Role of ocular melanin in ophthalmic physiology and pathology

Photochemistry and Photobiology

Volumn 84, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 639-644

  Hu, Dan Ning ^a,b   Simon, John D ^c   Sarna, Tadeusz ^d  

^a NEW YORK MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

^b SHOW CHWAN MEMORIAL HOSPITAL   (Taiwan)

^c DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d JAGIELLONIAN UNIVERSITY   (Poland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EUMELANIN; MELANIN; PHEOMELANIN;

ANIMAL; HUMAN; MELANOMA; PHYSIOLOGY; RETINA MACULA DEGENERATION; REVIEW; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION; VISUAL SYSTEM FUNCTION;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; MACULAR DEGENERATION; MELANINS; MELANOMA; OCULAR PHYSIOLOGY; ULTRAVIOLET RAYS;

MAMMALIA;

EID: 42649128712     PISSN: 00318655     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00316.x     Document Type: Review

References (76)

1. Snell, R. S. M. A. Lemp (1998) Clinical Anatomy of the Eye. Wiley, New York.
2. Bumstead, K. M. C. J. Barnstable (2000) Dorsal retinal pigment epithelium differentiate as neural retina in microphthalmia(mi/mi) mouse. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41, 903 908.
3. Dulac, C. (1993) The embryonic development of melanocytes and its pathology. M. S-Med Sci. 9, 417 424.
4. Hu, D. N. (2005) Photobiology of ocular melanocytes and melanoma. Photochem. Photobiol. 81, 506 509.
5. Sarna, T. (1992) Properties and function of the ocular melanin: A photobiophysical view. J. Photochem. Photobiol. 12, 215 258.
6. Sarna, T. H. A. Swartz (1998) The physical properties of melanin. In The Pigment System: Physiology and Pathophysiology (Edited by J. J. Nordland, R. E. Boissy, V. J. Hearing, R. A. King J.-P. Ortonne) pp. 333 358. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
7. Sliney, D. H. (2005) Exposure geometry and spectral environment determine photobiological effects on the human eye. Photochem. Photobiol. 81, 483 489.
8. Kurzel, R. B., M. L. Wolbarsht B. S. Yamanashi (1977) Ultraviolet radiation effects on the human eye. Photochem. Photobiol. Rev. 2, 133 167.
9. Singh, A. D., I. G. Rennie, S. Seregard, M. Giblin J. McKenzie (2004) Sunlight exposure and pathogenesis of uveal melanoma. Surv. Ophthalmol. 49, 419 428.
10. Wakamatsu, K. S. Ito (2002) Advanced chemical methods in melanin determination. Pigment Cell Res. 15, 174 183.
11. Clancy, C. M. R. J. D. Simon (2001) Ultrastructural organization of eumelanin from Sepia officinalis measured by atomic force microscopy. Biochemistry 40, 13353 13360.
12. Liu, Y. J. D. Simon (2003) Isolation and biophysical studies of natural eumelanins: Applications of imaging technologies and ultrafast spectroscopy. Pigment Cell Res. 16, 606 618.
13. Meredith, P. T. Sarna (2006) The physical and chemical properties of eumelanin. Pigment Cell Res. 19, 572 594.
14. Boulton, M. (1998) Melanin and the retinal pigment epithelium. In The Pigment Epithelium. Function and Disease (Edited by M. F. Marmor T. Wolfensberger pp. 68 85. Oxford University Press, New York.
15. Dryja, T. P., M. O'Neil-Dryja, J. M. Pawelek D. M. Albert (1978) Demonstration of tyrosinase in the adult bovine uveal tract and retinal pigment epithelium. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 17, 511 514.
16. Nakazawa, M., M. Tsuchiya, S. Hayasaka K. Mizuno (1985) Tyrosinase activity in the uveal tissue of the adult bovine eye. Exp. Eye Res. 41, 249 258.
17. Sarna, T., J. M. Burke, W. Korytowski, M. Rozanowska, C. M. Skumatz, A. Zareba M. Zareba (2003) Loss of melanin from human RPE with aging: Possible role of melanin photooxidation. Exp. Eye Res. 76, 89 98.
18. Boulton, M. P. Dayhaw-Barker (2001) The role of the retinal pigment epithelium: Topographical variation and ageing changes. Eye 15, 384 389.
