메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 3, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 179-210

The Effects and Effectiveness of Using Torture as an Interrogation Device: Using Research to Inform the Policy Debate

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 79251487029     PISSN: 17512395     EISSN: 17512409     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-2409.2009.01014.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (56)

References (162)
  • 1
    • 84930558930 scopus 로고
    • The organization of evil
    • Alford, C. F. (1990). The organization of evil. Political Psychology, 11, 5-27.
    • (1990) Political Psychology , vol.11 , pp. 5-27
    • Alford, C.F.1
  • 2
    • 0004235298 scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
    • American Psychiatric Association (4th ed.). Washington, DC American Psychiatric Press.
    • American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC American Psychiatric Press.
    • (1994)
  • 3
    • 79251511325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • USA: Interrogation techniques amount to torture
    • Amnesty International Retrieved March 3, 2007 from 13, May
    • Amnesty International (May 13, 2004). USA: Interrogation techniques amount to torture. Retrieved March 3, 2007 from.
    • (2004)
  • 4
    • 37249017532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amnesty International Report 2006: The state of the world's human rights
    • Amnesty International. London Amnesty International.
    • Amnesty International. (2006). Amnesty International Report 2006: The state of the world's human rights. London Amnesty International.
    • (2006)
  • 5
    • 79251480860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amnesty International Report 2007: The state of the world's human rights
    • Amnesty International. London Amnesty International.
    • Amnesty International. (2009). Amnesty International Report 2007: The state of the world's human rights. London Amnesty International.
    • (2009)
  • 6
    • 79251515279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is torture an option in the war on terror
    • Retrieved February 16, 2007 from
    • Andersen, M. E. (2004). Is torture an option in the war on terror Insight on the news. Retrieved February 16, 2007 from.
    • (2004) Insight on the news
    • Andersen, M.E.1
  • 7
    • 0033247523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities
    • Bandura, A. (1999). Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3, 193-209.
    • (1999) Personality and Social Psychology Review , vol.3 , pp. 193-209
    • Bandura, A.1
  • 8
    • 14844307272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding terrorism: Psychological roots
    • In F. M. Mogahaddam & A. J. Marsella (Eds.), consequences and interventions Washington, DC American Psychological Association Press.
    • Bandura, A. (2004). Role of selective moral disengagement in terrorism and counterterrorism. In F. M. Mogahaddam & A. J. Marsella (Eds.), Understanding terrorism: Psychological roots, consequences and interventions (pp. 121-150). Washington, DC American Psychological Association Press.
    • (2004) Role of selective moral disengagement in terrorism and counterterrorism , pp. 121-150
    • Bandura, A.1
  • 9
    • 33847031417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Children witnessing atrocities against parents or caregivers, a human rights perspective
    • Baro, D. (2006). Children witnessing atrocities against parents or caregivers, a human rights perspective. Torture, 16, 190-219.
    • (2006) Torture , vol.16 , pp. 190-219
    • Baro, D.1
  • 10
    • 66349100856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multivariate contextual analysis of torture and cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatments: Implications for an evidence-based definition of torture
    • Basoglu, M. (2009). A multivariate contextual analysis of torture and cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatments: Implications for an evidence-based definition of torture. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 79, 135-145.
    • (2009) American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , vol.79 , pp. 135-145
    • Basoglu, M.1
  • 11
  • 12
    • 33847727016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Torture vs. other cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment: Is the distinction real or apparent
    • Basoglu, M., Livanou, M., & Crnobaric, C. (2007). Torture vs. other cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment: Is the distinction real or apparent Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 277-285.
    • (2007) Archives of General Psychiatry , vol.64 , pp. 277-285
    • Basoglu, M.1    Livanou, M.2    Crnobaric, C.3
  • 14
    • 34547642665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of trauma and PTSD symptoms with openness to reconciliation and feelings of revenge among former Ugandan and Congolese child soldiers
    • Bayer, C., Klasen, F., & Adam, H. (2007). Association of trauma and PTSD symptoms with openness to reconciliation and feelings of revenge among former Ugandan and Congolese child soldiers. Journal of the American Medical Association, 298, 555-559.
