Pain in neonates is different

Pain

Volumn 152, Issue SUPPL.3, 2011, Pages

  Johnston, C Celeste ^a   Fernandes, Ananda M ^b   Campbell Yeo, Marsha ^c  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b ESCOLA SUPERIOR DE ENFERMAGEM DE COIMBRA   (Portugal)

^c IWK HEALTH CENTRE   (Canada)

Author keywords

Breast feeding; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit; Neonates; Non nutritive sucking; Non pharmacological interventions; Pain; Preterm neonates; Procedural pain; Skin to skin contact; Sucrose

Indexed keywords

ANESTHETIC AGENT; OPIATE; PARACETAMOL;

AROMATHERAPY; BREAST FEEDING; HEARING; HUMAN; KANGAROO CARE; MATERNAL CARE; NEWBORN; NEWBORN INTENSIVE CARE; NON NUTRITIVE SUCKING; NUTRITION; PAIN; PREMATURITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SENSORY STIMULATION; SUCKING; SWEETNESS;

ANALGESICS; HUMANS; HYPERALGESIA; INFANT, NEWBORN; INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; PAIN;

EID: 79951580770     PISSN: 03043959     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.10.008     Document Type: Review

References (165)

1. M. Akcam, and A.R. Ormeci Oral hypertonic glucose spray: a practical alternative for analgesia in the newborn Acta Paediatr 93 2004 1330 1333 (Pubitemid 39273905)
2. E. Akcan, R. Yigit, and A. Atici The effect of kangaroo care on pain in premature infants during invasive procedures Turk J Pediatr 51 2009 14 18
3. K. Allegaert, S.H. Simons, C. Vanhole, and D. Tibboel Developmental pharmacokinetics of opioids in neonates. [Review] [31 refs.] J Opioid Manag 3 2007 59 64 (Pubitemid 350199794)
4. H. Als, F.H. Duffy, and G. McAnulty Behavioural differences between preterm and fullterm newborns as measured with the APIB system scores: I Infant Behav Dev 11 1988 305 318 (Pubitemid 19004298)
5. K.J. Anand, S. Garg, C.R. Rovnaghi, U. Narsinghani, A.T. Bhutta, and R.W. Hall Ketamine reduces the cell death following inflammatory pain in newborn rat brain Pediatr Res 62 2007 283 290 (Pubitemid 47301476)
6. K. Andrews, and M. Fitzgerald The cutaneous withdrawal reflex in human neonates: sensitization, receptive fields, and the effects of contralateral stimulation Pain (Amsterdam) 56 1994 95 101 (Pubitemid 24037264)
7. K. Andrews, and M. Fitzgerald Cutaneous flexion reflex in human neonates: a quantitative study of threshold and stimulus-response characteristics after single and repeated stimuli Dev Med Child Neurol 41 1999 696 703 (Pubitemid 29465560)
8. S. Aucott, P.K. Donohue, E. Atkins, and M.C. Allen Neurodevelopmental care in the NICU Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 8 2002 298 308 (Pubitemid 35453801)
9. A. Axelin, S. Salantera, and L. Lehtonen 'Facilitated tucking by parents' in pain management of preterm infants-a randomized crossover trial Early Hum Dev 82 2006 241 247
10. A. Axelin, S. Salantera, J. Kirjavainen, and L. Lehtonen Oral glucose and parental holding preferable to opioid in pain management in preterm infants Clin J Pain 25 2009 138 145
11. F.W. Bach Beta-endorphin in the brain. A role in nociception [Review] [59 refs] Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 41 1997 133 140 1997;41:133-40
12. M. Ballantyne, C. McNair, E. Ung, S. Gibbins, and B. Stevens A randomized controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of tetracaine gel for pain relief from peripherally inserted central catheters in infants Adv Neonatal Care 3 2003 297 307 (Pubitemid 40418240)
13. K.E. Barnard, and H.L. Bee The impact of temporally patterned stimulation on the development of preterm infants Child Dev 54 1983 1156 1167
14. R.G. Barr, and S.N. Young A two phase model of soothing taste response: implications for a taste probe of temperament and emotion regulation M. Lewis, D. Ramsey, Soothing and stress 1999 Erlbaum Associates Mahwah, NJ 109 137
15. C. Bellieni, M. Maffei, G. Ancora, D. Cordelli, M. Mastrocola, G. Faldella, E. Ferretti, and G. Buonocore Is the ABC pain scale reliable for premature babies? Acta Paediatr 96 2007 1008 1010 (Pubitemid 46934465)
