The human health effects of ozone depletion and interactions with climate change

Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 199-225

  Norval, M ^a   Lucas, R M ^b   Cullen, A P ^c   De Gruijl, F R ^d   Longstreth, J ^e   Takizawa, Y ^f   Van Der Leun, J C ^g  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^b The Australian National University   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO   (Canada)

^d LEIDEN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^e Institute for Global Risk Research LLC   (United States)

^f National Institute for Minamata Diseases   (Japan)

^g ECORYS Netherlands   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79751503045     PISSN: 1474905X     EISSN: 14749092     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1039/c0pp90044c     Document Type: Review

References (369)

1. M. Norval A. P. Cullen F. R. de Gruijl J. Longstreth Y. Takizawa R. M. Lucas F. P. Noonan J. C. Van, Der Leun The effects on human health from stratospheric ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2007 6 232 251 (Pubitemid 46385676)
2. X. Tang S. Wilson K. Solomon Changes in tropospheric composition and air quality due to stratospheric ozone depletion, climate change, and their interactions Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2011 10 10.1039/c0pp90039g
3. F. R. de Gruijl J. Longstreth M. Norval A. P. Cullen H. Slaper M. L. Kripke Y. Takizawa J. C. Van, Der Leun Health effects from stratospheric ozone depletion and interactions with climate change Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2003 2 16 28 (Pubitemid 41646491)
4. J. Longstreth F. R. de Gruijl M. L. Kripke S. Abseck F. Arnold H. I. Slaper G. Velders Y. Takizawa J. C. Van, Der Leun Health risks J. Photochem. Photobiol., B 1998 46 20 39 (Pubitemid 29017148)
5. S. Sekelj I. Dekaris E. Kondza-Krstonijevic N. Gabric J. Predovic S. Mitrovic Ultraviolet light and pterygium Coll. Antropol. 2007 31 45 47
6. E. T. Detorakis D. A. Spandidos Pathogenetic mechanisms and treatment options for ophthalmic pterygium: trends and perspectives (Review) Int. J. Mol. Med. 2009 23 439 447
7. B. L. Diffey Sources and measurement of ultraviolet radiation Methods 2002 28 4 13
8. L. Zhou R. W. Beuerman L. P. Ang C. M. Chan S. F. Li F. T. Chew D. T. Tan Elevation of human alpha-defensins and S100 calcium-binding proteins A8 and A9 in tear fluid of patients with pterygium Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 2009 50 2077 2086
9. O. M. Oriowo A. P. Cullen B. R. Chou J. G. Sivak Action spectrum and recovery for in vitro UV-induced cataract using whole lenses Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 2001 42 2596 2602 (Pubitemid 32954869)
10. R. McKenzie P. Aucamp A. Bais L. Bjorn M. Ilyas S. Madronich Chapter 1. Changes in biologically active UV radiation: Effects of ozone depletion and climate change Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2011 10 10.1039/c0pp90034f
11. X. Dong S. Lofgren M. Ayala P. G. Soderberg Maximum tolerable dose for avoidance of cataract after repeated exposure to ultraviolet radiation in rats Exp. Eye Res. 2007 84 200 208 (Pubitemid 44792066)
12. 53 expression and apoptosis in the lens after ultraviolet radiation exposure Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 2007 48 4187 4191 (Pubitemid 351261047)
13. L. M. Meyer X. Dong A. Wegener P. Soderberg Dose dependent cataractogenesis and Maximum Tolerable Dose (MTD(2.3:16)) for UVR 300 nm-induced cataract in C57BL/6J mice Exp. Eye Res. 2008 86 282 289
14. M. Fris J. Cejkova A. Midelfart Changes in aqueous humour following single or repeated UVB irradiation of rabbit cornea Graefe's Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 2007 245 1705 1711 (Pubitemid 47491561)
15. M. Fris J. Cejkova A. Midelfart The effect of single and repeated UVB radiation on rabbit lens Graefe's Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 2008 246 551 558
16. V. C. Mody M. Kakar A. Elfving S. Lofgren Drinking water supplementation with ascorbate is not protective against UVR-B-induced cataract in the guinea pig Acta Ophthalmol. 2008 86 188 195
17. D. N. Hu G. P. Yu S. A. McCormick S. Schneider P. T. Finger Population-based incidence of uveal melanoma in various races and ethnic groups Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2005 140 612 617
18. C. M. Vajdic A. Kricker M. Giblin J. McKenzie J. Aitken G. G. Giles B. K. Armstrong Sun exposure predicts risk of ocular melanoma in Australia Int. J. Cancer 2002 101 175 182 (Pubitemid 34970910)
19. A. Schmidt-Pokrzywniak K. H. Jockel N. Bornfeld W. Sauerwein A. Stang Positive interaction between light iris color and ultraviolet radiation in relation to the risk of uveal melanoma: a case-control study Ophthalmology 2009 116 340 348
20. E. A. Holly D. A. Aston D. H. Char J. J. Kristiansen D. K. Ahn Uveal melanoma in relation to ultraviolet light exposure and host factors Cancer. Res. 1990 50 5773 5777 (Pubitemid 20331375)
21. J. M. Seddon E. S. Gragoudas R. J. Glynn K. M. Egan D. M. Albert P. H. Blitzer Host factors, UV radiation, and risk of uveal melanoma. A case-control study Arch. Ophthalmol. 1990 108 1274 1280 (Pubitemid 20295389)
22. E. Weis C. P. Shah M. Lajous J. A. Shields C. L. Shields The association between host susceptibility factors and uveal melanoma: a meta-analysis Arch. Ophthalmol. 2006 124 54 60 (Pubitemid 43063889)
23. C. P. Shah E. Weis M. Lajous J. A. Shields C. L. Shields Intermittent and chronic ultraviolet light exposure and uveal melanoma: a meta-analysis Ophthalmology 2005 112 1599 1607 (Pubitemid 41725419)
24. E. Triay L. Bergman B. Nilsson C. All-Ericsson S. Seregard Time trends in the incidence of conjunctival melanoma in Sweden Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2009 93 1524 1528
25. G. Scelo P. Boffetta P. Autier K. Hemminki E. Pukkala J. H. Olsen E. Weiderpass E. Tracey D. H. Brewster M. L. McBride E. V. Kliewer J. M. Tonita V. Pompe-Kirn K. S. Chia J. G. Jonasson C. Martos M. Giblin P. Brennan Associations between ocular melanoma and other primary cancers: an international population-based study Int. J. Cancer 2007 120 152 159 (Pubitemid 44901930)
26. G. P. Yu D. N. Hu S. A. McCormick Latitude and incidence of ocular melanoma Photochem. Photobiol. 2006 82 1621 1626 (Pubitemid 46158854)
27. D. N. Hu J. D. Simon T. Sarna Role of ocular melanin in ophthalmic physiology and pathology Photochem. Photobiol. 2008 84 639 644 (Pubitemid 351596390)
28. B. Vojnikovic S. Njiric M. Coklo J. Spanjol Ultraviolet sun radiation and incidence of age-related macular degeneration on Croatian Island Rab Coll. Antropol. 2007 31 43 44
29. A. Bialek-Szymanska M. Misiuk-Hojlo K. Witkowska Risk factors evaluation in age- related macular degeneration Klinika Oczna 2007 109 127 130
30. A. E. Fletcher G. C. Bentham M. Agnew I. S. Young C. Augood U. Chakravarthy P. T. de Jong M. Rahu J. Seland G. Soubrane L. Tomazzoli F. Topouzis J. R. Vingerling J. Vioque Sunlight exposure, antioxidants, and age-related macular degeneration Arch. Ophthalmol. 2008 126 1396 1403
31. M. Hirakawa M. Tanaka Y. Tanaka A. Okubo C. Koriyama M. Tsuji S. Akiba K. Miyamoto G. Hillebrand T. Yamashita T. Sakamoto Age-related maculopathy and sunlight exposure evaluated by objective measurement Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2008 92 630 634 (Pubitemid 351684171)
32. T. Q. Pham E. Rochtchina P. Mitchell W. Smith J. J. Wang Sunlight-related factors and the 10-year incidence of age-related maculopathy Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2009 16 136 141
33. M. A. Mainster P. L. Turner Blue-blocking intraocular lenses: myth or reality? Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2009 147 8 10
34. M. Dalmas K. England M. J. Boffa J. Degaetano P. Gatt Cutaneous melanoma in the Maltese Islands: 2000-2004 Eur. J. Cancer 2007 43 1604 1610 (Pubitemid 46901020)
35. E. Richtig A. Berghold G. Schwantzer A. Ott F. Wolfelmaier B. Karner R. Ludwig H. Denk R. Stering G. Leitner S. Lax M. Okcu A. Gerger H. Kerl J. Smolle Clinical epidemiology of invasive cutaneous malignant melanoma in the Austrian province Styria in the years 2001-2003 and its relationship with local geographical, meteorological and economic data Dermatology 2007 214 246 252 (Pubitemid 46457611)
36. E. Linos S. M. Swetter M. G. Cockburn G. A. Colditz C. A. Clarke Increasing burden of melanoma in the United States J. Invest. Dermatol. 2009 129 1666 1674
37. M. Coory P. Baade J. Aitken M. Smithers G. R. McLeod I. Ring Trends for in situ and invasive melanoma in Queensland, Australia,1982-2002 Cancer, Causes Control 2006 17 21 27 (Pubitemid 43083666)
38. A. Richardson L. Fletcher M. Sneyd B. Cox A. I. Reeder The incidence and thickness of cutaneous malignant melanoma in New Zealand 1994-2004 N. Z. Med. J. 2008 121 18 26
39. P. J. Salmon W. C. Chan J. Griffin R. McKenzie M. Rademaker Extremely high levels of melanoma in Tauranga, New Zealand: possible causes and comparisons with Australia and the northern hemisphere Australas. J. Dermatol. 2007 48 208 216 (Pubitemid 47621738)
40. J. R. Lange B. E. Palis D. C. Chang S. J. Soong C. M. Balch Melanoma in children and teenagers: an analysis of patients from the National Cancer Data Base J. Clin. Oncol. 2007 25 1363 1368 (Pubitemid 46706883)
41. A. Bono E. Tolomio C. Bartoli A. Carbone S. Tomatis S. Zurrida M. Santinami Metamorphosis of melanoma. Trends in size and thickness of cutaneous melanoma over one decade at the Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan Tumori 2008 94 11 13 (Pubitemid 351487178)
42. G. Pellacani G. Lo Scocco M. Vinceti G. Albertini A. A. Raccagni L. Baldassari S. Catrani S. Donelli P. Ghetti A. Lanzoni M. Leardini M. Reggiani M. Santini I. Stanganelli A. Virgili S. Seidenari Melanoma epidemic across the millennium: time trends of cutaneous melanoma in Emilia-Romagna (Italy) from 1997 to 2004 J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2008 22 213 218
43. H. Dal C. Boldemann B. Lindelof Does relative melanoma distribution by body site 1960-2004 reflect changes in intermittent exposure and intentional tanning in the Swedish population? Eur. J. Dermatol. 2007 17 428 434 (Pubitemid 47425911)
44. A. Montella A. Gavin R. Middleton P. Autier M. Boniol Cutaneous melanoma mortality starting to change: a study of trends in Northern Ireland Eur. J. Cancer 2009 45 2360 2366
