A., R. D. Bardgett, and N. M. van Straalen 2008. The unseen majority: soil microbes as drivers of plant diversity and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems. Ecology Letters 11:296-310.
44. Henle, K., D. Alard, J. Clitherow, P. Cobb, L. Firbank, T. Kull, D. McCracken et al. 2007. Identifying and managing the conflicts between agriculture and biodiversity conservation in Europe - a review. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 124:60-71.
45. 4 photosynthesis to increase the yield of rice - rationale and feasibility. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 11:228-231.
46. Hill, A. V. 1998. The immunogenetics of human infectious diseases. Annual Review of Immunology 16:593-617.
47. Hodge, A., G. Berta, C. Doussan, F. Merchan, and M. Crespi 2009. Plant root growth, architecture and function. Plant and Soil 321:153-187.
48. Holst, N., I. A. Rasmussen, and L. Bastiaans 2007. Field weed population dynamics: a review of model approaches and applications. Weed Research 47:1-14.
49. Hopper, K. R., R. T. Roush, and W. Powell 1993. Management of genetics of biological-control introductions. Annual Review of Entomology 38:27-51.
50. Hufbauer, R. A., and G. K. Roderick 2005. Microevolution in biological control: mechanisms, patterns, and processes. Biological Control 35:227-239.
51. Ishaaya, I., R. Nauen, and A. R. Horowitz (eds). 2007. Insecticides Design Using Advanced Technologies. Springer, New York. 314 pp.
52. Jacob, J. P., and A. R. Kumar 2009. Incidence of galls induced by Leptocybe invasa on seedlings of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and E. tereticornis from different seed sources in southern India. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences 35:187-198.
53. Janz, N., and S. Nylin 2008. The oscillation hypothesis of host-plant range and speciation. In K. J. Tilmon, ed. Specialization, Speciation, and Radiation: The Evolutionary Biology of Herbivorous Insects, pp. 203-215. University of California Press, Berkley, CA.
54. Jenkinson, D. S. 2001. The impact of humans on the nitrogen cycle, with focus on temperate arable agriculture. Plant and Soil 228:3-15.
55. Jesus, E. da C., T. L. Marsh, J. M. Tiedje, and F. M. de S Moreira 2009. Changes in land use alter the structure of bacterial communities in Western Amazon soils. The ISME Journal 3:1004-1011.
56. Jiang, L., E. A. Altoff, F. R. Clemente, L. Doyle, D. Röthlisberger, A. Zanghellini, J. L. Gallaher et al. 2008. De novo computational design of retro-aldol enzymes. Science 319:1387-1391.
57. Johnson, T. 1961. Man-guided evolution in plant rusts. Science 133:357-362.
58. Keane, R. M., and M. J. Crawley 2002. Exotic plant invasions and the enemy release hypothesis. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 17:164-170.
59. Kiers, E. T., S. A. West, and R. F. Denison 2002. Mediating mutualisms: farm management practices and evolutionary changes in symbiont co-operation. Journal of Applied Ecology 39:745-754.
60. King, K. C., J. D. Mclaughlin, M. Boily, and D. J. Marcogliese 2010. Effects of agricultural landscape and pesticides on parasitism in native bullfrogs. Biological Conservation 143:302-310.
61. Kirkby, C. A., J. A. Kirkegaard, A. E. Richardson, L. J. Wade, C. Blanchard, and G. Batten 2010. Stable soil organic matter: a comparison of CNPS ratios in Australian and international soils. Geoderma (in press).
62. van Klinken, R. D., and O. R. Edwards 2002. Is host-specificity of weed biological control agents likely to evolve rapidly following establishment? Ecology Letters 5:590-596.
63. Knolhoff, L. M., D. W. Onstad, J. L. Spencer, and E. Levine 2006. Behavioral differences between rotation-resistant and wild-type Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Coleoptera: Chrsomelidae). Environmental Entomology 35:1049-1057.
64. Knolhoff, L. M., K. K. O. Walden, S. T. Ratcliffe, D. W. Onstad, and H. M. Robertson 2010. Microarray analysis yields candidate markers for rotation resistance in the western corn rootworm beetle, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera. Evolutionary Applications 3:17-27.