16. C.V. Bellieni, G. Buonocore, A. Nenci, N. Franci, D.M. Cordelli, and F. Bagnoli Sensorial saturation: an effective analgesic tool for heel-prick in preterm infants: a prospective randomized trial Biol Neonate 80 2001 15 18 (Pubitemid 32727520)
17. C.V. Bellieni, F. Bagnoli, S. Perrone, A. Nenci, D.M. Cordelli, M. Fusi, S. Ceccarelli, and G. Buonocore Effect of multisensory stimulation on analgesia in term neonates: a randomized controlled trial Pediatr Res 51 2002 460 463 (Pubitemid 34267316)
18. C.V. Bellieni, D.M. Cordelli, S. Marchi, S. Ceccarelli, S. Perrone, M. Maffei, and G. Buonocore Sensorial saturation for neonatal analgesia Clin J Pain 23 2007 219 221
19. F. Benedetti Placebo and endogenous mechanisms of analgesia Handb Exp Pharmacol 2007 393 413
20. F. Benini, C.C. Johnston, D.J. Faucher, and J.V. Aranda Topical anesthesia during circumcision in newborn infants J Am Med Assoc 270 1993 850 853 (Pubitemid 23234114)
21. M. Bertino, G.K. Beauchamp, and K. Engelman Naltrexone, an opioid blocker, alters taste perception and nutrient intake in humans Am J Physiol 261 1991 R59 R63
22. E.M. Blass, E. Fitzgerald, and P. Kehoe Interactions between sucrose, pain and isolation distress Pharmacol Biochem Behav 26 1987 483 489 (Pubitemid 17047718)
23. E.M. Blass, and L.B. Hoffmeyer Sucrose as an analgesic for newborn infants Pediatrics (Evanston IL) 87 1991 215 218
24. E.M. Blass, and V. Ciaramitaro A new look at some old mechanisms in human newborns: taste and tactile determinants of state, affect, and action Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 59 1994 1 80
25. E.M. Blass, and D.J. Shide Some comparisons among the calming and pain relieving effects of sucrose, glucose, fructose, and lactose in infant rats Chem Senses 19 1994 239 249 (Pubitemid 24200077)
26. L.K. Bo, and P. Callaghan Soothing pain-elicited distress in Chinese neonates Pediatrics (Evanston IL) 105 2000 E49
27. N.J. Bouwmeester, B.J. Anderson, D. Tibboel, and N.H. Holford Developmental pharmacokinetics of morphine and its metabolites in neonates, infants and young children Br J Anaesth 92 2004 208 217 (Pubitemid 38159658)
28. Y. Brackbill, T.C. Douthitt, and H. West Neonatal posture: psychophysiological effects Neuropadiatrie 4 1973 145 150
29. B. Brady-Fryer, N. Wiebe, and J.A. Lander Pain relief for neonatal circumcision [Systematic Review] Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008
30. H.U. Bucher, R. Baumgartner, N. Bucher, and M. Seiler Fauch. Artificial sweetener reduces nociceptive reaction in term newborn infants Early Hum Dev 59 2000 51 60 (Pubitemid 30658012)
31. M.L. Butt, and B.S. Kisilevsky Music modulates behaviour of premature infants following heel lance Can J Nurs Res 31 2000 17 39
32. J. Caine The effects of music on the selected stress behaviors, weight, caloric intake and formula intake, and length of hospital stay of premature and low birth weight neonates in a newborn intensive care unit J Music Ther 28 1991 180 192
33. R.G. Campos Soothing pain elicited distress in infants with swaddling and pacifiers Child Dev 60 1989 781 792
34. R.G. Campos Rocking and pacifiers: two comforting interventions for heelstick pain Res Nur Health 17 1994 321 331
35. R. Carbajal, A. Paupe, E. Hoenn, R. Lenclen, and M. Olivier APN: evaluation behavioral scale of acute pain in newborn infants. [French] Archiv Pediatr 4 1997 623 628 (Pubitemid 27287262)
36. R. Carbajal, X. Chauvet, S. Couderc, and M. Olivier-Martin Randomised trial of analgesic effects of sucrose, glucose, and pacifiers in term neonates [see comments] Br Med J 319 1999 1393 1397
37. R. Carbajal, R. Lenclen, V. Gajdos, M. Jugie, and A. Paupe Crossover trial of analgesic efficacy of glucose and pacifier in very preterm neonates during subcutaneous injections Pediatrics 110 2002 389 393 (Pubitemid 34833028)