45. N. J. Levell C. C. Beattie S. Shuster D. C. Greenberg Melanoma epidemic: a midsummer night's dream? Br. J. Dermatol. 2009 161 630 634
46. D. K. Pruthi R. Guilfoyle Z. Nugent M. C. Wiseman A. A. Demers Incidence and anatomic presentation of cutaneous malignant melanoma in central Canada during a 50-year period: 1956 to 2005 J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2009 61 44 50
47. P. M. Karlsson M. Fredrikson Cutaneous malignant melanoma in children and adolescents in Sweden,1993-2002: the increasing trend is broken Int. J. Cancer 2007 121 323 328 (Pubitemid 46917701)
48. D. C. Whiteman C. A. Bray V. Siskind A. C. Green D. J. Hole R. M. Mackie Changes in the incidence of cutaneous melanoma in the west of Scotland and Queensland, Australia: hope for health promotion? Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 2008 17 243 250 (Pubitemid 351549665)
49. S. Dobbinson M. Wakefield D. Hill A. Girgis J. F. Aitken K. Beckmann A. I. Reeder N. Herd A. Fairthorne K. A. Bowles Prevalence and determinants of Australian adolescents' and adults' weekend sun protection and sunburn, summer 2003-2004 J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2008 59 602 614
50. S. J. Dobbinson M. A. Wakefield K. M. Jamsen N. L. Herd M. J. Spittal J. E. Lipscomb D. J. Hill Weekend sun protection and sunburn in Australia trends (1987-2002) and association with SunSmart television advertising Am. J. Prev. Med. 2008 34 94 101
51. M. J. Sneyd B. Cox Melanoma in Maori, Asian, and Pacific peoples in New Zealand Cancer Epidemiol., Biomarkers Prev. 2009 18 1706 1713
52. C. Sinclair P. Foley Skin cancer prevention in Australia Br. J. Dermatol. 2009 161 116 123
53. H. Dal C. Boldemann B. Lindelof Trends during a half century in relative squamous cell carcinoma distribution by body site in the Swedish population: support for accumulated sun exposure as the main risk factor J. Dermatol. 2008 35 55 62 (Pubitemid 351229594)
54. D. C. Whiteman C. A. Bray V. Siskind D. Hole R. M. MacKie A. C. Green A comparison of the anatomic distribution of cutaneous melanoma in two populations with different levels of sunlight: the west of Scotland and Queensland, Australia 1982-2001 Cancer, Causes Control 2007 18 485 491 (Pubitemid 46684821)
55. Y. M. Chang J. H. Barrett D. T. Bishop B. K. Armstrong V. Bataille W. Bergman M. Berwick P. M. Bracci J. M. Elwood M. S. Ernstoff R. P. Gallagher A. C. Green N. A. Gruis E. A. Holly C. Ingvar P. A. Kanetsky M. R. Karagas T. K. Lee L. Le Marchand R. M. Mackie H. Olsson A. Osterlind T. R. Rebbeck P. Sasieni V. Siskind A. J. Swerdlow L. Titus-Ernstoff M. S. Zens J. A. Newton-Bishop Sun exposure and melanoma risk at different latitudes: a pooled analysis of 5700 cases and 7216 controls Int. J. Epidemiol. 2009 38 814 830
56. R. T. Vollmer Solar elastosis in cutaneous melanoma Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007 128 260 264 (Pubitemid 47262624)
57. C. M. Olsen M. S. Zens T. A. Stukel C. Sacerdote Y. M. Chang B. K. Armstrong V. Bataille M. Berwick J. M. Elwood E. A. Holly C. Kirkpatrick T. Mack J. N. Bishop A. Osterlind A. J. Swerdlow R. Zanetti A. C. Green M. R. Karagas D. C. Whiteman Nevus density and melanoma risk in women: a pooled analysis to test the divergent pathway hypothesis Int. J. Cancer 2009 124 937 944
58. V. A. Nikolaou V. Sypsa I. Stefanaki H. Gogas O. Papadopoulos D. Polydorou M. Plaka D. Tsoutsos A. Dimou E. Mourtzoukou V. Korfitis E. Hatziolou C. Antoniou A. Hatzakis A. Katsambas A. J. Stratigos Risk associations of melanoma in a Southern European population: results of a case/control study Cancer, Causes Control 2008 19 671 679
59. C. S. Lea J. A. Scotto P. A. Buffler J. Fine R. L. Barnhill M. Berwick Ambient UVB and melanoma risk in the United States: a case-control analysis Ann. Epidemiol. 2007 17 447 453 (Pubitemid 46784019)
60. L. K. Dennis M. J. Vanbeek L. E. Beane Freeman B. J. Smith D. V. Dawson J. A. Coughlin Sunburns and risk of cutaneous melanoma: does age matter? A comprehensive meta-analysis Ann. Epidemiol. 2008 18 614 627 (Pubitemid 352001390)
61. S. Yarak M. M. Ogawa S. Hirata F. A. de Almeida Prevalence of acquired melanocytic naevi in Brazilian schoolchildren Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 2009 35 581 587
62. S. L. Harrison R. MacLennan P. G. Buettner Sun exposure and the incidence of melanocytic nevi in young Australian children Cancer Epidemiol., Biomarkers Prev. 2008 17 2318 2324
63. K. J. Pettijohn N. L. Asdigian J. Aalborg J. G. Morelli S. T. Mokrohisky R. P. Dellavalle L. A. Crane Vacations to waterside locations result in nevus development in Colorado children Cancer Epidemiol., Biomarkers Prev. 2009 18 454 463
64. R. B. Setlow E. Grist K. Thompson A. D. Woodhead Wavelengths effective in induction of malignant melanoma Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1993 90 6666 6670 (Pubitemid 23207274)
65. D. L. Mitchell A. A. Fernandez R. S. Nairn R. Garcia L. Paniker D. Trono H. D. Thames I. Gimenez-Conti Ultraviolet A does not induce melanomas in a Xiphophorus hybrid fish model Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2010 107 9329 9334
66. E. S. Robinson R. H. Hill, Jr. M. L. Kripke R. B. Setlow The Monodelphis melanoma model: initial report on large ultraviolet A exposures of suckling young Photochem. Photobiol. 2000 71 743 746
67. E. C. De Fabo F. P. Noonan T. Fears G. Merlino Ultraviolet B but not ultraviolet A radiation initiates melanoma Cancer Res. 2004 64 6372 6376 (Pubitemid 39297887)
68. P. K. Waster K. M. Ollinger Redox-dependent translocation of p53 to mitochondria or nucleus in human melanocytes after UVA- and UVB-induced apoptosis J. Invest. Dermatol. 2009 129 1769 1781
69. A. van Schanke G. M. van Venrooij M. J. Jongsma H. A. Banus L. H. Mullenders H. J. van Kranen F. R. de Gruijl Induction of nevi and skin tumors in Ink4a/Arf Xpa knockout mice by neonatal, intermittent, or chronic UVB exposures Cancer Res. 2006 66 2608 2615
70. G. Yang D. Curley M. W. Bosenberg H. Tsao Loss of xeroderma pigmentosum C (Xpc) enhances melanoma photocarcinogenesis in Ink4a-Arf-deficient mice Cancer Res. 2007 67 5649 5657 (Pubitemid 46984996)
71. E. D. Pleasance R. K. Cheetham P. J. Stephens D. J. McBride S. J. Humphray C. D. Greenman I. Varela M. L. Lin G. R. Ordonez G. R. Bignell K. Ye J. Alipaz M. J. Bauer D. Beare A. Butler R. J. Carter L. Chen A. J. Cox S. Edkins P. I. Kokko-Gonzales N. A. Gormley R. J. Grocock C. D. Haudenschild M. M. Hims T. James M. Jia Z. Kingsbury C. Leroy J. Marshall A. Menzies L. J. Mudie Z. Ning T. Royce O. B. Schulz-Trieglaff A. Spiridou L. A. Stebbings L. Szajkowski J. Teague D. Williamson L. Chin M. T. Ross P. J. Campbell D. R. Bentley P. A. Futreal M. R. Stratton A comprehensive catalogue of somatic mutations from a human cancer genome Nature 2010 463 191 196
72. S. van Hattem M. J. Aarts W. J. Louwman H. A. Neumann J. W. Coebergh C. W. Looman T. Nijsten E. de Vries Increase in basal cell carcinoma incidence steepest in individuals with high socioeconomic status: results of a cancer registry study in The Netherlands Br. J. Dermatol. 2009 161 840 845
73. D. H. Brewster L. A. Bhatti J. H. Inglis E. R. Nairn V. R. Doherty Recent trends in incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancers in the East of Scotland,1992-2003 Br. J. Dermatol. 2007 156 1295 1300 (Pubitemid 47029828)
74. F. Bath-Hextall J. Leonardi-Bee C. Smith A. Meal R. Hubbard Trends in incidence of skin basal cell carcinoma. Additional evidence from a UK primary care database study Int. J. Cancer 2007 121 2105 2108 (Pubitemid 47463176)
75. M. P. Staples M. Elwood R. C. Burton J. L. Williams R. Marks G. G. Giles Non-melanoma skin cancer in Australia: the 2002 national survey and trends since 1985 Med. J. Aust. 2006 184 6 10 (Pubitemid 43149790)
76. N. M. Richmond-Sinclair N. Pandeya R. S. Ware R. E. Neale G. M. Williams J. C. Van, Der Pols A. C. Green Incidence of basal cell carcinoma multiplicity and detailed anatomic distribution: longitudinal study of an Australian population J. Invest. Dermatol. 2009 129 323 328
77. J. Lipozencic R. Jurakic-Toncic J. Rados D. Celic Epidemiology of nonmelanoma and melanoma skin cancer in Zagreb, Croatia Acta Dermatovenerol. Croatica 2008 16 193 203
78. U. Leiter C. Garbe Epidemiology of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer - the role of sunlight Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2008 624 89 103
79. F. R. de Gruijl G. E. Koehl P. Voskamp A. Strik H. G. Rebel A. Gaumann J. W. de Fijter C. P. Tensen J. N. Bavinck E. K. Geissler Early and late effects of the immunosuppressants rapamycin and mycophenolate mofetil on UV carcinogenesis Int. J. Cancer 2010 127 796 804
80. T. M. Oberyszyn Non-melanoma skin cancer: importance of gender, immunosuppressive status and vitamin D Cancer Lett. 2008 261 127 136
81. S. Widyarini D. Domanski N. Painter V. E. Reeve Estrogen receptor signaling protects against immune suppression by UV radiation exposure Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2006 103 12837 12842 (Pubitemid 44298648)
82. B. K. Armstrong A. Kricker D. R. English Sun exposure and skin cancer Australas. J. Dermatol. 1997 38 Suppl 1 S1 6
83. R. Zanetti S. Rosso C. Martinez A. Nieto A. Miranda M. Mercier D. I. Loria A. Osterlind R. Greinert C. Navarro G. Fabbrocini C. Barbera H. Sancho-Garnier L. Gafa A. Chiarugi R. Mossotti Comparison of risk patterns in carcinoma and melanoma of the skin in men: a multi-centre case-case-control study Br. J. Cancer 2006 94 743 751 (Pubitemid 43361909)
84. A. A. Qureshi F. Laden G. A. Colditz D. J. Hunter Geographic variation and risk of skin cancer in US women. Differences between melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma Arch. Intern. Med. 2008 168 501 507 (Pubitemid 351547213)
85. R. E. Neale M. Davis N. Pandeya D. C. Whiteman A. C. Green Basal cell carcinoma on the trunk is associated with excessive sun exposure J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2007 56 380 386
86. B. Birt I. Cowling S. Coyne G. Michael The effect of the eye's surface topography on the total irradiance of ultraviolet radiation on the inner canthus J. Photochem. Photobiol., B 2007 87 27 36 (Pubitemid 46336805)
87. E. Heitzer A. Lassacher F. Quehenberger H. Kerl P. Wolf UV fingerprints predominate in the PTCH mutation spectra of basal cell carcinomas independent of clinical phenotype J. Invest. Dermatol. 2007 127 2872 2881 (Pubitemid 350134820)
