Pharmacotherapy for Child and Adolescent Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Pediatric Clinics of North America

Volumn 58, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 99-120

  Kaplan, Gabriel ^a,b   Newcorn, Jeffrey H ^c  

^a Hoboken University Medical Center   (United States)

^b RUTGERS NEW JERSEY MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^c MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

ADHD; Atomoxetine; Guanfacine; Pharmacotherapy; Stimulants

Indexed keywords

AMFEBUTAMONE; AMPHETAMINE; ATOMOXETINE; DESIPRAMINE; DEXAMPHETAMINE; DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE; FLUOXETINE; GUANFACINE; IMIPRAMINE; INTUNIV; LISDEXAMFETAMINE; METHYLPHENIDATE; MODAFINIL; PAROXETINE; PLACEBO; PROCENTRA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ADVERSE OUTCOME; ALLERGIC REACTION; ANOREXIA; ARTHRALGIA; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; CARDIOTOXICITY; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT TOOL; CONSTIPATION; DECREASED APPETITE; DEPRESSION; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; DIZZINESS; DROWSINESS; DRUG APPROVAL; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG PREFERENCE; DRUG PROTEIN BINDING; DRUG RELEASE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; FEVER; FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; HEADACHE; HEART PALPITATION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INSOMNIA; IRRITABILITY; MENTAL HEALTH CARE; MOOD CHANGE; MORNING DOSAGE; NAUSEA; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT MONITORING; PSYCHOLOGIC ASSESSMENT; PSYCHOPHARMACOTHERAPY; PSYCHOSIS; PULSE RATE; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; REVIEW; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; SEDATION; SIDE EFFECT; SOMNOLENCE; TIC; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT PLANNING; VOMITING; WEIGHT REDUCTION; XEROSTOMIA;

ADOLESCENT; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTOR AGONISTS; ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITORS; AMPHETAMINES; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANTS; CHILD; GUANFACINE; HUMANS; METHYLPHENIDATE; PROPYLAMINES;

EID: 79251543351     PISSN: 00313955     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2010.10.009     Document Type: Review

References (63)