    • (2007) Journal of the American Medical Association , vol.298 , pp. 555-559
    • Bayer, C.1    Klasen, F.2    Adam, H.3
  • 15
    • 34547801232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Narrative exposure therapy for political imprisonment-related chronic posttraumatic stress disorder and depression
    • Bichescu, D., Neuner, F., Schauer, M., & Elbert, T. (2007). Narrative exposure therapy for political imprisonment-related chronic posttraumatic stress disorder and depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 2212-2220.
    • (2007) Behaviour Research and Therapy , vol.45 , pp. 2212-2220
    • Bichescu, D.1    Neuner, F.2    Schauer, M.3    Elbert, T.4
  • 16
    • 79251481620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The tortured lives of interrogators: Veterans of Iraq, N. Ireland and Mideast share stark memories
    • A1., June 4
    • Blumenfeld, L. (2007, June 4). The tortured lives of interrogators: Veterans of Iraq, N. Ireland and Mideast share stark memories. The Washington Post, A1.
    • (2007) The Washington Post
    • Blumenfeld, L.1
  • 20
    • 34247853306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychological assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of torture survivors: A review
    • Campbell, T. A. (2007). Psychological assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of torture survivors: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 628-641.
    • (2007) Clinical Psychology Review , vol.27 , pp. 628-641
    • Campbell, T.A.1
  • 21
    • 79251488263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. Government Memoranda related to the use of torture
    • Center for Constitutional Rights. Retrieved March 2, 2007, from
    • Center for Constitutional Rights. (2007). U.S. Government Memoranda related to the use of torture. Retrieved March 2, 2007, from.
    • (2007)
  • 23
    • 79251510344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • White paper: Ending arbitrary detention, torture and extraordinary rendition
    • Center for Constitutional Rights. New York Center for Constitutional Rights.
    • Center for Constitutional Rights. (2009). White paper: Ending arbitrary detention, torture and extraordinary rendition. New York Center for Constitutional Rights.
    • (2009)
  • 24
    • 79251511958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blooming through the ashes: An international anthology on violence and the human spirit
    • Chanin, C., amp; McConnon, A. (Eds.). New Jersey Rutgers University Press.
    • Chanin, C., & McConnon, A. (Eds.). (2008). Blooming through the ashes: An international anthology on violence and the human spirit. New Jersey Rutgers University Press.
    • (2008)
  • 25
    • 79251517194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CNN World Terrorist group much like a flawed organization. February 16
    • CNN World. (February 16, 2006). Terrorist group much like a flawed organization..
    • (2006)
  • 26
    • 77952025265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global Report 2004
    • Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers. London Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers.
    • Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers. (2004). Global Report 2004. London Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers.
    • (2004)
  • 27
    • 0010426165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unspeakable acts, ordinary people
    • New York Knopf.
    • Conroy, J. (2000). Unspeakable acts, ordinary people. New York Knopf.
    • (2000)
    • Conroy, J.1
  • 28
    • 37249052289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expert psychological testimony for the courts
    • In M. Costanzo, D. Krauss, amp; K. Pezdek (Eds.), Mahwah, NJ Erlbaum.
    • Costanzo, M., & Leo, R. A. (2007). Research and expert testimony on interrogations and confessions. In M. Costanzo, D. Krauss, & K. Pezdek (Eds.), Expert psychological testimony for the courts (pp. 69-98). Mahwah, NJ Erlbaum.
    • (2007) Research and expert testimony on interrogations and confessions , pp. 69-98
    • Costanzo, M.1    Leo, R.A.2
  • 29
    • 0040724192 scopus 로고
    • The politics of pain: Torturers and their masters
    • (Eds.). Boulder, CO, USA Westview Press.
    • Crelinsten, R. D., & Schmid, A. P. (Eds.). (1995). The politics of pain: Torturers and their masters. Boulder, CO, USA Westview Press.
    • (1995)
    • Crelinsten, R.D.1    Schmid, A.P.2
  • 31
    • 4344682796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Torture and truth: America, Abu Ghraib, and the war on terror
    • Available at, March 4
    • Danner, M. (March 4, 2005). Torture and truth: America, Abu Ghraib, and the war on terror. New York Review of Books. Available at.