88. S. de Feraudy K. Ridd L. M. Richards P. Y. Kwok I. Revet D. Oh L. Feeney J. E. Cleaver The DNA Damage-Binding Protein XPC Is a Frequent Target for Inactivation in Squamous Cell Carcinomas Am. J. Pathol. 2010 177 555 562
89. M. J. Mabruk L. K. Toh M. Murphy M. Leader E. Kay G. M. Murphy Investigation of the effect of UV irradiation on DNA damage: comparison between skin cancer patients and normal volunteers J. Cutaneous Pathol. 2009 36 760 765
90. D. Segerback M. Strozyk E. Snellman K. Hemminki Repair of UV dimers in skin DNA of patients with basal cell carcinoma Cancer Epidemiol., Biomarkers Prev. 2008 17 2388 2392
91. L. E. Wang C. Li S. S. Strom L. H. Goldberg A. Brewster Z. Guo Y. Qiao G. L. Clayman J. J. Lee A. K. El-Naggar V. G. Prieto M. Duvic S. M. Lippman R. S. Weber M. L. Kripke Q. Wei Repair capacity for UV light induced DNA damage associated with risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer and tumor progression Clin. Cancer Res. 2007 13 6532 6539 (Pubitemid 350075045)
92. K. M. Applebaum M. R. Karagas D. J. Hunter P. J. Catalano S. H. Byler S. Morris H. H. Nelson Polymorphisms in nucleotide excision repair genes, arsenic exposure, and non-melanoma skin cancer in New Hampshire Environ. Health Perspect. 2007 115 1231 1236 (Pubitemid 351802357)
93. 53, PTCH, and XPD genes Puerto Rico Health Sci. J. 2007 26 349 354
94. G. S. Wang M. Zhang X. P. Li H. Zhang W. Chen M. Kan Y. M. Wang Ultraviolet B exposure of peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus inhibits DNA methylation Lupus 2009 18 1037 1044
95. U. G. Sathyanarayana A. Y. Moore L. Li A. Padar K. Majmudar V. Stastny P. Makarla M. Suzuki J. D. Minna Z. Feng A. F. Gazdar Sun exposure related methylation in malignant and non-malignant skin lesions Cancer Lett. 2007 245 112 120 (Pubitemid 44959343)
96. S. Tommasi M. F. Denissenko G. P. Pfeifer Sunlight induces pyrimidine dimers preferentially at 5-methylcytosine bases Cancer Res. 1997 57 4727 4730 (Pubitemid 27468976)
97. R. van Doorn N. A. Gruis R. Willemze P. A. Van, Der Velden C. P. Tensen Aberrant DNA methylation in cutaneous malignancies Semin. Oncol. 2005 32 479 487 (Pubitemid 41396425)
98. N. F. Box D. L. Duffy R. E. Irving A. Russell W. Chen L. R. Griffyths P. G. Parsons A. C. Green R. A. Sturm Melanocortin-1 receptor genotype is a risk factor for basal and squamous cell carcinoma J. Invest. Dermatol. 2001 116 224 229 (Pubitemid 32173725)
99. D. F. Gudbjartsson P. Sulem S. N. Stacey A. M. Goldstein T. Rafnar B. Sigurgeirsson K. R. Benediktsdottir K. Thorisdottir R. Ragnarsson S. G. Sveinsdottir V. Magnusson A. Lindblom K. Kostulas R. Botella-Estrada V. Soriano P. Juberias M. Grasa B. Saez R. Andres D. Scherer P. Rudnai E. Gurzau K. Koppova L. A. Kiemeney M. Jakobsdottir S. Steinberg A. Helgason S. Gretarsdottir M. A. Tucker J. I. Mayordomo E. Nagore R. Kumar J. Hansson J. H. Olafsson J. Gulcher A. Kong U. Thorsteinsdottir K. Stefansson ASIP and TYR pigmentation variants associate with cutaneous melanoma and basal cell carcinoma Nat. Genet. 2008 40 886 891 (Pubitemid 351913649)
100. U. Brudnik W. Branicki A. Wojas-Pelc P. Kanas The contribution of melanocortin 1 receptor gene polymorphisms and the agouti signalling protein gene 8818A>G polymorphism to cutaneous melanoma and basal cell carcinoma in a Polish population Exp. Dermatol. 2009 18 167 174
101. E. Alamartine P. Berthoux C. Mariat F. Cambazard F. Berthoux Interleukin-10 promoter polymorphisms and susceptibility to skin squamous cell carcinoma after renal transplantation J. Invest. Dermatol. 2003 120 99 103 (Pubitemid 36120977)
102. T. Nagano M. Kunisada X. Yu T. Masaki C. Nishigori Involvement of interleukin-10 promoter polymorphisms in nonmelanoma skin cancers-a case study in non-Caucasian skin cancer patients Photochem. Photobiol. 2007 84 63 66 (Pubitemid 350265106)
103. M. M. Welsh K. M. Applebaum S. K. Spencer A. E. Perry M. R. Karagas H. H. Nelson CTLA4 variants, UV-induced tolerance, and risk of non-melanoma skin cancer Cancer Res. 2009 69 6158 6163
104. M. M. Welsh M. R. Karagas K. M. Applebaum S. K. Spencer A. E. Perry H. H. Nelson A role for ultraviolet radiation immunosuppression in non-melanoma skin cancer as evidenced by gene-environment interactions Carcinogenesis 2008 29 1950 1954
105. S. Gandini S. Raimondi P. Gnagnarella J. F. Dore P. Maisonneuve A. Testori Vitamin D and skin cancer: a meta-analysis Eur. J. Cancer 2009 45 634 641
106. M. A. Carless T. Kraska N. Lintell R. E. Neale A. C. Green L. R. Griffiths Polymorphisms of the VDR gene are associated with presence of solar keratoses on the skin Br. J. Dermatol. 2008 159 804 810
107. M. L. Kripke Antigenicity of murine skin tumors induced by ultraviolet light J. Nat. Cancer. Inst. 1974 53 1333 1336
108. G. B. Toews P. R. Bergstresser J. W. Streilein Epidermal Langerhans cell density determines whether contact hypersensitivity or unresponsiveness follows skin painting with DNFB J. Immunol. 1980 124 445 453 (Pubitemid 10182298)
109. L. Wang M. Toda K. Saito T. Hori T. Horii H. Shiku K. Kuribayashi T. Kato Post-immune UV irradiation induces Tr1-like regulatory T cells that suppress humoral immune responses Int. Immunol. 2007 20 57 70
110. J. Narbutt A. Lesiak M. Skibinska A. Wozniacka H. van Loveren A. Sysa-Jedrzejowska I. Lewy-Trenda A. Omulecka M. Norval Suppression of contact hypersensitivity after repeated exposures of humans to low doses of solar simulated radiation Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2005 4 517 522 (Pubitemid 41044581)
111. D. L. Damian G. M. Halliday C. A. Taylor R. S. Barnetson Ultraviolet radiation induced suppression of Mantoux reactions in humans J. Invest. Dermatol. 1998 110 824 827 (Pubitemid 28194035)
112. M. Norval P. McLoone A. Lesiak J. Narbutt The effect of chronic ultraviolet radiation on the human immune system Photochem. Photobiol. 2007 84 19 28
113. T. Schwarz 25 years of UV-induced immunosuppression mediated by T cells-from disregarded T suppressor cells to highly respected regulatory T cells Photochem. Photobiol. 2008 84 10 18 (Pubitemid 350265098)
114. F. R. de Gruijl UV-induced immunosuppression in the balance Photochem. Photobiol. 2008 84 2 9 (Pubitemid 350284491)
115. S. Beissert K. Loser Molecular and cellular mechanisms of photocarcinogenesis Photochem. Photobiol. 2008 84 29 34 (Pubitemid 350265103)
116. M. F. Bennett M. K. Robinson E. D. Baron K. D. Cooper Skin immune systems and inflammation: protector of the skin or promoter of aging? J. Invest. Dermatol. Symp. Proc. 2008 13 15 19 (Pubitemid 351450896)
117. R. J. Berkhout J. N. Bouwes Bavinck J. ter Schegget Persistence of human papillomavirus DNA in benign and (pre)malignant skin lesions from renal transplant recipients J. Clin. Microbiol. 2000 38 2087 2096 (Pubitemid 30414320)
118. C. A. Harwood T. Surentheran J. M. McGregor P. J. Spink I. M. Leigh J. Breuer C. M. Proby Human papillomavirus infection and non-melanoma skin cancer in immunosuppressed and immunocompetent individuals J. Med. Virol. 2000 61 289 297 (Pubitemid 30368527)
119. L. Struijk E. Van, Der Meijden S. Kazem J. ter Schegget F. R. de Gruijl R. D. Steenbergen M. C. Feltkamp Specific betapapillomaviruses associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the skin inhibit UVB-induced apoptosis of primary human keratinocytes J. Gen. Virol. 2008 89 2303 2314
120. M. P. Underbrink H. L. Howie K. M. Bedard J. I. Koop D. A. Galloway E6 proteins from multiple human betapapillomavirus types degrade Bak and protect keratinocytes from apoptosis after UVB irradiation J. Virol. 2008 82 10408 10417 (Pubitemid 352691188)
121. T. Iftner M. Elbel B. Schopp T. Hiller J. I. Loizou K. W. Caldecott F. Stubenrauch Interference of papillomavirus E6 protein with single-strand break repair by interaction with XRCC1 EMBO J. 2002 21 4741 4748 (Pubitemid 34984361)
122. 77) associated with skin cancer displays UV responsiveness, which is mediated through a consensus p53 binding sequence EMBO J. 1999 18 5359 5369 (Pubitemid 29465585)
123. N. Sugie N. Fujii K. Danno Cyclosporin-A suppresses p53-dependent repair DNA synthesis and apoptosis following ultraviolet-B irradiation Photodermatol., Photoimmunol. Photomed. 2002 18 163 168
124. A. Fernandez S. Hu R. S. Kirsner Sirolimus: a potential chemopreventive agent J. Invest. Dermatol. 2008 128 2352
125. M. M. Asgari N. B. Kiviat C. W. Critchlow J. E. Stern Z. B. Argenyi G. J. Raugi D. Berg P. B. Odland S. E. Hawes E. M. de Villiers Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma among immunocompetent individuals J. Invest. Dermatol. 2008 128 1409 1417 (Pubitemid 351693210)
126. O. Forslund T. Iftner K. Andersson B. Lindelof E. Hradil P. Nordin B. Stenquist R. Kirnbauer J. Dillner E. M. de Villiers Cutaneous human papillomaviruses found in sun-exposed skin: Beta-papillomavirus species 2 predominates in squamous cell carcinoma J. Infect. Dis. 2007 196 876 883 (Pubitemid 47378937)
127. A. C. Chen N. A. McMillan A. Antonsson Human papillomavirus type spectrum in normal skin of individuals with or without a history of frequent sun exposure J. Gen. Virol. 2008 89 2891 2897
128. C. Ateenyi-Agaba E. Weiderpass A. Smet W. Dong M. Dai B. Kahwa H. Wabinga E. Katongole-Mbidde S. Franceschi M. Tommasino Epidermodysplasia verruciformis human papillomavirus types and carcinoma of the conjunctiva: a pilot study Br. J. Cancer 2004 90 1777 1779 (Pubitemid 38725651)
129. M. L. Tornesello M. L. Duraturo K. M. Waddell B. Biryahwaho R. Downing S. Balinandi S. B. Lucas L. Buonaguro F. M. Buonaguro Evaluating the role of human papillomaviruses in conjunctival neoplasia Br. J. Cancer 2006 94 446 449 (Pubitemid 43237568)
130. M. N. de Koning K. Waddell J. Magyezi K. Purdie C. Proby C. Harwood S. Lucas R. Downing W. G. Quint R. Newton Genital and cutaneous human papillomavirus (HPV) types in relation to conjunctival squamous cell neoplasia: A case-control study in Uganda Infect. Agents Cancer 2008 3 12
131. X. Sastre-Garau M. Peter M. F. Avril H. Laude J. Couturier F. Rozenberg A. Almeida F. Boitier A. Carlotti B. Couturaud N. Dupin Merkel cell carcinoma of the skin: pathological and molecular evidence for a causative role of MCV in oncogenesis J. Pathol. 2009 218 48 56
132. M. H. Swann J. Yoon Merkel cell carcinoma Semin. Oncol. 2007 34 51 56 (Pubitemid 46161755)