1. Barkley R., Murphy K., Fischer M. ADHD in adults: what the science says 2008, Guilford Press, New York.
2. Froehlich T.E., Lanphear B.P., Epstein J.N., et al. Prevalence, recognition, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a national sample of US children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2007, 161(9):857-864.
3. Kessler R.C., Adler L., Barkley R. The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Am J Psychiatry 2006, 163(4):716-723.
4. Biederman J., Petty C.R., Monuteaux M.C., et al. Adult psychiatric outcomes of girls with ADHD: 11-year follow -up in a longitudinal case-control study. Am J Psychiatry 2010, 167:409-417.
5. Kieling C., Goncalves R., Tannock R., et al. Neurobiology of ADHD. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2008, 17:285-307.
6. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders fourth edition (text revision) DSM-IV-TR 2000, APA, Washington, DC.
7. Polanczyk G., de Lima M.S., Horta B.L., et al. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review. Am J Psychiatry 2007, 164(6):942-948.
8. Pliszka S., AACAP Work Group on Quality Issues Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007, 46(7):894-921.
9. Nazeer A., Calles J.L. Pediatric bipolar disorders. Int J Child Adolesc Health 2010, 3(2):187-195.
10. Ivanov I., Pearson A., Kaplan G., et al. Treatment of adolescent ADHD and comorbid substance abuse. Int J Child Adolesc Health 2010, 3(2):143-161.
11. Molina B., Hinshaw S., Swanson J., et al. The MTA at 8 years: prospective follow-up of children treated for combined-type ADHD in a multisite study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009, 48(5):484-500.
12. Antshel K., Barkley R. Psychosocial interventions in ADHD. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2008, 17:421-437.
13. Jensen P.S., Hinshaw S.P., Swanson J.M., et al. Findings from the NIMH Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD (MTA): implications and applications for primary care providers. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2001, 22(1):60-73.
14. Collett B.R., Ohan J.L., Myers K.M. Ten-year review of rating scales. V: Scales assessing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2003, 42(9):1015-1037.
15. Barkley R.A. Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychol Bull 1997, 121(1):65-94.
16. Brown T.E. Attention deficit disorder 2005, Yale University Press, New Haven (CT).
17. Arnsten A.F. Toward a new understanding of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder pathophysiology: an important role for prefrontal cortex dysfunction. CNS Drugs 2009, 23(Suppl 1):33-41.
18. Bradley C. The behavior of children receiving benzedrine. Am J Psychiatry 1937, 94:577-585.
19. Knobel M., Wolman M., Mason A. Hyperkinesis and organicity in children. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1959, 1(3):310-321.
20. Paykina N., Greenhill L. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clinical manual of child and adolescent psychopharmacology 2008, 33-87. American Pyschiatric Publishing, Washington, DC. R.L. Findling (Ed.).
21. Biederman J., Monuteaux M.C., Spencer T., et al. Do stimulants protect against psychiatric disorders in youth with ADHD? A 10-year follow-up study. Pediatrics 2009, 124(1):71-78.
22. Advokat C. What exactly are the benefits of stimulants for ADHD?. J Atten Disord 2009, 12(6):495-498.
23. Greydanus D, Kaplan G, Antshel K. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: neuropsychologic and pharmacologic considerations. In: Noggle CA, Dean RS, editors. The neuropsychology of psychopharmacology. New York: Springer; in press.
24. Greenhill L.L., Pliszka S., Dulcan M.K. Practice parameter for the use of stimulant medications in the treatment of children, adolescents and adults. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2002, 41(2):26S-49S.
25. Marcus S., Wan G., Kemner J., et al. Continuity of methylphenidate treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2005, 159:572-578.
26. Arnold L.E., Huestis R.D., Smeltzer D.J., et al. Levoamphetamine vs dextroamphetamine in minimal brain dysfunction. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976, 33(3):292-301.
27. Prince J., Wilens T. Pharmacotherpay of ADHD and comorbidities. ADHD comorbidities handbook 2009, 229-284. American Psychiatric Publishing, Washington, DC. T. Brown (Ed.).
28. Pennick M. Absorption of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate and hydrolysis to form the active moiety, d-amphetamine. Poster presented at: New Clinical Drug Evaluation Unit 49th Annual Meeting, Hollywood (FL), June 29 to July 2, 2009.
29. Wigal S.B., Kollins S.H., Childress A.C., et al. The 311 Study Group. A 13-hour laboratory school study of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in school-aged children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2009, 3(1):17.
30. Haffey M.B., Buckwalter M., Zhang P., et al. Effects of omeprazole on the pharmacokinetic profiles of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate and extended-release mixed amphetamine salts in adults. Postgrad Med 2009, 121(5):11-19.
31. Najib J. The efficacy and safety profile of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate, a prodrug of d-amphetamine, for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adults. Clin Ther 2009, 31(1):142-176.
32. Findling R.L., Childress A.C., Krishnan S., et al. Long-term effectiveness and safety of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in school-aged children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. CNS Spectr 2008, 13(7):614-620.
33. Jasinski D.R., Krishnan S. Abuse liability and safety of oral lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in individuals with a history of stimulant abuse. J Psychopharmacol 2009, 23(4):419-427.
34. The MTA Cooperative Group A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999, 56:1073-1086.