    • (2005) New York Review of Books
    • Danner, M.1
  • 32
    • 0000235397 scopus 로고
    • Social organization for the production of evil
    • Darley, J. M. (1992). Social organization for the production of evil. Psychological Inquiry, 3, 199-218.
    • (1992) Psychological Inquiry , vol.3 , pp. 199-218
    • Darley, J.M.1
  • 33
    • 45149120141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resilience and vunerability among refugee children of traumatized and non-traumatized parents
    • Daud, A., Af Klinteberg, B., & Rydelius, P. (2008). Resilience and vunerability among refugee children of traumatized and non-traumatized parents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 2(7), 1-11.
    • (2008) Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health , vol.2 , Issue.7 , pp. 1-11
    • Daud, A.1    Af Klinteberg, B.2    Rydelius, P.3
  • 37
    • 84902720254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why terrorism works: Understanding the threat, responding to the challenge
    • New Haven, CT Yale University Press.
    • Dershowitz, A. M. (2003). Why terrorism works: Understanding the threat, responding to the challenge. New Haven, CT Yale University Press.
    • (2003)
    • Dershowitz, A.M.1
  • 39
    • 9444294383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The problem of false confessions in the post-DNA world
    • Drizin, S. A., & Leo, R. A. (2004). The problem of false confessions in the post-DNA world. North Carolina Law Review, 82, 891-1007.
    • (2004) North Carolina Law Review , vol.82 , pp. 891-1007
    • Drizin, S.A.1    Leo, R.A.2
  • 40
    • 33646536247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • War: The lethal custom
    • New York Random House.
    • Dyer, G. (2004). War: The lethal custom. New York Random House.
    • (2004)
    • Dyer, G.1
  • 41
    • 85050783095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Explaining Abu Ghraib: A Review Essay
    • Einolf, C. (2009). Explaining Abu Ghraib: A Review Essay. Journal of Human Rights, 8, 110-120.
    • (2009) Journal of Human Rights , vol.8 , pp. 110-120
    • Einolf, C.1
  • 43
    • 0005309032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preventing Torture
    • New York: Oxford University Press.
    • Evans, M., & Morgan, R. (1998). Preventing Torture. New York: Oxford University Press.
    • (1998)
    • Evans, M.1    Morgan, R.2
  • 44
    • 79251492153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fay Report: Investigation of Intelligence Activities at Abu Ghraib: Executive Summary; AR 15-6 Investigation of the Abu Ghraib Prison and 205th Military Intelligence Brigade, LTG Anthony R. Jones; AR 15-6 Investigation of the Abu Ghraib Detention Facility and 205th Military Intelligence Brigade, MG George R. Fay. Retrieved May 7, 2006 from
    • Fay Report: Investigation of Intelligence Activities at Abu Ghraib: Executive Summary; AR 15-6 Investigation of the Abu Ghraib Prison and 205th Military Intelligence Brigade, LTG Anthony R. Jones; AR 15-6 Investigation of the Abu Ghraib Detention Facility and 205th Military Intelligence Brigade, MG George R. Fay. (2004) Retrieved May 7, 2006 from.
    • (2004)
  • 45
    • 17044372775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: A systematic review
    • Fazel, M., Wheeler, J., & Danesh, J. (2005). Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: A systematic review. Lancet, 365, 1309-1314.
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.365 , pp. 1309-1314
    • Fazel, M.1    Wheeler, J.2    Danesh, J.3
  • 47
    • 33747927436 scopus 로고
    • Hindsight foresight: The effect of outcome knowledge on judgment under uncertainty
    • Fischoff, B. (1977). Hindsight foresight: The effect of outcome knowledge on judgment under uncertainty. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1, 288-299.
    • (1977) Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.1 , pp. 288-299
    • Fischoff, B.1
  • 48
    • 9444271673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why ordinary people torture enemy prisoners
    • Fiske, S. T., Harris, L. T., & Cuddy, A. J. C. (2004). Why ordinary people torture enemy prisoners. Science, 306, 1482-1483.
    • (2004) Science , vol.306 , pp. 1482-1483
    • Fiske, S.T.1    Harris, L.T.2    Cuddy, A.J.C.3
  • 49
    • 0024399164 scopus 로고
    • Behavioral/cognitive conceptualization of post-traumatic stress disorder
    • Foa, E. G., Steketee, G., & Rothbaum, B. O. (1989). Behavioral/cognitive conceptualization of post-traumatic stress disorder. Behavior Therapy, 20, 155-176.