133. M. H. Braff R. L. Gallo Antimicrobial peptides: an essential component of the skin defensive barrier Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 2006 306 91 110 (Pubitemid 47400319)
134. R. Glaser F. Navid W. Schuller C. Jantschitsch J. Harder J. M. Schroder A. Schwarz T. Schwarz UV-B radiation induces the expression of antimicrobial peptides in human keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2009 123 1117 1123
135. A. Jeevan A. K. Sharma D. N. McMurray Ultraviolet radiation reduces resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in BCG-vaccinated guinea pigs Tuberculosis 2009 89 431 438
136. L. Wang K. Saito M. Toda T. Hori M. Torii N. Ma N. Katayama H. Shiku K. Kuribayashi T. Kato UV irradiation after immunization induces type 1 regulatory T cells that suppress Th2-type immune responses via secretion of IL-10 Immunobiology 2010 215 124 132
137. A. Sleijffers J. Garssen F. R. de Gruijl G. J. Boland J. van Hattum W. A. van Vloten H. van Loveren Influence of ultraviolet B exposure on immune responses following hepatitis B vaccination in human volunteers J. Invest. Dermatol. 2001 117 1144 1150 (Pubitemid 34205910)
138. A. Sleijffers B. Yucesoy M. Kashon J. Garssen F. R. De Gruijl G. J. Boland J. Van Hattum M. I. Luster H. Van Loveren Cytokine polymorphisms play a role in susceptibility to ultraviolet B-induced modulation of immune responses after hepatitis B vaccination J. Immunol. 2003 170 3423 3428 (Pubitemid 36302222)
139. A. Sleijffers A. Kammeyer F. R. de Gruijl G. J. Boland J. van Hattum W. A. van Vloten H. van Loveren M. B. Teunissen J. Garssen Epidermal cis-urocanic acid levels correlate with lower specific cellular immune responses after hepatitis B vaccination of ultraviolet B-exposed humans Photochem. Photobiol. 2003 77 271 275
140. G. A. Colditz T. F. Brewer C. S. Berkey M. E. Wilson E. Burdick H. V. Fineberg F. Mosteller Efficacy of BCG vaccine in the prevention of tuberculosis. Meta-analysis of the published literature JAMA, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1994 271 698 702 (Pubitemid 24061706)
141. N. Linder Y. Abudi W. Abdalla M. Badir Y. Amitai J. Samuels E. Mendelson I. Levy Effect of Season of Inoculation on Immune Response to Rubella Vaccine in Children J. Trop. Pediat. 2009 10.1093/tropej/fmp104
142. H. K. Muller R. C. Malley H. M. McGee D. K. Scott T. Wozniak G. M. Woods Effect of UV radiation on the neonatal skin immune system- implications for melanoma Photochem. Photobiol. 2007 84 47 54
143. C. Kannengiesser A. Spatz S. Michiels A. Eychene P. Dessen V. Lazar V. Winnepenninckx F. Lesueur S. Druillennec C. Robert J. J. Van, Den Oord A. Sarasin B. Bressac-de Paillerets Gene expression signature associated with BRAF mutations in human primary cutaneous melanomas Mol. Oncol. 2008 1 425 430
144. P. N. Nikolova G. P. Pawelec S. M. Mihailova M. I. Ivanova A. P. Myhailova D. N. Baltadjieva D. I. Marinova S. S. Ivanova E. J. Naumova Association of cytokine gene polymorphisms with malignant melanoma in Caucasian population Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 2006 56 371 379
145. N. Schoof F. von Bonin I. R. Konig R. Mossner U. Kruger K. Reich C. Berking M. Volkenandt A. Ziegler L. Bockmann C. Kuschal K. M. Thoms D. Kube S. Emmert Distal and proximal interleukin (IL)-10 promoter polymorphisms associated with risk of cutaneous melanoma development: a case-control study Genes Immun. 2009 10 586 590
146. D. Wakita K. Chamoto T. Ohkuri Y. Narita S. Ashino K. Sumida H. Nishikawa H. Shiku Y. Togashi H. Kitamura T. Nishimura IFN-gamma-dependent type 1 immunity is crucial for immunosurveillance against squamous cell carcinoma in a novel mouse carcinogenesis model Carcinogenesis 2009 30 1408 1415
147. R. A. Clark S. J. Huang G. F. Murphy I. G. Mollet D. Hijnen M. Muthukuru C. F. Schanbacher V. Edwards D. M. Miller J. E. Kim J. Lambert T. S. Kupper Human squamous cell carcinomas evade the immune response by down-regulation of vascular E-selectin and recruitment of regulatory T cells J. Exp. Med. 2008 205 2221 2234
148. H. G. Kaporis E. Guttman-Yassky M. A. Lowes A. S. Haider J. Fuentes-Duculan K. Darabi J. Whynot-Ertelt A. Khatcherian I. Cardinale I. Novitskaya J. G. Krueger J. A. Carucci Human basal cell carcinoma is associated with Foxp3+ T cells in a Th2 dominant microenvironment J. Invest. Dermatol. 2007 127 2391 2398 (Pubitemid 47619759)
149. T. Gambichler M. Skrygan J. Hyun F. Bechara N. S. Tomi P. Altmeyer A. Kreuter Cytokine mRNA expression in basal cell carcinoma Arch. Dermatol. Res. 2006 298 139 141 (Pubitemid 44341648)
150. L. E. Rhodes M. Bock A. S. Janssens T. C. Ling L. Anastasopoulou C. Antoniou F. Aubin T. Bruckner B. Faivre N. K. Gibbs C. Jansen S. Pavel A. J. Stratigos F. R. de Gruijl T. L. Diepgen Polymorphic light eruption occurs in 18% of europeans and does not show higher prevalence with increasing latitude: multicenter survey of 6,895 individuals residing from the Mediterranean to Scandinavia J. Invest. Dermatol. 2010 130 626 628
151. P. Wolf S. N. Byrne A. Gruber-Wackernagel New insights into the mechanisms of polymorphic light eruption: resistance to ultraviolet radiation-induced immune suppression as an aetiological factor Exp. Dermatol. 2009 18 350 356
152. S. Lembo J. Fallon P. O'Kelly G. M. Murphy Polymorphic light eruption and skin cancer prevalence: is one protective against the other? Br. J. Dermatol. 2008 159 1342 1347
153. T. J. Wang F. Zhang J. B. Richards B. Kestenbaum J. B. van Meurs D. Berry D. P. Kiel E. A. Streeten C. Ohlsson D. L. Koller L. Peltonen J. D. Cooper P. F. O'Reilly D. K. Houston N. L. Glazer L. Vandenput M. Peacock J. Shi F. Rivadeneira M. I. McCarthy P. Anneli I. H. de Boer M. Mangino B. Kato D. J. Smyth S. L. Booth P. F. Jacques G. L. Burke M. Goodarzi C. L. Cheung M. Wolf K. Rice D. Goltzman N. Hidiroglou M. Ladouceur N. J. Wareham L. J. Hocking D. Hart N. K. Arden C. Cooper S. Malik W. D. Fraser A. L. Hartikainen G. Zhai H. M. Macdonald N. G. Forouhi R. J. Loos D. M. Reid A. Hakim E. Dennison Y. Liu C. Power H. E. Stevens L. Jaana R. S. Vasan N. Soranzo J. Bojunga B. M. Psaty M. Lorentzon T. Foroud T. B. Harris A. Hofman J. O. Jansson J. A. Cauley A. G. Uitterlinden Q. Gibson M. R. Jarvelin D. Karasik D. S. Siscovick M. J. Econs S. B. Kritchevsky J. C. Florez J. A. Todd J. Dupuis E. Hypponen T. D. Spector Common genetic determinants of vitamin D insufficiency: a genome-wide association study Lancet 2010 376 180 188
154. E. Thieden P. A. Philipsen J. Heydenreich H. C. Wulf Vitamin D level in summer and winter related to measured UVR exposure and behavior Photochem. Photobiol. 2009 85 1480 1484
155. H. M. Macdonald A. Mavroeidi R. J. Barr A. J. Black W. D. Fraser D. M. Reid Vitamin D status in postmenopausal women living at higher latitudes in the UK in relation to bone health, overweight, sunlight exposure and dietary vitamin D Bone 2008 42 996 1003
156. H. E. Hanwell R. Vieth D. E. Cole A. Scillitani S. Modoni V. Frusciante G. Ritrovato I. Chiodini S. Minisola V. Carnevale Sun exposure questionnaire predicts circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in Caucasian hospital workers in southern Italy J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2010 121 334 337
157. B. L. Diffey Modelling the seasonal variation of vitamin D due to sun exposure Br. J. Dermatol. 2010 162 1342 1348
158. M. F. Holick Vitamin D: A millenium perspective J. Cell. Biochem. 2003 88 296 307 (Pubitemid 36119902)
159. M. F. Holick The vitamin D deficiency pandemic and consequences for nonskeletal health: mechanisms of action Mol. Aspects Med. 2008 29 361 368
160. H. A. Bischoff-Ferrari E. Giovannucci W. C. Willett T. Dietrich B. Dawson-Hughes Estimation of optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for multiple health outcomes Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006 84 18 28 (Pubitemid 44699167)
161. B. Dawson-Hughes R. P. Heaney M. F. Holick P. Lips P. J. Meunier R. Vieth Estimates of optimal vitamin D status Osteoporosis Int. 2005 16 713 716 (Pubitemid 40933586)
162. B. W. Hollis Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels indicative of vitamin D sufficiency: implications for establishing a new effective dietary intake recommendation for vitamin D J. Nutr. 2005 135 317 322 (Pubitemid 40194499)
163. J. J. Cannell B. W. Hollis Use of vitamin D in clinical practice Altern. Med. Rev. 2008 13 6 20 (Pubitemid 351489580)
164. W. B. Grant G. E. Schuitemaker Health benefits of higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in The Netherlands J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2010 121 456 458
165. K. K. Reddy B. A. Gilchrest What is all this commotion about vitamin D? J. Invest. Dermatol. 2010 130 321 326
166. R. Z. Stolzenberg-Solomon E. J. Jacobs A. A. Arslan D. Qi A. V. Patel K. J. Helzlsouer S. J. Weinstein M. L. McCullough M. P. Purdue X. O. Shu K. Snyder J. Virtamo L. R. Wilkins K. Yu A. Zeleniuch-Jacquotte W. Zheng D. Albanes Q. Cai C. Harvey R. Hayes S. Clipp R. L. Horst L. Irish K. Koenig L. Le, Marchand L. N. Kolonel Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of pancreatic cancer: Cohort Consortium Vitamin D Pooling Project of Rarer Cancers Am. J. Epidemiol. 2010 172 81 93
167. J. A. MacLaughlin R. R. Anderson M. F. Holick Spectral character of sunlight modulates photosynthesis of previtamin D3 and its photoisomers in human skin Science 1982 216 1001 1003 (Pubitemid 12025041)
168. M. Norval L. O. Bjorn F. R. de Gruijl Is the action spectrum for the UV-induced production of previtamin D3 in human skin correct? Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2010 9 11 17
169. S. J. Pope M. F. Holick S. Mackin D. E. Godar Action spectrum conversion factors that change erythemally weighted to previtamin D3-weighted UV doses Photochem. Photobiol. 2008 84 1277 1283
170. M. G. Kimlin K. A. Schallhorn Estimations of the human 'vitamin D' UV exposure in the USA Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2004 3 1067 1070 (Pubitemid 40214712)
171. A. Kazantzidis A. F. Bais M. M. Zempila S. Kazadzis P. N. den Outer T. Koskela H. Slaper Calculations of the human vitamin D exposure from UV spectral measurements at three European stations Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2009 8 45 51
172. R. L. McKenzie J. B. Liley L. O. Bjorn UV radiation: balancing risks and benefits Photochem. Photobiol. 2009 85 88 98