19. Schmidt, S. Y. R. D. Peisch (1986) Melanin concentration in normal human retinal pigment epithelium: Regional variation and age-related reduction. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 27, 1063 1067.
20. Weiter, J. J., F. C. Delori, G. L. Wing K. A. Fitch (1985) Relationship of senile macular degeneration to ocular pigmentation. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 99, 185 187.
21. Prota, G., D.-N. Hu, M. R. Vincensi, S. A. McCormick A. Napolitano (1998) Characterization of melanins in human irides and cultured uveal melanocytes from eyes of different colors. Exp. Eye Res. 67, 293 299.
22. Liu, Y., L. Hong, K. Wakamatsu, S. Ito, B. B. Adhyaru, C. Y. Cheng, C. R. Bowers J. D. Simon (2005) Comparisons of the structural and chemical properties of melanosomes isolated from retinal pigment epithelium, iris and choroid of newborn and mature bovine eyes. Photochem. Photobiol. 81, 510 516.
23. Wakamatsu, K., D. N. Hu, S. A. McCormick S. Ito (2008) Characterization of melanin in human iridal and choroidal melanocytes from eyes with various colored irides. Pigment Cell Res. 21, 97 105.
24. Slominski, A., D. J. Tobin, S. Shibahara J. Wortsman (2004) Melanin pigmentation in mammalian skin and its hormonal regulation. Physiol. Rev. 84, 1155 1228.
25. Wielgus, A. R. T. Sarna (2005) Melanin in human irides of different color and age of donors. Pigment Cell Res. 18, 454 464.
26. Hu, D. N., R. Ritch, S. A. McCormick K. Pelton-Henrion (1992) Isolation and cultivation of human iris pigment epithelium. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 33, 2443 2453.
27. Flood, M. T., P. Gouras H. Kjeldbye (1980) Growth characteristics and ultrastructure of human retinal pigment epithelium in vitro. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 19, 1309 1320.
28. Hu, D. N., S. A. McCormick R. Ritch (1993a) Studies of human uveal melanocytes in vitro: Growth regulation of cultured human uveal melanocytes. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 34, 2220 2227.
29. Hu, D. N. (2000) Regulation of growth and melanogenesis of uveal melanocytes. Pigment Cell Res. 13 (Suppl. 8 81 86.
30. Hu, D. N., H. Savage J. E. Roberts (2002) Uveal melanocytes, ocular pigment epithelium and Mueller cells in culture: In vitro toxicology. Int. J. Toxicol. 21, 465 472.
31. Hu, D. N., S. A. McCormick, S. J. Orlow, S. Rosemblat, A. Y. Lin K. Wo (1995) Melanogenesis in cultured human uveal melanocytes. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 36, 931 938.
32. Lu, F., D. Yan, X. Zhou, D. N. Hu J. Qu (2007) Expression of melanin-related genes in cultured adult human retinal pigment epithelium and uveal melanoma cells. Mol. Vis., 13, 2066 2072.
33. Newsome, D. A. (1983) Retinal pigment epithelium culture. Current application. Trans. Ophthalmol. Soc. UK 103, 458 466.
34. Smith-Thomas, L., P. Richardson, A. J. Thody, A. Graham, I. Palmer, L. Flemming, M. A. Parsons, I. G. Rennie S. MacNeil (1996) Human ocular melanocytes and retinal pigment epithelial cells differ in their melanogenic properties in vivo and in vitro. Curr. Eye Res. 15, 1079 1091.
35. Kurtz, M. J. R. B. Edwards (1991) Influence of bicarbonate and insulin on pigment synthesis by cultured adult human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp. Eye Res. 53, 681 684.
36. Pfeffer, B. A. (1991) Improved methodology for cell culture of human and monkey retinal pigment epithelium. In Progress in Retinal Research (Edited by N. Osborne G. Chader pp. 251 291. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
37. Rak, D. J., K. M. Hardy, G. J. Jaffe B. S. McKay (2006) Ca(++)-switch induction of RPE differentiation. Exp. Eye Res. 82, 648 656.
38. Eagle, R. C., Jr. (1988) Iris pigmentation and pigmented lesions: An ultrastructural study. Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc. 84, 581 687.