    • (1989) Behavior Therapy , vol.20 , pp. 155-176
    • Foa, E.G.1    Steketee, G.2    Rothbaum, B.O.3
  • 50
    • 33644852692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurobiology of dissociation: Unity and disunity in mind-body-brain
    • Frewen, P. A., & Lanius, R. A. (2006). Neurobiology of dissociation: Unity and disunity in mind-body-brain. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 29, 113-128.
    • (2006) Psychiatric Clinics of North America , vol.29 , pp. 113-128
    • Frewen, P.A.1    Lanius, R.A.2
  • 51
    • 57149088959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Handbook of PTSD: Science and practice
    • Friedman, M. J., Keane, T. M., amp; Resick, P. A. (Eds.). New York Guilford Press.
    • Friedman, M. J., Keane, T. M., & Resick, P. A. (Eds.). (2007). Handbook of PTSD: Science and practice. New York Guilford Press.
    • (2007)
  • 52
    • 79251471872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The torture question
    • Frontline. PBS.
    • Frontline. (2006). The torture question. PBS.
    • (2006)
  • 53
    • 4043079802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Police officers' credibility judgments: Accuracy and estimated ability
    • Garrido, E., Masip, J., & Herrero, C. (2004). Police officers' credibility judgments: Accuracy and estimated ability. International Journal of Psychology, 39, 254-275.
    • (2004) International Journal of Psychology , vol.39 , pp. 254-275
    • Garrido, E.1    Masip, J.2    Herrero, C.3
  • 54
    • 0043250788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mental health consequences of torture
    • Gerrity, E. T., Keane, T. M., amp; Tuma, F. (Eds.). New York Kluwer.
    • Gerrity, E. T., Keane, T. M., & Tuma, F. (Eds.). (2001). The mental health consequences of torture. New York Kluwer.
    • (2001)
  • 55
    • 69849094099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pituitary response to metyrapone in Gulf War veterans: Relationship to deployment, PTSD, and unexplained health symptoms
    • Published online May 14, 2009. Available by subscription: May 14
    • Golier, J. A., Schmeidler, J., & Yehuda, R. (May 14, 2009). Pituitary response to metyrapone in Gulf War veterans: Relationship to deployment, PTSD, and unexplained health symptoms. Psychoneuroendocrinology, Published online May 14, 2009. Available by subscription:.
    • (2009) Psychoneuroendocrinology
    • Golier, J.A.1    Schmeidler, J.2    Yehuda, R.3
  • 56
    • 56749111764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Standard Operating Procedure: A War Story
    • New York Penguin.
    • Gourevitch, P., & Morris, E. (2008). Standard Operating Procedure: A War Story. New York Penguin.
    • (2008)
    • Gourevitch, P.1    Morris, E.2
  • 57
    • 0141487893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • At the side of torture survivors
    • Graessner, S., Gurris, N., amp; Pross, C. (Eds.). Baltimore, MD Johns Hopkins University Press.
    • Graessner, S., Gurris, N., & Pross, C. (Eds.). (2001). At the side of torture survivors. Baltimore, MD Johns Hopkins University Press.
    • (2001)
  • 59
    • 33845268355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Truth, torture, and the American Way
    • Boston Beacon Press.
    • Harbury, J. K. (2005). Truth, torture, and the American Way. Boston Beacon Press.
    • (2005)
    • Harbury, J.K.1
  • 60
    • 17044401978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The psychological origins of institutionalized torture
    • London Routledge.
    • Haritos-Fatouros, M. (2003). The psychological origins of institutionalized torture. London Routledge.
    • (2003)
    • Haritos-Fatouros, M.1
  • 61
    • 79251499053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychology of tyranny: Power corrupts, and absolute power corrupts absolutely, or does it?
    • Scientific American Mind, available online at October
    • Haslam, S. A., & Reicher, S. D. (October, 2005). Psychology of tyranny: Power corrupts, and absolute power corrupts absolutely, or does it? Scientific American Mind, available online at.