38. R. Carbajal, S. Veerapen, S. Couderc, M. Jugie, and Y. Ville Analgesic effect of breast feeding in term neonates: randomised controlled trial [comment] BMJ 326 2003 13 (7379)
39. R. Carbajal, R. Lenclen, M. Jugie, A. Paupe, B.A. Barton, and K.J. Anand Morphine does not provide adequate analgesia for acute procedural pain among preterm neonates Pediatrics 115 2005 1494 1500 (Pubitemid 43843156)
40. R. Carbajal, A. Rousset, C. Danan, S. Coquery, P. Nolent, S. Ducrocq, C. Saizou, A. Lapillonne, M. Granier, P. Durand, R. Lenclen, A. Coursol, P. Hubert, B.L. de Saint, P.Y. Boelle, D. Annequin, P. Cimerman, K.J. Anand, and G. Breart Epidemiology and treatment of painful procedures in neonates in intensive care units J Am Med Assoc 300 2008 60 70 (Pubitemid 351920405)
41. L. Codipietro, M. Ceccarelli, and A. Ponzone Breastfeeding or oral sucrose solution in term neonates receiving heel lance: a randomized, controlled trial Pediatrics (Evanston IL) 122 2008 e716 e721
42. S.K. Collins, and K. Kuck Music therapy in the neonatal intensive care unit Neonatal Netw 9 1991 23 26
43. X. Cong, S.M. Ludington-Hoe, G. McCain, and P. Fu Kangaroo Care modifies preterm infant heart rate variability in response to heel stick pain: pilot study Early Hum Dev 85 2009 561 567
44. K.E. Corff, R. Seideman, P.S. Venkataraman, L. Lutes, and B. Yates Facilitated tucking: a nonpharmacologic comfort measure for pain in preterm neonates J Obst Gynecol Neonatal Nur 24 1995 143 147
45. J. de Lima, D. Alvares, D.J. Hatch, and M. Fitzgerald Sensory hyperinnervation after neonatal skin wounding: effect of bupivacaine sciatic nerve block Br J Anaesth 83 1999 662 664 (Pubitemid 29458838)
46. de Sousa Freire NjB, Santos Garcia JoB, Carvalho Lamy Z. Evaluation of analgesic effect of skin-to-skin contact compared to oral glucose in preterm neonates. Pain (Amsterdam) 2008;139:28-33.
47. L.B. Eden Pain relief: more than only a hand (hold) away: the importance of touch in patient care Imprint 29 1982 44 45
48. M. Eriksson, M. Gradin, and J. Schollin Oral glucose and venepuncture reduce blood sampling pain in newborns Early Hum Dev 55 1999 211 218 (Pubitemid 29292414)
49. M. Eriksson, and O. Finnstrom Can daily repeated doses of orally administered glucose induce tolerance when given for neonatal pain relief? Acta Paediatr 93 2004 246 249 (Pubitemid 38230723)
50. M. Fernandez, E.M. Blass, M. Hernandez-Reif, T. Field, M. Diego, and C. Sanders Sucrose attenuates a negative electroencephalographic response to an aversive stimulus for newborns J Dev Behav Pediatr 24 2003 261 266 (Pubitemid 37063197)
51. T. Field, and E. Goldson Pacifying effects of nonnutritive sucking on term and preterm neonates during heelstick procedures Pediatrics (Evanston IL) 74 1984 1012 1015 (Pubitemid 15183918)
52. M. Fitzgerald, and M. Kotzenburg The functional development of descending inhibitory pathways in the dorsolateral funiculus of the newborn rat spinal cord Dev Brain Res 24 1986 261 270 (Pubitemid 16181574)
53. Fitzgerald M, Millard C, MacIntosh N. Hyperalgesia in premature infants. Lancet (Lond) 1988:292. (Pubitemid 18052272)
54. M. Fitzgerald, A. Shaw, and N. MacIntosh The postnatal development of the cutaneous flexor reflex: a comparative study in premature infants and newborn rat pups Dev Med Child Neurol 30 1988 520 526
55. M. Fitzgerald, C. Millard, and N. McIntosh Cutaneous hypersensitivity following peripheral tissue damage in newborn infants and its reversal with topical anaesthesia Pain (Amsterdam) 39 1989 31 36 (Pubitemid 19258907)
56. M. Fitzgerald, and E. Jennings The postnatal development of spinal sensory processing Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 1999 7719 7722 (Pubitemid 29328347)
57. M. Fitzgerald, and S. Beggs The neurobiology of pain: developmental aspects. [Review] [120 refs] Neuroscientist 7 2001 246 257 (Pubitemid 32489118)
58. M. Fitzgerald, and S. Beggs The neurobiology of pain: developmental aspects Neuroscientist 7 2001 246 257 (Pubitemid 32489118)