173. V. E. Fioletov L. J. McArthur T. W. Mathews L. Marrett Estimated ultraviolet exposure levels for a sufficient vitamin D status in North America J. Photochem. Photobiol., B 2010 100 57 66
174. -1) 25(OH)D Levels at UK Latitudes J. Invest. Dermatol. 2010 130 1411 1418
175. B. L. Diffey Is casual exposure to summer sunlight effective at maintaining adequate vitamin D status? Photodermatol., Photoimmunol. Photomed. 2010 26 172 176
176. T. L. Clemens J. S. Adams S. L. Henderson M. F. Holick Increased skin pigment reduces the capacity of skin to synthesise vitamin D3 Lancet 1982 319 74 76 (Pubitemid 12248649)
177. J. MacLaughlin M. F. Holick Aging decreases the capacity of human skin to produce vitamin D3 J. Clin. Invest. 1985 76 1536 1538 (Pubitemid 16193572)
178. M. Blum G. Dolnikowski E. Seyoum S. S. Harris S. L. Booth J. Peterson E. Saltzman B. Dawson-Hughes Vitamin D(3) in fat tissue Endocrine 2008 33 90 94
179. M. K. Bogh A. V. Schmedes P. A. Philipsen E. Thieden H. C. Wulf Vitamin D production after UVB exposure depends on baseline vitamin D and total cholesterol but not on skin pigmentation J. Invest. Dermatol. 2010 130 546 553
180. W. A. Bruls H. Slaper J. C. Van, Der Leun L. Berrens Transmission of human epidermis and stratum corneum as a function of thickness in the ultraviolet and visible wavelengths Photochem. Photobiol. 1984 40 485 494
181. E. A. Yetley Assessing the vitamin D status of the US population Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008 88 558S 564S
182. V. Hirani K. Tull A. Ali J. Mindell Urgent action needed to improve vitamin D status among older people in England! Age Ageing 2010 39 62 68
183. A. A. Ginde M. C. Liu C. A. Camargo, Jr. Demographic differences and trends of vitamin D insufficiency in the US population,1988-2004 Arch. Intern. Med. 2009 169 626 632
184. T. Hagenau R. Vest T. N. Gissel C. S. Poulsen M. Erlandsen L. Mosekilde P. Vestergaard Global vitamin D levels in relation to age, gender, skin pigmentation and latitude: an ecologic meta-regression analysis Osteoporosis Int. 2009 20 133 140
185. P. Lips T. Duong A. Oleksik D. Black S. Cummings D. Cox T. Nickelsen A global study of vitamin D status and parathyroid function in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: baseline data from the multiple outcomes of raloxifene evaluation clinical trial J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2001 86 1212 1221 (Pubitemid 32323007)
186. N. O. Kuchuk N. M. van Schoor S. M. Pluijm A. Chines P. Lips Vitamin D status, parathyroid function, bone turnover, and BMD in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: global perspective J. Bone Miner. Res. 2009 24 693 701
187. L. E. Jeffery F. Burke M. Mura Y. Zheng O. S. Qureshi M. Hewison L. S. Walker D. A. Lammas K. Raza D. M. Sansom 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and IL-2 combine to inhibit T cell production of inflammatory cytokines and promote development of regulatory T cells expressing CTLA-4 and FoxP3 J. Immunol. 2009 183 5458 5467
188. M. T. Cantorna S. Yu D. Bruce The paradoxical effects of vitamin D on type 1 mediated immunity Mol. Aspects Med. 2008 29 369 375
189. J. H. White Vitamin D signaling, infectious diseases, and regulation of innate immunity Infect. Immun. 2008 76 3837 3843
190. C. F. Garland E. D. Gorham S. B. Mohr F. C. Garland Vitamin D for cancer prevention: global perspective Ann. Epidemiol. 2009 19 468 483
191. W. B. Grant S. B. Mohr Ecological studies of ultraviolet B, vitamin D and cancer since 2000 Ann. Epidemiol. 2009 19 446 454
192. W. B. Grant A critical review of Vitamin D and Cancer: A report of the IARC Working Group Dermato-Endocrinology 2009 1 25 33
193. T. Byers Anticancer vitamins du Jour-The ABCED's so far Am. J. Epidemiol. 2010 172 1 3
194. M. Y. Wei C. F. Garland E. D. Gorham S. B. Mohr E. Giovannucci Vitamin D and prevention of colorectal adenoma: a meta-analysis Cancer Epidemiol., Biomarkers Prev. 2008 17 2958 2969
195. E. D. Gorham C. F. Garland F. C. Garland W. B. Grant S. B. Mohr M. Lipkin H. L. Newmark E. Giovannucci M. Wei M. F. Holick Optimal vitamin D status for colorectal cancer prevention: a quantitative meta analysis Am. J. Ind. Health. 2007 32 210 216 (Pubitemid 46223622)
196. C. G. Woolcott L. R. Wilkens A. M. Nomura R. L. Horst M. T. Goodman S. P. Murphy B. E. Henderson L. N. Kolonel L. Le Marchand Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the risk of colorectal cancer: the multiethnic cohort study Cancer Epidemiol., Biomarkers Prev. 2010 19 130 134
197. M. Jenab H. B. Bueno-de-Mesquita P. Ferrari F. J. van Duijnhoven T. Norat T. Pischon E. H. Jansen N. Slimani G. Byrnes S. Rinaldi A. Tjonneland A. Olsen K. Overvad M. C. Boutron-Ruault F. Clavel-Chapelon S. Morois R. Kaaks J. Linseisen H. Boeing M. M. Bergmann A. Trichopoulou G. Misirli D. Trichopoulos F. Berrino P. Vineis S. Panico D. Palli R. Tumino M. M. Ros C. H. van Gils P. H. Peeters M. Brustad E. Lund M. J. Tormo E. Ardanaz L. Rodriguez M. J. Sanchez M. Dorronsoro C. A. Gonzalez G. Hallmans R. Palmqvist A. Roddam T. J. Key K. T. Khaw P. Autier P. Hainaut E. Riboli Association between pre-diagnostic circulating vitamin D concentration and risk of colorectal cancer in European populations:a nested case-control study Br. Med. J. 2010 340 b5500
198. K. Ng J. A. Meyerhardt K. Wu D. Feskanich B. W. Hollis E. L. Giovannucci C. S. Fuchs Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and survival in patients with colorectal cancer J. Clin. Oncol. 2008 26 2984 2991
199. D. M. Freedman A. C. Looker S. C. Chang B. I. Graubard Prospective study of serum vitamin D and cancer mortality in the United States J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2007 99 1594 1602
200. E. Mokady B. Schwartz S. Shany S. A. Lamprecht A protective role of dietary vitamin D3 in rat colon carcinogenesis Nutr. Cancer 2000 38 65 73 (Pubitemid 32377945)
201. W. B. Grant An estimate of premature cancer mortality in the U.S. due to inadequate doses of solar ultraviolet-B radiation Cancer 2002 94 1867 1875 (Pubitemid 34241126)
202. S. B. Mohr C. F. Garland E. D. Gorham W. B. Grant F. C. Garland Relationship between low ultraviolet B irradiance and higher breast cancer risk in 107 countries Breast J. 2008 14 255 260 (Pubitemid 351678057)
203. C. F. Garland E. D. Gorham S. B. Mohr W. B. Grant E. L. Giovannucci M. Lipkin H. Newmark M. F. Holick F. C. Garland Vitamin D and prevention of breast cancer: pooled analysis J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2007 103 708 711 (Pubitemid 46420519)
204. M. Almquist A. G. Bondeson L. Bondeson J. Malm J. Manjer Serum levels of vitamin D, PTH and calcium and breast cancer risk - a prospective nested case-control study Int. J. Cancer 2010 127 2159 2168
205. L. Yin N. Grandi E. Raum U. Haug V. Arndt H. Brenner Meta-analysis: Serum vitamin D and breast cancer risk Eur. J. Cancer 2010 46 2196 2205
206. R. T. Chlebowski K. C. Johnson C. Kooperberg M. Pettinger J. Wactawski-Wende T. Rohan J. Rossouw D. Lane M. J. O'Sullivan S. Yasmeen R. A. Hiatt J. M. Shikany M. Vitolins J. Khandekar F. A. Hubbell Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of breast cancer J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2008 100 1581 1591
207. D. M. Freedman M. Dosemeci K. McGlynn Sunlight and mortality from breast, ovarian, colon, prostate, and non-melanoma skin cancer: a composite death certificate based case-control study Occup. Environ. Med. 2002 59 257 262 (Pubitemid 34309914)
208. D. Bodiwala C. J. Luscombe M. E. French S. Liu M. F. Saxby P. W. Jones A. A. Fryer R. C. Strange Associations between prostate cancer susceptibility and parameters of exposure to ultraviolet radiation Cancer Lett. 2003 200 141 148 (Pubitemid 38366094)
209. E. M. John D. M. Dreon J. Koo G. G. Schwartz Residential sunlight exposure is associated with a decreased risk of prostate cancer J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2004 89-90 549 552 (Pubitemid 38844346)
210. W. B. Grant C. F. Garland The association of solar ultraviolet B (UVB) with reducing risk of cancer: multifactorial ecologic analysis of geographic variation in age-adjusted cancer mortality rates Anticancer. Res. 2006 26 2687 2699 (Pubitemid 44155550)
211. D. Feldman R. J. Skowronski D. M. Peehl Vitamin D and prostate cancer Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1995 375 53 63
212. 2 vitamin D in relation to prostate cancer: a hypothesis Cancer, Causes Control 1998 9 567 582 (Pubitemid 29046129)
213. D. M. Peehl Vitamin D and prostate cancer risk Eur. Urol. 1999 35 392 394 (Pubitemid 29229538)
214. B. R. Konety C. S. Johnson D. L. Trump R. H. Getzenberg Vitamin D in the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer Semin. Urol. Oncol. 1999 17 77 84 (Pubitemid 29203452)
215. L. Yin E. Raum U. Haug V. Arndt H. Brenner Meta-analysis of longitudinal studies: Serum vitamin D and prostate cancer risk Cancer Epidemiol. 2009 33 435 445
216. R. C. Travis F. L. Crowe N. E. Allen P. N. Appleby A. W. Roddam A. Tjonneland A. Olsen J. Linseisen R. Kaaks H. Boeing J. Kroger A. Trichopoulou V. Dilis D. Trichopoulos P. Vineis D. Palli R. Tumino S. Sieri H. B. Bueno-de-Mesquita F. J. van Duijnhoven M. D. Chirlaque A. Barricarte N. Larranaga C. A. Gonzalez M. V. Arguelles M. J. Sanchez P. Stattin G. Hallmans K. T. Khaw S. Bingham S. Rinaldi N. Slimani M. Jenab E. Riboli T. J. Key Serum vitamin D and risk of prostate cancer in a case-control analysis nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) Am. J. Epidemiol. 2009 169 1223 1232
217. J. Ahn U. Peters D. Albanes M. P. Purdue C. C. Abnet N. Chatterjee R. L. Horst B. W. Hollis W. Y. Huang J. M. Shikany R. B. Hayes Serum vitamin D concentration and prostate cancer risk: a nested case-control study J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2008 100 796 804 (Pubitemid 351809669)
218. M. Yin S. Wei Q. Wei Vitamin D Receptor Genetic Polymorphisms and Prostate Cancer Risk: A Meta-analysis of 36 Published Studies Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med. 2009 2 159 175
219. A. R. Kristal J. H. Cohen P. Qu J. L. Stanford Associations of energy, fat, calcium, and vitamin D with prostate cancer risk Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2002 11 719 725 (Pubitemid 34851905)
220. D. D. Bikle Vitamin D and skin cancer J. Nutr. 2004 134 3472S 3478S (Pubitemid 39587592)
221. T. Xiao J. Tang A. Wu E. Shpall I. Khaimsky P. So E. Epstein Hedgehog signaling of BCC is inhibited by Vitamin D: Implication for a chemopreventive agent against BCC carcinogenesis J. Invest. Dermatol. 2009 129 s32