    • (2005)
    • Haslam, S.A.1    Reicher, S.D.2
  • 62
    • 47749111144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chain of command
    • May 17
    • Hersh, S. M. (May 17, 2004). Chain of command. The New Yorker.
    • (2004) The New Yorker
    • Hersh, S.M.1
  • 64
    • 79251510986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statement of Attorney General Eric Holder Regarding a Preliminary Review into the Interrogation of Certain Detainees. Available at August 24
    • Holder, E. (August 24, 2009). Statement of Attorney General Eric Holder Regarding a Preliminary Review into the Interrogation of Certain Detainees. Available at.
    • (2009)
    • Holder, E.1
  • 67
    • 79251509689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human Rights Watch CIA Whitewashing Torture: Statements by Goss Contradict U.S. Law and Practice. November 21
    • Human Rights Watch. (November 21, 2005). CIA Whitewashing Torture: Statements by Goss Contradict U.S. Law and Practice..
    • (2005)
  • 68
    • 79251506130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human Rights Watch. Child soldiers. (On-line). Available: January
    • Human Rights Watch (January 2008). Child soldiers. (On-line). Available:.
    • (2008)
  • 70
    • 0004280122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Criminal interrogation and confessions
    • 4th ed.). Gaithersburg, MD Aspen.
    • Inbau, F. E., Reid, J. E., Buckley, J. P., & Jayne, B. C. (2001). Criminal interrogation and confessions (4th ed.). Gaithersburg, MD Aspen.
    • (2001)
    • Inbau, F.E.1    Reid, J.E.2    Buckley, J.P.3    Jayne, B.C.4
  • 71
    • 79251491142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Innocence Project Understand the causes: False Confessions. Retrieved July 23, 2009.
    • Innocence Project. (2009). Understand the causes: False Confessions. Retrieved July 23, 2009,.
    • (2009)
  • 72
    • 33751374262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is posttraumatic stress disorder with specific deficits in episodic memory
    • Isaac, C. L., Cushway, D., & Jones, G. V. (2006). Is posttraumatic stress disorder with specific deficits in episodic memory Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 939-955.
    • (2006) Clinical Psychology Review , vol.26 , pp. 939-955
    • Isaac, C.L.1    Cushway, D.2    Jones, G.V.3
  • 73
    • 0004249215 scopus 로고
    • Shattered assumptions
    • New York Free Press.
    • Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions. New York Free Press.
    • (1992)
    • Janoff-Bulman, R.1
  • 74
    • 37349015479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The development and maintenance of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in civilian adult survivors of war trauma and torture: A review
    • Johnson, H., & Thompson, A. (2008). The development and maintenance of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in civilian adult survivors of war trauma and torture: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(1), 36-47.
    • (2008) Clinical Psychology Review , vol.28 , Issue.1 , pp. 36-47
    • Johnson, H.1    Thompson, A.2
  • 75
    • 79251475358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mental health consequences of torture
    • In E. Gerrity, T. M. Keane, amp; F. Tuma (Eds.), New York Kluwer.
    • Kahana, B., & Kahana, E. (2001). Holocaust trauma and sequelae. In E. Gerrity, T. M. Keane, & F. Tuma (Eds.), The mental health consequences of torture. New York Kluwer.
    • (2001) Holocaust trauma and sequelae
    • Kahana, B.1    Kahana, E.2
  • 76
    • 0032852362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I'm innocent!" Effects of training on judgments of truth and deception in the interrogation room
    • Kassin, S. M., & Fong, C. T. (1999). "I'm innocent!" Effects of training on judgments of truth and deception in the interrogation room. Law and Human Behavior, 23, 499-516.
    • (1999) Law and Human Behavior , vol.23 , pp. 499-516
    • Kassin, S.M.1    Fong, C.T.2
  • 77
    • 0038475949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioral confirmation in the interrogation room: On the dangers of presuming guilt
    • Kassin, S. M., Goldstein, C. J., & Savitsky, K. (2003). Behavioral confirmation in the interrogation room: On the dangers of presuming guilt. Law and Human Behavior, 27, 187-203.