59. M. Fitzgerald, and S.M. Walker Infant pain management: a developmental neurobiological approach Nat Clin Pract Neurol 5 2009 35 50
60. L.S. Franck A national survey of assessment and treatment of pain and agitation in the neonatal intensive care unit J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nur 16 1987 387 393
61. C.M. Gaspardo, M.B. Linhares, and F.E. Martinez A eficacia da sacarose no alivio de dor em neonatos: revisao sistematica da literatura J Pediatr 81 2005 435 442
62. P. Goffaux, S. Lafrenaye, M. Morin, H. Patural, G. Demers, and S. Marchand Preterm births: can neonatal pain alter the development of endogenous gating systems? Eur J Pain 12 2008 945 951
63. K. Goto, T. Maeda, M. Mirmiran, and R. Ariagno Effects of prone and supine position on sleep characteristics in preterm infants Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 53 1999 315 317 (Pubitemid 29299944)
64. N. Goubet, C. Rattaz, V. Pierrat, A. Bullinger, and P. Lequien Olfactory experience mediates response to pain in preterm newborns Dev Psychobiol 42 2003 171 180 (Pubitemid 36227928)
65. N. Goubet, K. Strasbaugh, and J. Chesney Familiarity breeds content? Soothing effect of a familiar odor on full-term newborns J Dev Behav Pediatr 28 2007 189 194 (Pubitemid 46944228)
66. M. Gradin, O. Finnstrom, and J. Schollin Feeding and oral glucose - additive effects on pain reduction in newborns Early Hum Dev 77 2004 57 65 (Pubitemid 38534449)
67. M. Gradin Effect of oral glucose on the heart rate of healthy newborns Acta Paediatr 94 2005 324 328
68. M. Gradin, and J. Schollin The role of endogenous opioids in mediating pain reduction by orally administered glucose among newborns [see comment] Pediatrics 115 2005 1004 1007
69. L. Gray, L. Watt, and E.M. Blass Skin-to-skin contact is analgesic in healthy newborns Pediatrics (Evanston IL) 105 2000 e14
70. R. Grunau, M.F. Whitfield, and J.H. Petrie Pain sensitivity and temperament in extremely low birth weight premature toddlers and preterm and fullterm controls Pain (Amsterdam) 58 1994 341 346 (Pubitemid 24284076)
71. R. Grunau Early pain in preterm infants. A model of long-term effects. [Review] [107 refs] Clin Perinatol 29 2002 373 394
72. R.E. Grunau, T.F. Oberlander, M.F. Whitfield, C. Fitzgerald, and S.K. Lee Demographic and therapeutic determinants of pain reactivity in very low birth weight neonates at 32 weeks' postconceptional age Pediatrics (Evanston IL) 107 2001 105 112 (Pubitemid 32055423)
73. R.E. Grunau, L. Holsti, D.W. Haley, T. Oberlander, J. Weinberg, A. Solimano, M.F. Whitfield, C. Fitzgerald, and W. Yu Neonatal procedural pain exposure predicts lower cortisol and behavioral reactivity in preterm infants in the NICU Pain 113 2005 293 300 (Pubitemid 40127510)
74. R.E. Grunau, D.W. Haley, M.F. Whitfield, J. Weinberg, W. Yu, and P. Thiessen Altered basal cortisol levels at 3, 6, 8 and 18 months in infants born at extremely low gestational age J Pediatr 150 2007 151 156 (Pubitemid 46127555)
75. D. Harrison, P. Loughnan, E. Manias, I. Gordon, and L. Johnston Repeated doses of sucrose in infants continue to reduce procedural pain during prolonged hospitalizations Nurs Res 58 2009 427 434
76. L. Hartling, M.S. Shaik, L. Tjosvold, R. Leicht, Y. Liang, and M. Kumar Music for medical indications in the neonatal period: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 94 2009 F349 F354
77. P.G. Hepper, and B.S. Shahidullah Development of fetal hearing Arch Dis Child 71 1994 F81 F87
78. C. Hermann, J. Hohmeister, S. Demirakca, K. Zohsel, and H. Flor Long-term alteration of pain sensitivity in school-aged children with early pain experiences Pain (Amsterdam) 125 2006 278 285 (Pubitemid 44708471)
79. C. Hermann, K. Zohsel, J. Hohmeister, and H. Flor Dimensions of pain-related parent behavior: development and psychometric evaluation of a new measure for children and their parents [see comment] Pain (Amsterdam) 137 2008 689 699