35. Greenhill L., Kollins S., Abikoff H., et al. Efficacy and safety of immediate-release methylphenidate treatment for preschoolers with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006, 45(11):1284-1293.
36. Available at: Accessed June 4, 2010. http://www.aacap.org/cs/2009_press_releases/american_academy_of_child_and_adolescent_psychiatry_urges_parents_not_to_discontinue_adhd_treatment_abruptly.
37. Bukstein O.G. Transdermal methylphenidate system: old wine in a new bottle. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2009, 5(6):661-665.
38. Vitiello B. Understanding the risk of using medications for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with respect to physical growth and cardiovascular function. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2008, 17(2):459-474.
39. Swanson J.M., Elliott G.R., Greenhill L.L., et al. Effects of stimulant medication on growth rates across 3 years in the MTA follow-up. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007, 46(8):1015-1027.
40. Faraone S.V., Biederman J., Morley C.P., et al. Effect of stimulants on height and weight: a review of the literature. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2008, 47(9):994-1009.
41. Biederman J., Spencer T.J., Monuteaux M.C., et al. A naturalistic 10-year prospective study of height and weight in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder grown up: sex and treatment effects. J Pediatr 2010, 157:635-640. 640.e1.
42. Bloch M.H., Panza K.E., Landeros-Weisenberger A., et al. Meta-analysis: treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children with comorbid tic disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009, 48(9):884-893.
43. Winterstein A.G., Gerhard T., Shuster J., et al. Cardiac safety of central nervous system stimulants in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 2007, 120:1494-1501.
44. McCarthy S., Cranswick N., Potts L., et al. Mortality associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) drug treatment: a retrospective cohort study of children, adolescents and young adults using the general practice research database. Drug Saf 2009, 32(11):1089-1096.
45. Gould M.S., Walsh B.T., Munfakh J.L., et al. Sudden death and use of stimulant medications in youths. Am J Psychiatry 2009, 166(9):992-1001.
46. Vitiello B., Towbin K. Stimulant treatment of ADHD and risk of sudden death in children. Am J Psychiatry 2009, 166(9):955-957.
47. Leslie L.K., Alexander M.E., Trikalinos T.A., et al. Reexamining the Emperor's new clothes: ambiguities in current cardiac screening recommendations for youth with ADHD. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2008, 1:134-137.
48. Newcorn J.H., Donnelly C. Cardiovascular safety of medication treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Mt Sinai J Med 2009, 76(2):198-203.
49. Hennessy S., Schelleman H., Daniel G., et al. Cardiovascular safety of ADHD medications: rationale for and design of an investigator-initiated observational study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2010, 19:934-941.
50. Ledbetter M. Atomoxetine: a novel treatment for child and adult ADHD. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2006, 2(4):455-466.
51. Newcorn J.H., Sutton V.K., Weiss M.D., et al. Clinical responses to atomoxetine in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the Integrated Data Exploratory Analysis (IDEA) study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009, 48(5):511-518.
52. Daughton J.M., Kratochvil C.J. Review of ADHD pharmacotherapies: advantages, disadvantages, and clinical pearls. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009, 48(3):240-248.
53. US Food and Drug Administration Atomoxetine (marketed as Strattera): serious liver injury. Postmarket Reviews 2009, 2:1. Available at:, Accessed October 30, 2010. http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/DrugSafetyNewsletter/ucm110235.htm.
54. Geller D., Donnelly C., Lopez F., et al. Atomoxetine treatment for pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with comorbid anxiety disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007, 46(9):1119-1127.
55. Newcorn J.H., Kratochvil C.J., Allen A.J., et al. Atomoxetine and osmotically released methylphenidate for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: acute comparison and differential response. Am J Psychiatry 2008, 165(6):721-730.
56. Sallee F.R., Lyne A., Wigal T., et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of guanfacine extended release in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2009, 19(3):215-226.
57. Arnsten A.F., Scahill L., Findling R.L. Alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonists for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: emerging concepts from new data. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2007, 17(4):393-406.
58. Biederman J., Melmed R.D., Patel A., et al. Long-term, open-label extension study of guanfacine extended release in children and adolescents with ADHD. CNS Spectr 2008, 13(12):1047-1055.
59. Spencer T.J., Greenbaum M., Ginsberg L.D., et al. Safety and effectiveness of coadministration of guanfacine extended release and psychostimulants in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2009, 19(5):501-510.
60. Connor D, Spencer T, Kratochvil C, et al. Effects of guanfacine extended release on secondary measures in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and oppositional symptoms. Paper presented at: Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association. San Francisco (CA), May 16-21, 2009.
61. Stahl S.M. Mechanism of action of alpha 2A-adrenergic agonists in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with or without oppositional symptoms. J Clin Psychiatry 2010, 71(3):223-224.
62. Faraone S.V., Glatt S.J. Effects of extended-release guanfacine on ADHD symptoms and sedation-related adverse events in children with ADHD. J Atten Disord 2010, 13(5):532-538.
63. Biederman J., Spencer T.J. Psychopharmacological interventions. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2008, 17(2):439-458.