222. T. I. Ellison M. K. Smith A. C. Gilliam P. N. MacDonald Inactivation of the vitamin D receptor enhances susceptibility of murine skin to UV-induced tumorigenesis J. Invest. Dermatol. 2008 128 2508 2517
223. M. M. Asgari J. Tang M. E. Warton M. M. Chren C. P. Quesenberry, Jr. D. Bikle R. L. Horst N. Orentreich J. H. Vogelman G. D. Friedman Association of Prediagnostic Serum Vitamin D Levels with the Development of Basal Cell Carcinoma J. Invest. Dermatol. 2010 130 1438 1443
224. E. D. Acheson C. A. Bachrach The distribution of multiple sclerosis in U. S. veterans by birthplace Am. J. Hyg. 1960 72 88 99
225. J. G. McLeod S. R. Hammond J. F. Hallpike Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in Australia. With NSW and SA survey results Med. J. Aust. 1994 160 117 122 (Pubitemid 2049244)
226. A. J. McMichael A. J. Hall Does immunosuppressive ultraviolet radiation explain the latitude gradient for multiple sclerosis? Epidemiology 1997 8 642 645 (Pubitemid 27449495)
227. B. R. Becklund K. S. Severson S. V. Vang H. F. Deluca UV radiation suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis independent of vitamin D production Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2010 107 6418 6423
228. A. Ascherio K. L. Munger Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part II: Noninfectious factors Ann. Neurol. 2007 61 504 513 (Pubitemid 47068132)
229. B. Taylor R. Lucas I. Van, Der Mei M. Pender K. Dear C. Chapman A. Coulthard T. Dwyer T. Kilpatrick A. McMichael P. Valery D. Williams A.-L. Ponsonby Latitudinal variation in incidence and type of first central nervous system demyelinating events Mult. Scler. 2010 16 398 405
230. J. S. Sloka W. E. Pryse-Phillips M. Stefanelli The relation of ultraviolet radiation and multiple sclerosis in Newfoundland Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 2008 35 69 74 (Pubitemid 351518291)
231. B. V. Taylor J. F. Pearson G. Clarke D. F. Mason D. A. Abernethy E. Willoughby C. Sabel MS prevalence in New Zealand, an ethnically and latitudinally diverse country Mult. Scler. 2010
232. J. Staples L. Lim A. L. Ponsonby Timing of birth influences multiple sclerosis risk in the southern hemisphere Br. Med. J. 2010 340 c1640
233. C. J. Willer D. A. Dyment A. D. Sadovnick P. M. Rothwell T. J. Murray G. C. Ebers Timing of birth and risk of multiple sclerosis: population based study Br. Med. J. 2005 330 120
234. I. A. Van, Der Mei A. L. Ponsonby T. Dwyer L. Blizzard R. Simmons B. V. Taylor H. Butzkueven T. Kilpatrick Past exposure to sun, skin phenotype, and risk of multiple sclerosis: case-control study Br. Med. J. 2003 327 316
235. K. L. Munger L. I. Levin B. W. Hollis N. S. Howard A. Ascherio Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of multiple sclerosis JAMA, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2006 296 2832 2838 (Pubitemid 44969183)
236. K. L. Munger S. M. Zhang E. O'Reilly M. A. Hernan M. J. Olek W. C. Willett A. Ascherio Vitamin D intake and incidence of multiple sclerosis Neurology 2004 62 60 65 (Pubitemid 38082871)
237. H. Tremlett I. A. Van, Der Mei F. Pittas L. Blizzard G. Paley D. Mesaros R. Woodbaker M. Nunez T. Dwyer B. V. Taylor A. L. Ponsonby Monthly ambient sunlight, infections and relapse rates in multiple sclerosis Neuroepidemiology 2008 31 271 279
238. S. V. Ramagopalan N. J. Maugeri L. Handunnetthi M. R. Lincoln S. M. Orton D. A. Dyment G. C. Deluca B. M. Herrera M. J. Chao A. D. Sadovnick G. C. Ebers J. C. Knight Expression of the multiple sclerosis-associated MHC class II Allele HLA-DRB1*1501 is regulated by vitamin D PLoS Genet. 2009 5 e1000369
239. ANZgene Genome-wide association study identifies new multiple sclerosis susceptibility loci on chromosomes 12 and 20 Nat. Genet. 2009 41 824 828
240. T. Fukazawa I. Yabe S. Kikuchi H. Sasaki T. Hamada K. Miyasaka K. Tashiro Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism with multiple sclerosis in Japanese J. Neurol. Sci. 1999 166 47 52 (Pubitemid 29327245)
241. S. M. Orton A. P. Morris B. M. Herrera S. V. Ramagopalan M. R. Lincoln M. J. Chao R. Vieth A. D. Sadovnick G. C. Ebers Evidence for genetic regulation of vitamin D status in twins with multiple sclerosis Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008 88 441 447
242. J. Smolders M. Thewissen E. Peelen P. Menheere J. W. Cohen Tervaert J. Damoiseaux R. Hupperts Vitamin D status is positively correlated with regulatory T cell function in patients with multiple sclerosis PLoS One 2009 4 e6635
243. A. L. Ponsonby A. Pezic J. Ellis R. Morley F. Cameron J. Carlin T. Dwyer Variation in associations between allelic variants of the vitamin D receptor gene and onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus by ambient winter ultraviolet radiation levels: a meta-regression analysis Am. J. Epidemiol. 2008 168 358 365
244. P. L. Campbell-Stokes B. J. Taylor Prospective incidence study of diabetes mellitus in New Zealand children aged 0 to 14 years Diabetologia 2005 48 643 648 (Pubitemid 40591218)
245. P. Onkamo S. Vaananen M. Karvonen J. Tuomilehto Worldwide increase in incidence of Type I diabetes Diabetologia 1999 42 1395 1403
246. M. A. Atkinson G. S. Eisenbarth Type 1 diabetes: new perspectives on disease pathogenesis and treatment Lancet 2001 358 221 229 (Pubitemid 32718550)
247. O. Cinek Z. Sumnik J. Vavrinec Continuing increase in incidence of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes in the Czech Republic 1990-2001 Eur. J Pediat. 2003 162 428 429 (Pubitemid 36693747)
248. M. L. Charkaluk P. Czernichow C. Levy-Marchal Incidence data of childhood-onset type I diabetes in France during 1988-1997: the case for a shift toward younger age at onset Pediat. Res. 2002 52 859 862 (Pubitemid 35379464)
249. X. H. Li T. L. Li Z. Yang Z. Y. Liu Y. D. Wei S. X. Jin C. Hong R. L. Qin Y. Q. Li J. S. Dorman R. E. Laporte K. A. Wang A nine-year prospective study on the incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus in China Biomed. Environ. Sci. 2000 13 263 270
250. J. A. Staples A. L. Ponsonby L. L. Lim A. J. McMichael Ecologic analysis of some immune-related disorders, including type 1 diabetes, in Australia: latitude, regional ultraviolet radiation, and disease prevalence Environ. Health Perspect. 2002 111 518 523 (Pubitemid 36546533)
251. S. B. Mohr C. F. Garland E. D. Gorham F. C. Garland The association between ultraviolet B irradiance, vitamin D status and incidence rates of type 1 diabetes in 51 regions worldwide Diabetologia 2008 51 1391 1398
252. J. C. Elliott R. M. Lucas M. S. Clements H. J. Bambrick Population density determines the direction of the association between ambient ultraviolet radiation and type 1 diabetes incidence Pediatr. Diabetes 2010 11 394 402
253. E. F. Roche H. Lewy H. M. Hoey Z. Laron Differences between males and females in the seasonality of birth and month of clinical onset of disease in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Ireland J. Pediat. Endocrinol. Metab. 2003 16 779 782 (Pubitemid 37259161)
254. A. M. Vaiserman B. Carstensen V. P. Voitenko M. D. Tronko V. I. Kravchenko M. D. Khalangot L. V. Mechova Seasonality of birth in children and young adults (0-29 years) with type 1 diabetes in Ukraine Diabetologia 2006 50 32 35
255. J. A. Willis R. S. Scott B. A. Darlow H. Lewy I. Ashkenazi Z. Laron Seasonality of birth and onset of clinical disease in children and adolescents (0-19 years) with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Canterbury, New Zealand J. Pediat. Endocrinol. Metab. 2002 15 645 647 (Pubitemid 34704824)
256. P. Durruty F. Ruiz M. Garcia de los Rios Age at diagnosis and seasonal variation in the onset of insulin-dependent diabetes in Chile (Southern hemisphere) Diabetologia 1979 17 357 360 (Pubitemid 10219167)
257. P. M. Rothwell S. A. Gutnikov P. A. McKinney E. Schober C. Ionescu-Tirgoviste A. Neu Seasonality of birth in children with diabetes in Europe: multicentre cohort study. European Diabetes Study Group Br. Med. J. 1999 319 887 888 (Pubitemid 29457415)
258. J. Santos E. Carrasco A. Moore F. Perez-Bravo C. Albala Incidence rate and spatio-temporal clustering of type 1 diabetes in Santiago, Chile, from 1997 to 1998 Rev. Saude Publica 2001 35 96 100
259. H. K. Brekke J. Ludvigsson Vitamin D supplementation and diabetes-related autoimmunity in the ABIS study Pediatr. Diabetes 2007 8 11 14 (Pubitemid 46390381)
260. C. M. Fronczak A. E. Baron H. P. Chase C. Ross H. L. Brady M. Hoffman G. S. Eisenbarth M. Rewers J. M. Norris In utero dietary exposures and risk of islet autoimmunity in children Diabetes Care 2003 26 3237 3242 (Pubitemid 37466881)
261. E. Hypponen E. Laara A. Reunanen M. R. Jarvelin S. M. Virtanen Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: a birth-cohort study Lancet 2001 358 1500 1503 (Pubitemid 33055701)
262. L. C. Stene J. Ulriksen P. Magnus G. Joner Use of cod liver oil during pregnancy associated with lower risk of Type I diabetes in the offspring Diabetologia 2000 43 1093 1098
263. The EURODIAB Substudy 2 Study Group Vitamin D supplement in early childhood and risk for Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus Diabetologia 1999 42 51 54
264. E. D. Gorham E. Barrett-Connor R. M. Highfill-McRoy S. B. Mohr C. F. Garland F. C. Garland C. Ricordi Incidence of insulin-requiring diabetes in the US military Diabetologia 2009 52 2087 2091
265. J. Ostman G. Lonnberg H. J. Arnqvist G. Blohme J. Bolinder A. Ekbom Schnell J. W. Eriksson S. Gudbjornsdottir G. Sundkvist L. Nystrom Gender differences and temporal variation in the incidence of type 1 diabetes: results of 8012 cases in the nationwide Diabetes Incidence Study in Sweden 1983-2002 J. Intern. Med. 2008 263 386 394 (Pubitemid 351342676)
266. U. Samuelsson J. Carstensen O. Lofman S. Nordfeldt Seasonal variation in the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in south-east Sweden Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2007 76 75 81 (Pubitemid 46240356)
267. P. Z. Benitez-Aguirre N. J. Wood C. Biesheuvel C. Moreira C. F. Munns The natural history of vitamin D deficiency in African refugees living in Sydney Med. J. Aust. 2009 190 426 428
268. J. J. Cannell R. Vieth J. C. Umhau M. F. Holick W. B. Grant S. Madronich C. F. Garland E. Giovannucci Epidemic influenza and vitamin D Epidemiol. Infect. 2006 134 1129 1140 (Pubitemid 44614932)