80. J. Hohmeister, S. Demirakca, K. Zohsel, H. Flor, and C. Hermann Responses to pain in school-aged children with experience in a neonatal intensive care unit: cognitive aspects and maternal influences Eur J Pain 13 2009 94 101
81. R.F. Howard, S.M. Walker, P.M. Mota, and M. Fitzgerald The ontogeny of neuropathic pain: postnatal onset of mechanical allodynia in rat spared nerve injury (SNI) and chronic constriction injury (CCI) models Pain 115 2005 382 389 (Pubitemid 40725295)
82. C.M. Huang, W.S. Tung, L.L. Kuo, and C. Ying-Ju Comparison of pain responses of premature infants to the heelstick between containment and swaddling J Nurs Res 12 2004 31 40
83. A.A. Hutchison, K.R. Ross, and G. Russell The effect of posture on ventilation and lung mechanics in preterm and light-for-date infants Pediatrics 64 1979 429 432 (Pubitemid 9247599)
84. U. Isik Comparison of oral glucose and sucrose solutions on pain response in neonates J Pain 1 2000 275 278
85. A.C. Jahangeer, D. Mellier, and J. Caston Influence of olfactory stimulation on nociceptive behavior in mice Physiol Behav 62 1997 359 366 (Pubitemid 27326907)
86. D.S. Janowsky, O. Pucilowski, and M. Buyinza Preference for higher sucrose concentrations in cocaine abusing-dependent patients J Psychiatr Res 37 2003 35 41 (Pubitemid 35449769)
87. C.C. Johnston, and B.J. Stevens Experience in a neonatal intensive care unit affects pain response Pediatrics (Evanston IL) 98 1996 925 930 (Pubitemid 26398777)
88. C.C. Johnston, R.L. Stremler, B.J. Stevens, and L.J. Horton Effectiveness of oral sucrose and simulated rocking on pain response in preterm neonates Pain 72 1997 193 199 (Pubitemid 27321917)
89. C.C. Johnston, B.J. Stevens, L.S. Franck, A. Jack, R. Stremler, and R. Platt Factors explaining lack of response to heel stick in preterm newborns J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nur 28 1999 587 594
90. C.C. Johnston, F. Filion, L. Snider, A. Majnemer, C. Limperopoulos, C.D. Walker, A. Veilleux, E. Pelausa, H. Cake, S. Stone, A. Sherrard, and K. Boyer Routine sucrose analgesia during the first week of life in neonates younger than 31 weeks' postconceptional age Pediatrics 110 2002 523 528 (Pubitemid 34976680)
91. C.C. Johnston, B. Stevens, J. Pinelli, S. Gibbins, F. Filion, A. Jack, S. Steele, K. Boyer, and A. Veilleux Kangaroo care is effective in diminishing pain response in preterm neonates Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 157 2003 1084 1088 (Pubitemid 37433174)
92. C.C. Johnston, F. Filion, and A.M. Nuyt Recorded maternal voice for preterm neonates undergoing heel lance Adv Neonatal Care 7 2007 258 266
93. C.C. Johnston, F. Filion, L. Snider, C. Limperopoulos, A. Majnemer, E. Pelausa, H. Cake, S. Stone, A. Sherrard, and K. Boyer How much sucrose is too much sucrose? Pediatrics (Evanston IL) 119 2007 226
94. C.C. Johnston, F. Filion, M. Campbell-Yeo, C. Goulet, L. Bell, K. McNaughton, J. Byron, M. Aita, G.A. Finley, and C.D. Walker Kangaroo mother care diminishes pain from heel lance in very preterm neonates: a crossover trial BMC Pediatr 8 2008 13
95. C.C. Johnston, F. Filion, M. Campbell-Yeo, C. Goulet, L. Bell, K. McNaughton, and J. Byron Enhanced kangaroo mother care for heel lance in preterm neonates: a crossover trial J Perinatol 29 2009 51 56
96. R.B. Kanarek, and C. Carrington Sucrose consumption enhances the analgesic effects of cigarette smoking in male and female smokers Psychopharmacology (Berl) 173 2004 57 63 (Pubitemid 38591147)
97. Z. Kashaninia, F. Sajedi, M. Rahgozar, and F.A. Noghabi The effect of Kangaroo care on behavioral responses to pain of an intramuscular injection in neonates J Spec Pediatr Nurs 13 2008 275 280
98. M. Konner The ties that bind Nature 429 2004 705 (Pubitemid 38833109)
99. G. Koren Postoperative morphine infusion in newborn infants: assessment of disposition J Pediatr 107 1985 963 967 (Pubitemid 16197115)