65. Kyselková, M., J. Kopecký, M. Frapolli, G. Défago, M. Ságová-Marečková, G. L. Grundmann, and Y. Moënne-Loccoz 2009. Comparison of rhizobacterial community composition in soil suppressive or conducive to tobacco black root rot disease. The ISME Journal 3:1127-1138.
66. Lee, S. H., J. S. Min, K. S. Yoon, J. P. Strycharz, R. Johnson, O. Mittapalli, V. M. Margam et al. 2010. Decreased detoxification genes and genome size makes the human body louse an efficient model to study insecticide resistance. Insect Molecular Biology 19:599-615.
67. Li, X., M. A. Schuler, and M. R. Berenbaum 2007. Molecular mechanisms of metabolic resistance to synthetic and natural xenobiotics. Annual Review of Entomology 52:231-253.
68. Lockett, S. F., J. R. Robertson, R. P. Brettle, P. L. Yap, D. Middleton, and A. J. Brown 2001. Mismatched human leucocyte antigen alleles protect against heterosexual HIV transmission. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 27:277-280.
69. Logan, J. A., and B. J. Bentz 1999. Model analysis of mountain pine beetle (Coleoptera Scolytidae) seasonality. Environmental Entomology 28:924-934.
70. Lovell, S. T., and D. M. Johnston 2008. Creating multifunctional landscapes: how can the field of ecology inform the design of the landscape? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7:212-220.
71. Mathiessen, J. N., and J. A. Kirkegaard 2006. Biofumigation and enhanced biodegradation: opportunity and challenge in soilborne pest and disease management. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 25:235-265.
72. McCaig, A. E., L. A. Glover, and J. I. Prosser 1999. Molecular analysis of bacterial community structure and diversity in unimproved and improved upland grass pastures. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65:1721-1730.
73. Mendel, Z., A. Protasov, N. Fisher, and J. La Salle 2004. Taxonomy and biology of Leptocybe invasa gen. & sp n. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), an invasive gall inducer on Eucalyptus. Australian Journal of Entomology 43:101-113.
74. Metcalf, C. J. E., M. Rees, Y. M. Buckley, and A. W. Sheppard 2009. Seed predators and the evolutionarily stable flowering strategy in the invasive plant, Carduus nutans. Evolutionary Ecology 23:893-906.
75. Milligan, S. B., J. Bodeau, J. Yaghoobi, I. Kaloshian, P. Zabel, and V. M. Williamson 1998. The root knot nematode resistance gene Mi from tomato is a member of the leucine zipper, nucleotide binding, leucine-rich repeat family of plant genes. Plant Cell 10:1307-1319.
76. Mitchell, P. L., and J. E. Sheehy 2006. Supercharging rice photosynthesis to increase yield. New Phytologist 171:688-693.
77. Mohammed-Awel, J., K. Kopecky, and J. Ringland 2006. A situation in which a local nontoxic refuge promotes pest resistance to toxic crops. Theoretical Population Biology 71:131-146.
78. Moller, H., C. J. MacLeod, J. Haggerty, C. Rosin, G. Blackwell, C. Perley, S. Meadows et al. 2008. Intensification of New Zealand agriculture: implications for biodiversity. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 51:253-263.
79. Musser, J. M. 1996. Molecular population genetic analysis of emerged bacterial pathogens: selected insights. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2:1-17.
80. Napier, J. A. 2007. The production of unusual fatty acids in transgenic plants. Annual Review of Plant Biology 58:295-319.
81. Napier, J. A., and I. A. Graham 2010. Tailoring plant lipid composition: designer oilseeds come of age. Current Opinion in Plant Biology. 13:1-8.
82. National Land and Water Resources Audit. 2001. Land Use Change, Productivity and Diversification. National Land and Water Resources Audit, Canberra.
83. Neale, D. B. 2007. Genomics to tree breeding and forest health. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 17:539-544.
84. Neale, D. B., and O. Savolainen 2004. Association genetics of complex traits in conifers. Trends in Plant Science 9:325-330.
85. Nombela, G., V. M. Williamson, and M. Muñiz 2003. The root-knot nematode resistance gene Mi-1.2 of tomato is responsible for resistance against the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 16:645-649.