269. J. J. Cannell M. Zasloff C. F. Garland R. Scragg E. Giovannucci On the epidemiology of influenza Virol. J. 2008 5 29
270. J. F. Aloia M. Li-Ng Re: epidemic influenza and vitamin D Epidemiol. Infect. 2007 135 1095 1096
271. M. Urashima T. Segawa M. Okazaki M. Kurihara Y. Wada H. Ida Randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation to prevent seasonal influenza A in schoolchildren Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2010 91 1255 1260
272. V. Wayse A. Yousafzai K. Mogale S. Filteau Association of subclinical vitamin D deficiency with severe acute lower respiratory infection in Indian children under 5 y Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004 58 563 567 (Pubitemid 38500124)
273. I. Laaksi J. P. Ruohola P. Tuohimaa A. Auvinen R. Haataja H. Pihlajamaki T. Ylikomi An association of serum vitamin D concentrations < 40 nmol/L with acute respiratory tract infection in young Finnish men Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007 86 714 717 (Pubitemid 47435839)
274. G. Karatekin A. Kaya O. Salihoglu H. Balci A. Nuhoglu Association of subclinical vitamin D deficiency in newborns with acute lower respiratory infection and their mothers Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2009 63 473 477
275. A. A. Ginde J. M. Mansbach C. A. Camargo, Jr. Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and upper respiratory tract infection in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Arch. Intern. Med. 2009 169 384 390
276. A. A. Ginde J. M. Mansbach C. A. Camargo, Jr. Vitamin D, respiratory infections, and asthma Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep. 2009 9 81 87
277. D. A. Hughes R. Norton Vitamin D and respiratory health Clin. Exp. Immunol. 2009 158 20 25
278. A. R. Martineau F. U. Honecker R. J. Wilkinson C. J. Griffiths Vitamin D in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2007 103 793 798 (Pubitemid 46401341)
279. P. D. Davies A possible link between vitamin D deficiency and impaired host defence to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Tubercle 1985 66 301 306 (Pubitemid 16203099)
280. C. Wejse V. F. Gomes P. Rabna P. Gustafson P. Aaby I. M. Lisse P. L. Andersen H. Glerup M. Sodemann Vitamin D as supplementary treatment for tuberculosis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2009 179 843 850
281. P. D. Yesudian J. L. Berry S. Wiles S. Hoyle D. B. Young A. K. Haylett L. E. Rhodes P. Davies The effect of ultraviolet B-induced vitamin D levels on host resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a pilot study in immigrant Asian adults living in the United Kingdom Photodermatol., Photoimmunol. Photomed. 2008 24 97 98 (Pubitemid 351436832)
282. K. E. Nnoaham A. Clarke Low serum vitamin D levels and tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis Int. J. Epidemiol. 2007 37 113 119
283. A. V. Yamshchikov N. S. Desai H. M. Blumberg T. R. Ziegler V. Tangpricha Vitamin D for treatment and prevention of infectious diseases: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials Endocrine Practice 2009 15 438 449
284. S. G. Rostand Ultraviolet light may contribute to geographic and racial blood pressure differences Hypertension 1997 30 150 156 (Pubitemid 27328990)
285. R. Krause M. Buhring W. Hopfenmuller M. F. Holick A. M. Sharma Ultraviolet B and blood pressure Lancet 1998 352 709 710 (Pubitemid 28398716)
286. P. Autier S. Gandini Vitamin D supplementation and total mortality: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Arch. Intern. Med. 2007 167 1730 1737 (Pubitemid 47403059)
287. H. Dobnig S. Pilz H. Scharnagl W. Renner U. Seelhorst B. Wellnitz J. Kinkeldei B. O. Boehm G. Weihrauch W. Maerz Independent association of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d levels with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality Arch. Intern. Med. 2008 168 1340 1349 (Pubitemid 351930842)
288. A. A. Ginde R. Scragg R. S. Schwartz C. A. Camargo, Jr. Prospective study of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d level, cardiovascular disease mortality, and all-cause mortality in older U.S. Adults J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2009 57 1595 1603
289. R. D. Semba D. K. Houston S. Bandinelli K. Sun A. Cherubini A. R. Cappola J. M. Guralnik L. Ferrucci Relationship of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in older community-dwelling adults Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2010 64 203 209
290. E. Giovannucci Y. Liu B. W. Hollis E. B. Rimm 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of myocardial infarction in men: a prospective study Arch. Intern. Med. 2008 168 1174 1180 (Pubitemid 351831400)
291. D. H. Sliney S. Wengraitis Is a differentiated advice by season and region necessary? Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 2006 92 150 160 (Pubitemid 43831962)
292. P. H. Youl M. Janda M. Kimlin Vitamin D and sun protection: the impact of mixed public health messages in Australia Int. J. Cancer 2009 124 1963 1970
293. A. C. Geller D. Hufford D. R. Miller T. Sun S. W. Wyatt B. Reilley B. Bewerse J. Lisco D. Brooks J. Grupenhoff P. Weary R. A. Lew H. K. Koh Evaluation of the Ultraviolet Index: media reactions and public response J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1997 37 935 941 (Pubitemid 28016622)
294. O. B. Carter R. J. Donovan Public (Mis)understanding of the UV Index J. Health Commun. 2007 12 41 52
295. A. F. Moise R. Aynsley Ambient ultraviolet radiation levels in public shade settings Int. J. Biometeorol. 1999 43 128 138 (Pubitemid 129570361)
296. P. Gies R. Elix D. Lawry J. Gardner T. Hancock S. Cockerell C. Roy J. Javorniczky S. Henderson Assessment of the UVR protection provided by different tree species Photochem. Photobiol. 2007 83 1465 1470 (Pubitemid 350132615)
297. S. J. Dobbinson V. White M. A. Wakefield K. M. Jamsen V. White P. M. Livingston D. R. English J. A. Simpson Adolescents' use of purpose built shade in secondary schools: cluster randomised controlled trial Br. Med. J. 2009 338 b95
298. P. Gies Photoprotection by clothing Photodermatol., Photoimmunol. Photomed. 2007 23 264 274 (Pubitemid 350055617)
299. M. Moehrle Outdoor sports and skin cancer Clin. Dermatol. 2008 26 12 15 (Pubitemid 351232148)
300. S. L. Harrison P. G. Buettner R. Maclennan The North Queensland "Sun-Safe Clothing" study: design and baseline results of a randomized trial to determine the effectiveness of sun-protective clothing in preventing melanocytic nevi Am. J. Epidemiol. 2005 161 536 545 (Pubitemid 40349909)
301. S. Lautenschlager H. C. Wulf M. R. Pittelkow Photoprotection Lancet 2007 370 528 537 (Pubitemid 47212348)
302. S. C. Thompson D. Jolley R. Marks Reduction of solar keratoses by regular sunscreen use N. Engl. J. Med. 1993 329 1147 1151 (Pubitemid 23295456)
303. A. Green G. Williams R. Neale V. Hart D. Leslie P. Parsons G. C. Marks P. Gaffney D. Battistutta C. Frost C. Lang A. Russell Daily sunscreen application and betacarotene supplementation in prevention of basal-cell and squamous-cell carcinomas of the skin: a randomised controlled trial Lancet 1999 354 723 729 (Pubitemid 29405786)
304. J. C. Van, Der Pols G. M. Williams N. Pandeya V. Logan A. C. Green Prolonged prevention of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin by regular sunscreen use Cancer Epidemiol., Biomarkers Prev. 2006 15 2546 2548 (Pubitemid 46048320)
305. R. P. Gallagher J. K. Rivers T. K. Lee C. D. Bajdik D. I. McLean A. J. Coldman Broad-spectrum sunscreen use and the development of new nevi in white children: A randomized controlled trial JAMA, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2000 283 2955 2960 (Pubitemid 30414507)
306. M. Huncharek B. Kupelnick Use of topical sunscreens and the risk of malignant melanoma: a meta-analysis of 9067 patients from 11 case-control studies Am. J. Public Health 2002 92 1173 1177 (Pubitemid 34700987)
307. L. K. Dennis L. E. Beane Freeman M. J. VanBeek Sunscreen use and the risk for melanoma: a quantitative review Ann. Intern. Med. 2003 139 966 978
308. A. C. Green G. M. Williams Point: sunscreen use is a safe and effective approach to skin cancer prevention Cancer Epidemiol., Biomarkers Prev. 2007 16 1921 1922
309. B. L. Diffey Sunscreens as a preventative measure in melanoma: an evidence-based approach or the precautionary principle? Br. J. Dermatol. 2009 161 25 27
310. A. V. Pinto E. L. Deodato J. S. Cardoso E. F. Oliveira S. L. Machado H. K. Toma A. C. Leitao M. de Padula Enzymatic recognition of DNA damage induced by UVB-photosensitized titanium dioxide and biological consequences in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: evidence for oxidatively DNA damage generation Mutat. Res., Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. 2010 688 3 11
311. G. J. Nohynek E. Antignac T. Re H. Toutain Safety assessment of personal care products/cosmetics and their ingredients Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2010 243 239 259
312. M. Norval H. C. Wulf Does chronic sunscreen use reduce vitamin D production to insufficient levels? Br. J. Dermatol. 2009 161 732 736
313. R. Bimczok H. Gers-Barlag C. Mundt E. Klette S. Bielfeldt T. Rudolph F. Pflucker U. Heinrich H. Tronnier W. Johncock B. Klebon H. Westenfelder H. Flosser-Muller K. Jenni D. Kockott J. Lademann B. Herzog M. Rohr Influence of applied quantity of sunscreen products on the sun protection factor-a multicenter study organized by the DGK Task Force Sun Protection Skin Pharmacol. Physiol. 2007 20 57 64 (Pubitemid 46005812)
314. A. Faurschou H. C. Wulf The relation between sun protection factor and amount of suncreen applied in vivo Br. J. Dermatol. 2007 156 716 719 (Pubitemid 46452341)
315. B. Diffey Has the sun protection factor had its day? Br. Med. J. 2000 320 176 177 (Pubitemid 30179372)
316. I. Nicol C. Gaudy J. Gouvernet M. A. Richard J. J. Grob Skin protection by sunscreens is improved by explicit labeling and providing free sunscreen J. Invest. Dermatol. 2007 127 41 48 (Pubitemid 46005659)
317. A. Reich M. Harupa M. Bury J. Chrzaszcz A. Starczewska Application of sunscreen preparations: a need to change the regulations Photodermatol., Photoimmunol. Photomed. 2009 25 242 244
318. S. Q. Wang S. W. Dusza Assessment of sunscreen knowledge: a pilot survey Br. J. Dermatol. 2009 161 28 32