100. H. Kurihara, H. Chiba, Y. Shimizu, T. Yanaihara, M. Takeda, K. Kawakami, and K. Takai-Kawakami Behavioral and adrenocortical responses to stress in neonates and the stabilizing effects of maternal heartbeat on them Early Hum Dev 46 1996 117 127 (Pubitemid 26341122)
101. B.A. Larsson, M. Norman, P. Bjerring, H. Egekvist, H. Lagercrantz, and G.L. Olsson Regional variations in skin perfusion and skin thickness may contribute to varying efficacy of topical, local anaesthetics in neonates Paediatr Anaesth 6 1996 107 110 (Pubitemid 126439104)
102. V.T. Lehr, and A. Taddio Topical anesthesia in neonates: clinical practices and practical considerations. [Review] [59 refs] Semin Perinatol 31 2007 323 329 (Pubitemid 47495951)
103. A.S. Levine, C.M. Kotz, and B.A. Gosnell Sugars: hedonic aspects, neuroregulation, and energy balance. [Review] [120 refs] Am J Clin Nutr 78 2003 834S 842S
104. L.S. Loken, J. Wessberg, I. Morrison, F. McGlone, and H. Olausson Coding of pleasant touch by unmyelinated afferents in humans Nat Neurosci 12 2009 547 548
105. I. Lund, L.C. Yu, K. Uvnas-Moberg, J. Wang, C. Yu, M. Kurosawa, G. Agren, A. Rosen, M. Lekman, and T. Lundeberg Repeated massage-like stimulation induces long-term effects on nociception: contribution of oxytocinergic mechanisms Eur J Neurosci 16 2002 330 338 (Pubitemid 36160251)
106. A.M. Lynn, and J.T. Slattery Morphine pharmacokinetics in early infancy Anaesthesia 66 1987 136 139 (Pubitemid 17014441)
107. L. Marlier, B. Schaal, and R. Soussignan Bottle-fed neonates prefer an odor experienced in utero to an odor experienced postnatally in the feeding context Dev Psychobiol 33 1998 133 145 (Pubitemid 28455929)
108. R.J. Martin, N. Herrell, D. Rubin, and A. Fanaroff Effect of supine and prone positions on arterial oxygen tension in the preterm infant Pediatrics 63 1979 528 531 (Pubitemid 9125458)
109. J. Masterson, C. Zucker, and K. Schulze Prone and supine positioning effects on energy expenditure and behavior of low birth weight neonates Pediatrics 80 1987 689 692 (Pubitemid 18060589)
110. A.S. Matthiesen, A.B. Ransjo-Arvidson, E. Nissen, and K. Uvnas-Moberg Postpartum maternal oxytocin release by newborns: effects of infant hand massage and sucking Birth-Issues Perinatal Care 28 2001 13 19 (Pubitemid 33755161)
111. R. Melzack, and P. Wall Pain mechanisms: new theory Science (Washington, DC) 150 1965 971 979
112. R. Nandi, D. Beacham, J. Middleton, M. Koltzenburg, R.F. Howard, and M. Fitzgerald The functional expression of mu opioid receptors on sensory neurons is developmentally regulated; morphine analgesia is less selective in the neonate Pain 111 2004 38 50 (Pubitemid 39141005)
113. R. Nandi, and M. Fitzgerald Opioid analgesia in the newborn Eur J Pain 9 2005 105 108 (Pubitemid 40311826)
114. I.D. Neumann Oxytocin: the neuropeptide of love reveals some of its secrets Cell Metab 5 2007 231 233 (Pubitemid 46477861)
115. S. Nishitani, T. Miyamura, M. Tagawa, M. Sumi, R. Takase, H. Doi, H. Moriuchi, and K. Shinohara The calming effect of a maternal breast milk odor on the human newborn infant Neurosci Res 63 2009 66 71
116. F. Okan, A. Coban, Z. Ince, Z. Yapici, and G. Can Analgesia in preterm newborns: the comparative effects of sucrose and glucose [see comment] Eur J Pediatr 166 2007 1017 1024 (Pubitemid 47313065)
117. R. Ors, E. Ozek, G. Baysoy, D. Cebeci, H. Bilgen, M. Turkuner, and M. Basaran Comparison of sucrose and human milk on pain response in newborns Eur J Pediatr 158 1999 63 66 (Pubitemid 29143582)
118. M.K. Owens, and D. Ehrenreich Application of nonpharmacologic methods of managing chronic pain Holist Nurs Pract 6 1991 32 40
119. M.Y. Pepino, and J.A. Mennella Sucrose-induced analgesia is related to sweet preferences in children but not adults Pain 119 2005 210 218 (Pubitemid 41752981)
120. R.M. Phillips, C.J. Chantry, and M.P. Gallagher Analgesic effects of breast-feeding or pacifier use with maternal holding in term infants Ambul Pediatr 5 2005 359 364 (Pubitemid 41782580)