86. Oakeshott, J. G., R. M. Johnson, M. R. Berenbaum, H. Ranson, A. S. Cristino, and C. Claudianos 2010. Metabolic enzymes associated with xenobiotic and chemosensory responses in Nasonia vitripennis. Insect Molecular Biology 19:147-163.
87. Onstad, D. W. 2008. Insect Resistance Management: Biology, Economics and Prediction. Elsevier, London.
88. Ormerod, S. J. 2003. Restoration in applied ecology: editor's introduction. Journal of Applied Ecology 40:44-50.
89. Østergård, H., M. R. Finckh, L. Fontaine, I. Goldringer, S. P. Hoad, K. Kristensen, E. T. Lammerts van Bueren et al. 2009. Time for a shift in crop production: embracing complexity through diversity at all levels. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 89:1439-1445.
90. Parrish, C. R. 1999. Host range relationships and the evolution of canine parvovirus. Veterinary Microbiology 69:29-40.
91. Phillips, C. B., D. B. Baird, I. I. Iline, M. R. McNeill, J. R. Proffitt, S. L. Goldson, and J. M. Kean. 2008. East meets west: adaptive evolution of an insect introduced for biological control. Journal of Applied Ecology 45:948-956.
92. Plantegenest, M., C. Le May, and F. Fabre 2007. Landscape epidemiology of plant diseases. Journal of the Royal Society Interface 4:963-972.
93. Powles, S. B. 2008. Evolved glyphosate resistant weeds around the world. Pest Management Science 64:360-365.
94. Powles, S. B., and C. Preston 2006. Evolved glyphosate resistance in plants: biochemical and genetic basis of resistance. Weed Technology 20:282-289.
95. Powles, S. B., and Q. Yu. 2010. Evolution in action: plants resistant to herbicides. Annual Review of Plant Biology 61:317-347.
96. Prentis, P. J., J. R. U. Wilson, E. E. Dormontt, D. M. Richardson, and A. J. Lowe 2008. Adaptive evolution in invasive species. Trends in Plant Sciences 13:288-94.
97. Rafiqul, I., C. Weber, B. Lehmann, and A. Voss 2005. Energy efficiency improvements in ammonia production - perspectives and uncertainties. Energy 30:2487-2504.
98. Real, L. A., J. C. Henderson, R. Biek, J. Snaman, T. L. Jack, J. E. Childs, L. Waller et al. 2005. Unifying the spatial population dynamics and molecular evolution of epidemic rabies virus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of United States of America 102:12107-12111.
99. Requena, N., E. Perez-Solis, C. Azcón-Aguilar, P. Jeffries, and J.-M. Bareal 2001. Management of indigenous plant-microbe symbioses aids restoration of desertified ecosystems. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67:495-498.
100. Reynolds, H. L., A. Packer, J. D. Bever, and K. Clay 2003. Grassroots ecology: plant-microbe-soil interactions as drivers of plant community structure and dynamics. Ecology 84:2281-2291.
101. Roderick, G. K., and M. Navajas 2003. Genes in new environments: genetics and evolution in biological control. Nature Reviews Genetics 4:889-899.
102. Rossi, M., F. L. Goggin, S. B. Milligan, I. Kaloshian, D. E. Ullman, and V. M. Williamson 1998. The nematode resistance gene Mi of tomato confers resistance against the potato aphid. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of United States of America 95:9750-9754.
103. Russell, R. J., C. Scott, C. J. Jackson, R. Pandey, G. Pandey, M. C. Taylor, C. W. Coppin et al. 2011. The evolution of new enzyme function: lessons from xenobiotic metabolising bacteria versus insecticide resistant insects. Evolutionary Applications 4:225-248.
104. Saphoukhina, N., C.-E. Durel, and B. Le Cam 2009. Spatial deployment of gene-for-gene resistance governs evolution and spread of pathogen populations. Theoretical Ecology 2:229-238.
105. Savolainen, O., T. Pyhajarvi, and T. Knurr 2007. Gene flow and local adaptation in trees. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics 38:595-619.