39. Feeney, L., J. A. Grieshaber M. J. Hogan (1965) Studies on human ocular pigment. In Eye Structure. II. Symposium (Edited by J. W. Rohen pp. 535 548. Schattauer-Verlag, Stuttgart.
40. Imesch, P. D., C. D. Bindley, Z. Khademian, B. Ladd, R. Gangnon, D. M. Albert I. H. L. Wallow (1996) Melanocytes and iris color: Electron microscope findings. Arch. Ophthalmol. 114, 443 447.
41. Wilkerson, C. L., N. A. Syed, M. R. Fisher, N. L. Robinson, I. H. L. Wallow D. M. Albert (1996) Melanocytes and iris color: Light microscopic findings. Arch. Ophthalmol. 114, 437 442.
42. Wakamatsu, K., R. Kavanagh, A. L. Kadekaro, S. Terzieva, R. Sturm, S. Leachman, A. Abdel-Malek S. Ito (2006) Diversity of pigmentation in cultured human melanocytes is due to differences in the type as well as quantity of melanin. Pigment Cell Res. 19, 154 162.
43. Hu, D. N., G. P. Yu, S. A. McCormick, S. Schneider P. T. Finger (2005) Population-based incidence of uveal melanoma in various races and ethnic groups. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 140, 612 617.
44. Holly, E. A., D. A. Aston, D. H. Char, J. J. Kristiansen D. K. Ahn (1990) Uveal melanoma in relation to ultraviolet light exposure and host factors. Cancer Res. 50, 5773 5777.
45. Pane, A. R. L. W. Hirst (2000) Ultraviolet light exposure as a risk factor for ocular melanoma in Queensland, Australia. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 7, 159 167.
46. Vajdic, C. M., A. Kricker, M. Giblin, J. McKenzie, J. Aitken, G. G. Giles B. K. Armstrong (2001) Eye color and cutaneous nevi predict risk of ocular melanoma in Australia. Int. J. Cancer 92, 906 912.
47. Weis, E., C. P. Shah, M. Lajous, J. A. Shields C. L. Shields (2006) The association between host susceptibility factors and uveal melanoma: A meta-analysis. Arch. Ophthalmol. 124, 54 60.
48. Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group (2000) Risk factors associated with age-related macular degeneration: A case-control study in the age-related eye disease study: Age-Related Eye Disease Study Report Number 3. Ophthalmology 107, 2224 2232.
49. Friedman, D. S., J. Katz, N. M. Bressler, B. Rahmani J. M. Tielsch (1999) Racial differences in the prevalence of age-related macular degeneration: The Baltimore Eye Survey. Ophthalmology 106, 1049 1055.
50. Klein, R., M. L. Rowland M. I. Harris (1995) Racial/ethnic differences in age-related maculopathy. Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Ophthalmology 102, 371 381.
51. Klein, R., B. E. Klein, E. K. Marino, L. H. Kuller, C. Furberg, G. L. Burke L. D. Hubbard (2003) Early age-related maculopathy in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Ophthalmology 110, 25 33.
52. Klein, R., B. E. Klein, M. D. Knudtson, T. Y. Wong, M. F. Cotch, K. Liu, G. Burke, M. F. Saad D. R. Jacobs Jr. (2006) Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in 4 racial/ethnic groups in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Ophthalmology 113, 373 380.
53. Frank, R. N., J. E. Puklin, C. Stock L. A. Canter (2000) Race, iris color, and age-related macular degeneration. Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc. 98, 109 115.
54. Hyman, L. G., A. M. Lilienfeld, F. L. Ferris 3rd. S. L. Fine (1983) Senile macular degeneration: A case-control study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 118, 213 227.
55. Mitchell, P., W. Smith J. J. Wang (1998) Iris color, skin sun sensitivity, and age-related maculopathy: The Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology 105, 1359 1363.
56. Mitchell, P., J. J. Wang, S. Foran W. Smith (2002) Five-year incidence of age-related maculopathy lesions: The Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology 109, 1092 1097.
57. Sandberg, M. A., A. R. Gaudio, S. Miller A. Weiner (1994) Iris pigmentation and extent of disease in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 35, 2734 2740.