121. T. Prasopkittikun, and F. Tilokskulchai Management of pain from heel stick in neonates: an analysis of research conducted in Thailand J Perinat Neonatal Nurs 17 2003 304 312
122. R. Quirion Pain, nociception and spinal opioid receptors Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 8 1984 571 579 (Pubitemid 15193206)
123. P. Rainville, G.H. Duncan, D.D. Price, B. Carrier, and Mc. Bushnell Pain affect encoded in human anterior cingulate but not somatosensory cortex Science (Washington, DC) 277 1997 968 971 (Pubitemid 27366684)
124. L.A. Ramenghi, C.M. Wood, G.C. Griffith, and M.I. Levene Reduction of pain response in premature infants using intraoral sucrose [see comments] Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 74 1996 F126 F128
125. L.A. Ramenghi, D.J. Evans, and M.I. Levene "Sucrose analgesia": absorptive mechanism or taste perception? Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 80 1999 F146 F147
126. C. Rattaz, N. Goubet, and A. Bullinger The calming effect of a familiar odor on full-term newborns [references] J Dev Behav Pediatr 26 2005 86 92 (Pubitemid 40590545)
127. K. Ren, and R. Dubner Enhanced descending modulation of nociception in rats with persistent hindpaw inflammation J Neurophysiol 76 1996 3025 3037 (Pubitemid 26378671)
128. K. Ren, and R. Dubner Pain facilitation and activity-dependent plasticity in pain modulatory circuitry: role of BDNF-TrkB signaling and NMDA receptors Mol Neurobiol 35 2007 224 235 (Pubitemid 350129684)
129. T.L. Roth, and R.M. Sullivan Endogenous opioids and their role in odor preference acquisition and consolidation following odor-shock conditioning in infant rats [References] Dev Psychobiol 39 2001 188 198 (Pubitemid 33032692)
130. B. Schaal, L. Marlier, and R. Soussignan Olfactory function in the human fetus: evidence from selective neonatal responsiveness to the odor of amniotic fluid Behav Neurosci 112 1998 1438 1449 (Pubitemid 29052631)
131. P.S. Shah, L.L. Aliwalas, and V. Shah Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates [systematic review] Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008
132. V. Shah Alleviation of the pain of venepuncture in neonates Acta Paediatr 88 1999 351 352
133. S.Y. Shiao, Y.J. Chang, H. Lannon, and H. Yarandi Metaanalysis of the effects of nonnutritive sucking on heart rate and peripheral oxygenation: research from the past 30 years Issues Compr Pediatr Nurs 20 1997 11 24 (Pubitemid 127458287)
134. D.J. Shide, and E.M. Blass Opioid like effects of intraoral infusions of polycose on stress responses in 10 day old rats Behav Neurosci 103 1989 1168 1175 (Pubitemid 20079144)
135. Y. Skogsdal, M. Eriksson, and J. Schollin Analgesia in newborns given oral glucose Acta Paediatr 86 1997 217 220 (Pubitemid 27086779)
136. R. Slater, L. Cornelissen, L. Fabrizi, D. Patten, J. Yoxen, A. Worley, S. Boyd, J. Meek, and M. Fitzgerald Oral sucrose as an analgesic drug for procedural pain in newborn infants: a randomised controlled trial Lancet 376 2010 1225 1232
137. J.M. Standley, and R.S. Moore Therapeutic effects of music and mother's voice on premature infants Pediatr Nurs 21 1995 509 512, 574
138. B. Stevens, C. Johnston, P. Petryshen, and A. Taddio Premature infant pain profile: development and initial validation Clin J Pain 12 1996 13 22 (Pubitemid 26128581)
139. B. Stevens, C. Johnston, A. Taddio, A. Jack, J. Narciso, R. Stremler, G. Koren, and J. Aranda Management of pain from heel lance with lidocaine-prilocaine (EMLA) cream: is it safe and efficacious in preterm infants? J Dev Behav Pediatr 20 1999 216 221
140. B. Stevens, J. Yamada, J. Beyene, S. Gibbins, P. Petryshen, J. Stinson, and J. Narciso Consistent management of repeated procedural pain with sucrose in preterm neonates: is it effective and safe for repeated use over time? Clin J Pain 21 2005 543 548 (Pubitemid 41527744)