106. Schellhorn, N. A., S. Pierce, F. J. J. A. Bianchi, D. Williams, and M. P. Zalucki 2008. Designing landscapes for multiple outcomes in broad-acre environments. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48:1549-1559.
107. Schierenbeck, K. A., and N. C. Ellstrand 2009. Hybridization and the evolution of invasiveness in plants and other organisms. Biological Invasions 11:1093-1105.
108. Schrag, S. J., and P. Wiener 1995. Emerging infectious disease - what are the relative roles of ecology and evolution? Trends in Ecology & Evolution 10:319-324.
109. Schwencke, J., and M. Carú 2001. Advances in actinorhizal symbiosis: host plant-Frankia interactions, biology, and applications in arid land reclamation. A review. Arid Land Research and Management 15:285-327.
110. Scott, C., G. Pandey, C. J. Hartley, C. J. Jackson, M. J. Cheesman, M. C. Taylor, R. Pandey et al. 2008. The enzymatic basis for pesticide bioremediation. Indian Journal of Microbiology 48:65-79.
111. Shea, K. S., P. H. Thrall, and J. J. Burdon 2000. An integrated approach to management in epidemiology and pest control. Ecology Letters 3:150-158.
112. Smith, F. P. 2008. Who's planting what, where and why - and who's paying?: an analysis of farmland revegetation in the central wheatbelt of Western Australia. Landscape and Urban Planning 86:66-78.
113. Smith, M. R., I. Charvat, and R. L. Jacobson 1998. Arbuscular mycorrhizae promote establishment of prairie species in a tallgrass prairie restoration. Canadian Journal of Botany 76:1947-1954.
114. Snyder, C. S., T. W. Bruulsema, T. L. Jensen, and P. E. Fixen 2009. Review of greenhouse gas emissions from crop production systems and fertilizer management effects. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 133:247-266.
115. Sparks, T. C., J. A. Lockwood, R. L. Byford, J. B. Graves, and B. R. Leonard 1989. The role of behavior in insecticide resistance. Pesticide Science 26:383-399.
116. Spencer, J. L., and E. Levine 2008. Resistance to crop rotation. In D. W. Onstad, ed. Insect Resistance Management: Biology, Economics and Prediction, pp. 153-184. Elsevier, London.
117. Stein, A. J., and E. Rodriguez-Cerezo 2010. International trade and the global pipeline of new GM crops. Nature Biotechnology 28:23-25.
118. Stephens, D. S., E. R. Moxon, J. Adams, S. Altizer, J. Antonovics, S. Aral, J. Berkelman et al. 1998. Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases: a multidisciplinary perspective. American Journal of Medical Science 315:64-75.
119. Stout, M. J., J. S. Thaler, and B. P. H. J. Thomma 2006. Plant-mediated interactions between pathogenic microorganisms and herbivorous arthropods. Annual Review of Entomology 51:663-689.
120. Sutherland, T. S., I. Horne, K. M. Weir, C. W. Coppin, M. R. Williams, M. Selleck, R. J. Russell et al. 2004. Enzymatic bioremediation: from enzyme discovery to applications. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 31:817-821.
121. Sutherst, R. W., R. H. A. Baker, S. M. Coakley, R. Harrington, D. J. Kriticos, and H. Scherm 2007. Pests under global change: meeting your future landlords? In J. G. Canadell, ed. Terrestrial Ecosystems in a Changing World, pp. 211-225. Springer, Berlin.
122. Sutherst, R. W., F. Constable, K. J. Finlay, R. Harrington, J. Luck, and M. P. Zalucki 2010. Adapting to Crop Pest and Pathogen Risks under a Changing Climate. Interdisciplinary Reviews, Climate Change. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ (in press).
123. Takken, W., and B. G. J. Knols 1999. Odor-mediated behaviour of afrotropical malaria mosquitoes. Annual Review of Entomology 44:131-157.
124. Thompson, J. N. 2005. The Geographic Mosaic of Coevolution. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
125. Thrall, P. H., and J. J. Burdon 2004. Host-pathogen life-history interactions affect biological control success. Weed Technology 18:S1269-S1274.