58. Hong, L., J. D. Simon T. Sarna (2006) Melanin structure and the potential functions of uveal melanosomes. Pigment Cell Res. 19, 465 466.
59. Hu, D. N., S. A. McCormick G. P. Yu (2008) Latitude and incidence of uveal melanoma. Ophthalmology in press.
60. Bok, D. (2005) Evidence for an inflammatory process in age-related macular degeneration gains new support. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102, 7053 7054.
61. Shields, J. A. S. C. Shields (1992) Intraocular Tumor: A Text and Atlas, pp. 54 306. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia.
62. Peters, S., T. Lamah, D. Kokkinou, K. U. Bartz-Schmidt U. Schraermeyer (2006) Melanin protects choroidal blood vessels against light toxicity. Z. Naturforsch. 61, 427 433.
63. Wang, Z., J. Dillon E. R. Gaillard (2006) Antioxidant properties of melanin in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Photochem. Photobiol. 82, 474 479.
64. Zareba, M., M. W. Raciti, M. M. Henry, T. Sarna J. M. Burke (2006) Oxidative stress in ARPE-19 cultures: Do melanosomes confer cytoprotection? Free Radic. Biol. Med. 40, 87 100.
65. Zareba, M., T. Sarna, G. Szewczyk J. M. Burke (2007) Photobleaching of melanosomes from retinal pigment epithelium: II. Effects on the response of living cells to photic stress. Photochem. Photobiol. 83, 925 930.
66. Zadlo, A., M. Różanowska, J. M. Burke T. Sarna (2007) Photobleaching of retinal pigment epithelium melanosomes reduces their ability to inhibit iron-induced peroxidation of lipids. Pigment Cell Res. 20, 52 60.
67. Burke, J. M., M. M. Henry, M. Zareba T. I. Sarna (2007) Photobleaching of melanosomes from retinal pigment epithelium: I. Effects on protein oxidation. Photochem. Photobiol. 83, 920 924.
68. Weiter, J. J., F. C. Delori, G. L. Wing K. A. Fitch (1986) Retinal pigment epithelial lipofuscin and melanin and choroidal melanin in human eyes. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 27, 145 152.
69. Chedekel, M. R., P. P. Agin R. M. Sayre (1980) Photochemistry of pheomelanin: Action spectrum for superoxide production. Photochem. Photobiol. 31, 553 555.
70. Chedekel, M. R., S. K. Smith, P. W. Post, A. Pokora D. L. Vessell (1978) Photodestruction of pheomelanin: Role of oxygen. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 75, 5395 5399.
71. Krol, E. S. D. C. Liebler (1998) Photoprotective actions of natural and synthetic melanins. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 11, 1434 1440.
72. Takeuchi, S., W. Zhang, K. Wakamatsu, S. Ito, V. J. Hearing, K. H. Kraemer D. E. Brash (2004) Melanin acts as a potent UVB photosensitizer to cause a novel mode of cell death in murine skin. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 15076 15081.
73. de Leeuw, S. M., N. P. Smit, M. Van Veldhoven, E. M. Pennings, S. Pavel, J. W. Simons A. A. Schothorst (2001) Melanin content of cultured human melanocytes and UV-induced cytotoxicity. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, Biol. 61, 106 113.
74. Takeuchi, S., W. Zhang, K. Wakamatsu, S. Ito, V. J. Hearing, K. H. Kraemer D. E. Brash (2004) Melanin acts as a potent UVB photosensitizer to cause an atypical mode of cell death in murine skin. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 15076 15081.
75. Samokhvalov, A., L. Hong, Y. Liu, J. Garguilo, R. J. Nemanich, G. S. Edwards J. D. Simon (2005) Oxidative potentials of human eumelanosomes and pheomelanosomes. Photochem. Photobiol. 81, 145 148.
76. Ye, T., L. Hong, J. Garguilo, A. Pawlak, G. S. Edwards, R. J. Nemanich, T. Sarna J. D. Simon (2006) Photoionization thresholds of melanins obtained free-electron laser photoelectron emission microscopy, femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, and EPR measurements of oxygen photoconsumption. Photochem. Photobiol. 82, 733 737.