319. P. Autier M. Boniol J. F. Dore Sunscreen use and increased duration of intentional sun exposure: still a burning issue Int. J. Cancer 2007 121 1 5 (Pubitemid 46753845)
320. P. Autier Sunscreen abuse for intentional sun exposure Br. J. Dermatol. 2009 161 40 45
321. B. Diffey A behavioral model for estimating population exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation Photochem. Photobiol. 2008 84 371 375 (Pubitemid 351421388)
322. M. Scully M. Wakefield H. Dixon Trends in news coverage about skin cancer prevention, 1993-2006: increasingly mixed messages for the public Aust. N. Z. J. Public Health 2008 32 461 466
323. M. S. Matsui A. Hsia J. D. Miller K. Hanneman H. Scull K. D. Cooper E. Baron Non-sunscreen photoprotection: antioxidants add value to a sunscreen J. Invest. Dermatol. Symp. Proc. 2009 14 56 59
324. C. R. Lucas M. S. Ke M. S. Matsui D. Maes K. D. Cooper S. R. Stevens E. D. Baron Immune protective effect of a moisturizer with DNA repair ingredients J. Cosmet. Dermatol. 2008 7 132 135 (Pubitemid 351676533)
325. M. S. Ke M. M. Camouse F. R. Swain S. Oshtory M. Matsui T. Mammone D. Maes K. D. Cooper S. R. Stevens E. D. Baron UV protective effects of DNA repair enzymes and RNA lotion Photochem. Photobiol. 2008 84 180 184 (Pubitemid 350265092)
326. R. S. Barnetson T. K. Ooi L. Zhuang G. M. Halliday C. M. Reid P. C. Walker S. M. Humphrey M. J. Kleinig [Nle4-D-Phe7]-alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone significantly increased pigmentation and decreased UV damage in fair-skinned Caucasian volunteers J. Invest. Dermatol. 2006 126 1869 1878 (Pubitemid 44086522)
327. D. L. Damian C. R. Patterson M. Stapelberg J. Park R. S. Barnetson G. M. Halliday UV radiation-induced immunosuppression is greater in men and prevented by topical nicotinamide J. Invest. Dermatol. 2008 128 447 454
328. E. Yiasemides G. Sivapirabu G. M. Halliday J. Park D. L. Damian Oral nicotinamide protects against ultraviolet radiation-induced immunosuppression in humans Carcinogenesis 2008 30 101 105
329. G. Sivapirabu E. Yiasemides G. M. Halliday J. Park D. L. Damian Topical nicotinamide modulates cellular energy metabolism and provides broad-spectrum protection against ultraviolet radiation-induced immunosuppression in humans Br. J. Dermatol. 2009 161 1357 1364
330. J. C. Murray J. A. Burch R. D. Streilein M. A. Iannacchione R. P. Hall S. R. Pinnell A topical antioxidant solution containing vitamins C and E stabilized by ferulic acid provides protection for human skin against damage caused by ultraviolet irradiation J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2008 59 418 425
331. J. B. Christian K. L. Lapane A. L. Hume C. B. Eaton M. A. Weinstock Association of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers with keratinocyte cancer prevention in the randomized VATTC trial J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2008 100 1223 1232
332. J. Peguet-Navarro C. Dezutter-Dambuyant T. Buetler J. Leclaire H. Smola S. Blum P. Bastien L. Breton A. Gueniche Supplementation with oral probiotic bacteria protects human cutaneous immune homeostasis after UV exposure-double blind, randomized, placebo controlled clinical trial Eur. J. Dermatol. 2008 18 504 511
333. N. Yusuf C. Irby S. K. Katiyar C. A. Elmets Photoprotective effects of green tea polyphenols Photodermatol., Photoimmunol. Photomed. 2007 23 48 56 (Pubitemid 46189311)
334. C. D. Mnich K. S. Hoek L. V. Virkki A. Farkas C. Dudli E. Laine M. Urosevic R. Dummer Green tea extract reduces induction of p53 and apoptosis in UVB-irradiated human skin independent of transcriptional controls Exp. Dermatol. 2009 18 69 77
335. M. M. Camouse D. S. Domingo F. R. Swain E. P. Conrad M. S. Matsui D. Maes L. Declercq K. D. Cooper S. R. Stevens E. D. Baron Topical application of green and white tea extracts provides protection from solar-simulated ultraviolet light in human skin Exp. Dermatol. 2009 18 522 526
336. J. W. Kyle J. K. Hammitt H. W. Lim A. C. Geller L. H. Hall-Jordan E. W. Maibach E. C. De, Fabo M. C. Wagner Economic evaluation of the US Environmental Protection Agency's SunWise program: sun protection education for young children Pediatrics 2008 121 e1074 1084
337. S. T. Shih R. Carter C. Sinclair C. Mihalopoulos T. Vos Economic evaluation of skin cancer prevention in Australia Prev. Med. 2009 49 449 453
338. L. G. Gordon P. A. Scuffham J. C. Van, Der Pols P. McBride G. M. Williams A. C. Green Regular sunscreen use is a cost-effective approach to skin cancer prevention in subtropical settings J. Invest. Dermatol. 2009 129 2766 2771
339. A. M. Dongre G. G. Pai U. S. Khopkar Ultraviolet protective properties of branded and unbranded sunglasses available in the Indian market in UV phototherapy chambers Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol. 2007 73 26 28 (Pubitemid 46347992)
340. B. Chou A. Cullen Optical radiation protection by non-prescription sunglasses Can. J. Optom. 1986 48 17 22
341. H. L. Chandler K. S. Reuter L. T. Sinnott J. J. Nichols Prevention of UV-induced damage to the anterior segment using class I UV-absorbing hydrogel contact lenses Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 2010 51 172 178
342. J. E. Walsh L. V. Koehler D. P. Fleming J. P. Bergmanson Novel method for determining hydrogel and silicone hydrogel contact lens transmission curves and their spatially specific ultraviolet radiation protection factors Eye Contact Lens Sci. Clin. Pract. 2007 33 58 64 (Pubitemid 46941162)
343. W. T. Tsai Environmental risk assessment of hydrofluoroethers (HFEs) J. Hazard. Mater. 2005 119 69 78
344. W. T. Tsai Environmental risk assessment of hydrofluoropolyethers (HFPEs) J. Hazard. Mater. 2007 139 185 192
345. W. T. Tsai Environmental hazards and health risk of common liquid perfluoro-n-alkanes, potent greenhouse gases Environ. Int. 2009 35 418 424
346. W. T. Tsai Environmental and health risks of sulfuryl fluoride, a fumigant replacement for methyl bromide J. Environ. Sci. Hlth. C Environ. Carcinog. Ecotoxicol. Rev. 2010 28 125 145
347. M. Ema M. Naya K. Yoshida R. Nagaosa Reproductive and developmental toxicity of hydrofluorocarbons used as refrigerants Reprod. Toxicol. 2010 29 125 131
348. M. Ema M. Naya K. Yoshida R. Nagaosa Reproductive and developmental toxicity of degradation products of refrigerants in experimental animals Reprod. Toxicol. 2010 29 1 9
349. A. J. McMichael M. Neira R. Bertollini D. Campbell-Lendrum S. Hales Climate change: a time of need and opportunity for the health sector Lancet 2010 374 2123 2125
350. A. Haines A. J. McMichael P. R. Epstein Environment and health: 2. Global climate change and health Can. Med. Assoc. J. 2000 163 729 734
351. E. Casimiro J. Calheiros F. D. Santos S. Kovats National assessment of human health effects of climate change in Portugal: approach and key findings Environ. Health Perspect. 2006 114 1950 1956 (Pubitemid 44873700)
352. J. A. Patz S. H. Olson C. K. Uejio H. K. Gibbs Disease emergence from global climate and land use change Med. Clin. North Am. 2008 92 1473 1491
353. D. N. Fisman Seasonality of infectious diseases Annu. Rev. Public Health 2007 28 127 143 (Pubitemid 46833337)
354. J. C. Van, Der Leun F. R. de Gruijl Climate change and skin cancer Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2002 1 324 326
355. J. C. Van, Der Leun R. D. Piacentini F. R. de Gruijl Climate change and human skin cancer Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2008 7 730 733 (Pubitemid 351798458)
356. M. Ilyas Climate augmentation of erythemal UV-B radiation dose damage in the tropics and global change Curr. Sci. 2007 93 1604 1608
357. L. T. Lam The association between climatic factors and childhood illnesses presented to hospital emergency among young children Int. J. Environ. Health Res. 2007 17 1 8
358. A. N. White V. Ng C. V. Spain C. C. Johnson L. M. Kinlin D. N. Fisman Let the sun shine in: effects of ultraviolet radiation on invasive pneumococcal disease risk in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania BMC Infect. Dis. 2009 9 196
359. L. M. Kinlin C. V. Spain V. Ng C. C. Johnson A. N. White D. N. Fisman Environmental exposures and invasive meningococcal disease: an evaluation of effects on varying time scales Am. J. Epidemiol. 2008 169 588 595
360. J. L. Hawk Chronic actinic dermatitis Photodermatol., Photoimmunol. Photomed. 2004 20 312 314 (Pubitemid 39562150)
361. C. Kyu-Won L. Chae-Young L. Yeong-Kyu K. Young-Hun K. Ki-Ho A Korean experience with chronic actinic dermatitis during an 18-year period: meteorological and photoimmunological aspects Photodermatol., Photoimmunol. Photomed. 2009 25 286 292
362. C. M. Davies D. J. Roser A. J. Feitz N. J. Ashbolt Solar radiation disinfection of drinking water at temperate latitudes: inactivation rates for an optimised reactor configuration Water Res. 2009 43 643 652
363. B. J. King D. Hoefel D. P. Daminato S. Fanok P. T. Monis Solar UV reduces Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst infectivity in environmental waters J. Appl. Microbiol. 2008 104 1311 1323 (Pubitemid 351533619)
364. S. J. Connelly E. A. Wolyniak C. E. Williamson K. L. Jellison Artificial UV-B and solar radiation reduce in vitro infectivity of the human pathogen Cryptosporidium parvum Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007 41 7101 7106 (Pubitemid 47585545)
365. J. L. Sagripanti A. Levy J. Robertson A. Merritt T. J. Inglis Inactivation of virulent Burkholderia pseudomallei by sunlight Photochem. Photobiol. 2009 85 978 986
366. A. B. Boehm K. M. Yamahara D. C. Love B. M. Peterson K. McNeill K. L. Nelson Covariation and photoinactivation of traditional and novel indicator organisms and human viruses at a sewage-impacted marine beach Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009 43 8046 8052
367. L. W. Sinton C. H. Hall P. A. Lynch R. J. Davies-Colley Sunlight inactivation of fecal indicator bacteria and bacteriophages from waste stabilization pond effluent in fresh and saline waters Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2002 68 1122 1131 (Pubitemid 34205349)
368. H. Pakker S. Martins P. Boelen A. Buma O. Nikaido A. Breeman Effects of temperature on the photoreactivation of ultraviolet-B-induced DNA damage in Palmaria palmate (Rhodophyta) J. Phycol. 2001 36 334 341
369. T. P. Coohill J. L. Sagripanti Bacterial inactivation by solar ultraviolet radiation compared with sensitivity to 254 nm radiation Photochem. Photobiol. 2009 85 1043 1052