126. Thrall, P. H., D. A. Millsom, A. C. Jeavons, M. Waayers, G. R. Harvey, D. J. Bagnall, and J. Brockwell 2005. Studies on land restoration: seed inoculation with effective root-nodule bacteria enhances the establishment, survival and growth of Acacia species. Journal of Applied Ecology 42:740-751.
127. Thrall, P. H., M. E. Hochberg, J. J. Burdon, and J. D. Bever 2007. Coevolution of symbiotic mutualists and parasites in a community context. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 22:120-126.
128. Tibayrenc, M. 1998. Genetic epidemiology of parasitic protozoa and other infectious agents: the need for an integrated approach. International Journal of Parasitology 28:85-104.
129. Tilman, D., R. Socolow, J. A. Foley, J. Hill, E. Larson, L. Lynd, S. Pacala et al. 2009. Beneficial biofuels - the food energy and environment trilemma. Science 325:270-271.
130. Vollhardt, I. M. G., F. J. J. A. Bianchi, F. L. Wäckers, C. Thies, and T. Tscharntke 2010. Spatial distribution of flower vs. honeydew resources in cereal fields may affect aphid parasitism. Biological Control 53:204-213.
131. Walker, K. J., P. A. Stevens, D. P. Stevens, J. O. Mountford, S. J. Manchester, and R. F. Pywell 2004. The restoration and re-creation of species-rich lowland grassland on land formerly managed for intensive agriculture in the UK. Biological Conservation 119:1-18.
132. Wallis, P. D., R. J. Haynes, C. H. Hunter, and C. D. Morris 2010. Effect of land use and management on soil bacterial diversity as measured by PCR-DGGE. Applied Soil Ecology 46:147-150.
133. Wehrmann, A., A. Van Vliet, C. Opsomer, J. Botterman, and A. Schulz 1996. The similarities of bar and pat gene products make them equally applicable for plant engineers. Nature Biotechnology 14:1274-1278.
134. Weiner, J., S. B. Andersen, K.-M. Wibke, H. W. Griepentrog, and J. M. Olsen 2010. Evolutionary agroecology - the potential for cooperative, high density, weed-suppressing cereals. Evolutionary Applications 3:473-479.
135. Whalon, M. E., D. Monte-Sanchez, and R. M. Hollingworth (eds). 2008. Global Pesticide Resistance in Arthropods. CAB International, London.
136. Wingfield, M. J., B. Slippers, B. P. Hurley, T. A. Coutinho, B. D. Wingfield, and J. Roux 2008. Eucalypt pests and diseases: growing threats to plantation productivity. Southern Forests 70:139-144.
137. Woodburn, T. L. 1996. Reduction of seed set in nodding thistle (Carduus nutans) by the seed-fly Urophora solstitialis, in Australia. In B. A. McPheron, and G. J. Steck, eds. Fruit Fly Pests. A World Assessment of their Biology and Management, pp. 165-169. St. Lucie Press, Florida.
138. Woolhouse, M. E. J., J. P. Webster, E. Domingo, B. Charlesworth, and B. R. Levin 2002. Biological and biomedical implications of the co-evolution of pathogens and their hosts. Nature Genetics 32:569-577.
139. World Bank. 2008. World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development. World Bank Publications, Herndon VA, USA.
140. Young, A. L., H. O. Abaan, D. Zerbino, J. C. Mullikin, E. Birrey, and E. H. Margulies 2010. A new strategy for genome assembly using short sequence reads and reduced representation libraries. Genome Research 20:249-256.
141. Zalucki, M. P., and J. H. Lammers 2010. Dispersal and egg shortfall in Monarch butterflies: what happens when the matrix is cleaned up? Ecological Entomology 35:84-91.
142. Zalucki, M. P., and R. D. van Klinken 2006. Predicting population dynamics of weed biological control agents: science or gazing into crystal balls? Australian Journal of Entomology 45:331-344.
143. Zheng, S.-J., and M. Dicke 2008. Ecological genomics of plant-insect interactions: from gene to community. Plant Physiology 146:812-817.
144. Zhou, X. R., I. Horne, K. Damcevski, V. Haritos, A. Green, and S. Singh 2008. Isolation and functional characterisation of two independently evolved fatty acid Delta 12 desaturase genes from insects. Insect Molecular Biology 17:667-676.