141. Stevens B, Yamada J, Ohlsson A. Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010:CD001069.
142. B.J. Stevens, C. Johnston, L. Franck, P. Petryshen, A. Jack, and R. Foster The efficacy of developmentally sensitive interventions and sucrose for relieving procedural pain in very low birth weight neonates Nurs Res 98 1999 35 43
143. B.J. Stevens, and R.R. Pillai Looking beyond acute pain in infancy [comment] Pain (Amsterdam) 124 2006 11 12 (Pubitemid 44177799)
144. R.M. Sullivan, and P. Toubas Clinical usefulness of maternal odor in newborns: soothing and feeding preparatory responses Biol Neonate 74 1998 402 408 (Pubitemid 28505098)
145. A. Taddio, J. Katz, A.L. Ilersich, and G. Koren Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain response during subsequent routine vaccination [see comments] Lancet (Lond) 349 1997 599 603 (Pubitemid 27101886)
146. A. Taddio, B.J. Stevens, K.D. Craig, P. Rastogi, S. BenDavid, A. Shennen, P. Mulligan, and G. Koren Efficacy and safety of lidocaineprilocaine cream for neonatal circumcision pain management NEJM 336 1997 1197 1201 (Pubitemid 27183648)
147. A. Taddio, V. Shah, C. Gilbert-MacLeod, and J. Katz Conditioning and hyperalgesia in newborns exposed to repeated heel lances JAMA 288 2002 857 861
148. A. Taddio, V. Shah, P. Shah, and J. Katz Beta-endorphin concentration after administration of sucrose in preterm infants Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 157 2003 1071 1074 (Pubitemid 37433171)
149. A. Taddio, V. Shah, E. Atenafu, and J. Katz Influence of repeated painful procedures and sucrose analgesia on the development of hyperalgesia in newborn infants Pain 144 2009 43 48
150. J.C. Tsao, S. Evans, M. Meldrum, T. Altman, and L.K. Zeltzer A review of CAM for procedural pain in infancy: Part I. Sucrose and non-nutritive sucking Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 5 2008 371 381
151. B.E. van Sleuwen, A.C. Engelberts, M.M. Boere-Boonekamp, W. Kuis, T.W. Schulpen, and M.P. L'Hoir Swaddling: a systematic review [Review] [82 refs] Pediatrics (Evanston IL) 120 2007 e1097 e1106
152. H. Varendi, K. Christensson, R.H. Porter, and J. Winberg Soothing effect of amniotic fluid smell in newborn infants Early Hum Dev 51 1998 47 55 (Pubitemid 28159568)
153. C. Villemure, S. Wassimi, G.J. Bennett, Y. Shir, and M.C. Bushnell Unpleasant odors increase pain processing in a patient with neuropathic pain: psychophysical and fMRI investigation Pain 120 2006 213 220 (Pubitemid 43077185)
154. C. Villemure, and M.C. Bushnell The effects of the steroid androstadienone and pleasant odorants on the mood and pain perception of men and women Eur J Pain 11 2007 181 191 (Pubitemid 44829963)
155. C. Villemure, and M.C. Bushnell Mood influences supraspinal pain processing separately from attention J Neurosci 29 2009 705 715
156. S.M. Walker, and M. Fitzgerald Characterization of spinal alpha-adrenergic modulation of nociceptive transmission and hyperalgesia throughout postnatal development in rats [see comment] Br J Pharmacol 151 2007 1334 1342 (Pubitemid 47255893)
157. S.M. Walker, L.S. Franck, M. Fitzgerald, J. Myles, J. Stocks, and N. Marlow Long-term impact of neonatal intensive care and surgery on somatosensory perception in children born extremely preterm Pain 141 2009 79 87
158. S.M. Walker, K.K. Tochiki, and M. Fitzgerald Hindpaw incision in early life increases the hyperalgesic response to repeat surgical injury: critical period and dependence on initial afferent activity Pain 147 2009 99 106
159. D.P. Weekes, S.H. Kagan, K. James, and N. Seboni The phenomenon of hand holding as a coping strategy in adolescents experiencing treatment-related pain J Pediatr Oncol Nurs 10 1993 19 25
160. J. Yamada, J. Stinson, J. Lamba, A. Dickson, P.J. McGrath, and B. Stevens A review of systematic reviews on pain interventions in hospitalized infants Pain Res Manag 13 2008 413 420
161. L.G. Yamamoto, and R.B. Boychuk A blinded, randomized, paired, placebo-controlled trial of 20-minute EMLA cream to reduce the pain of peripheral i.v. cannulation in the ED Am J Emerg Med 16 1998 634 636 (Pubitemid 28523533)
162. K.A. Young, Y. Liu, and Z. Wang The neurobiology of social attachment: a comparative approach to behavioral, neuroanatomical, and neurochemical studies Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 148 2008 401 410
163. L.J. Young Being human: love: neuroscience reveals all Nature 457 2009 148
164. A. Zangen, U. Herzberg, Z. Vogel, and G. Yadid Nociceptive stimulus induces release of endogenous beta-endorphin in the rat brain Neuroscience 85 1998 659 662 (Pubitemid 28223630)
165. A.F. Zuppa, J.T. Mondick, L. Davis, and D. Cohen Population pharmacokinetics of ketorolac in neonates and young infants Am J Ther 16 2009 143 146