    • (2003) Law and Human Behavior , vol.27 , pp. 187-203
    • Kassin, S.M.1    Goldstein, C.J.2    Savitsky, K.3
  • 79
    • 20444483779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I'd know a false confession if I saw one": A comparative study of college students and police investigators
    • quot;.,.
    • Kassin, S. M., Meissner, C. A., & Norwick, R. J. (2005). "I'd know a false confession if I saw one": A comparative study of college students and police investigators. Law and Human Behavior, 29, 211-227.
    • (2005) Law and Human Behavior , vol.29 , pp. 211-227
    • Kassin, S.M.1    Meissner, C.A.2    Norwick, R.J.3
  • 80
    • 79251486785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statement on the Medical Evidence of Torture by U.S. Personnel - Physicians for Human Rights Report "Broken Laws, Broken Lives." Washington, DC U.S. Helsinki Commission. July 24
    • Keller, A. S. (July 24, 2008). Statement on the Medical Evidence of Torture by U.S. Personnel - Physicians for Human Rights Report "Broken Laws, Broken Lives." Washington, DC U.S. Helsinki Commission.
    • (2008)
    • Keller, A.S.1
  • 82
    • 38349016153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The policy context of torture: A social-psychological analysis
    • Kelman, H. C. (2005). The policy context of torture: A social-psychological analysis. International Review of the Red Cross, 87, 123-138.
    • (2005) International Review of the Red Cross , vol.87 , pp. 123-138
    • Kelman, H.C.1
  • 85
    • 75149144034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paediatric PTSD: Clinical presentation, traumatic events and socio-demographic variables - experience from a chronic conflict situation
    • Khan, A. Y., & Margoob, M. A. (2006). Paediatric PTSD: Clinical presentation, traumatic events and socio-demographic variables - experience from a chronic conflict situation. JK-Practitioner, 13, S40-S44.
    • (2006) JK-Practitioner , vol.13
    • Khan, A.Y.1    Margoob, M.A.2
  • 87
    • 79251531434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • America's Image in the World: Findings from the Pew Global Attitudes Project. Retrieved April 4, 2007 from
    • Kohut, A. (2007). America's Image in the World: Findings from the Pew Global Attitudes Project. Retrieved April 4, 2007 from.
    • (2007)
    • Kohut, A.1
  • 88
    • 33747063783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Should medical ethics justify violence
    • Kottow, M. H. (2006). Should medical ethics justify violence Journal of Medical Ethics, 32, 464-467.
    • (2006) Journal of Medical Ethics , vol.32 , pp. 464-467
    • Kottow, M.H.1
  • 89
    • 79251502459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nomination hearings of Alberto Gonzales. January 6
    • Leahy, P. (January 6, 2005). Nomination hearings of Alberto Gonzales.
    • (2005)
    • Leahy, P.1
  • 91
    • 79251476010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Police interrogation and American justice. Cambridge Harvard University Press.
    • Leo, R. A. (2008). Police interrogation and American justice. Cambridge Harvard University Press.
    • (2008)
    • Leo, R.A.1
  • 93
    • 65549135719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic pain and PTSD: The Perpetual Avoidance Model and its treatment implications
    • Liedl, A., & Knaevelsrud, C. (2008). Chronic pain and PTSD: The Perpetual Avoidance Model and its treatment implications. Torture, 18(2), 69-76.
    • (2008) Torture , vol.18 , Issue.2 , pp. 69-76
    • Liedl, A.1    Knaevelsrud, C.2
  • 94
    • 0003607451 scopus 로고
    • The Nazi doctors. Medical killing and the psychology of genocide
    • New York Basic Books.
    • Lifton, R. J. (1986). The Nazi doctors. Medical killing and the psychology of genocide. New York Basic Books.
    • (1986)
    • Lifton, R.J.1
  • 96
    • 0017239516 scopus 로고
    • Human meaning of total disaster
    • Lifton, R. J., & Olson, O. (1976). Human meaning of total disaster. Psychiatry, 39, 1-18.
    • (1976) Psychiatry , vol.39 , pp. 1-18
    • Lifton, R.J.1    Olson, O.2
  • 97
    • 44949254876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Restoring moral authority: Ending torture, secret detention, and the prison at Guantanamo Bay
    • Malinowski, T. (2008). Restoring moral authority: Ending torture, secret detention, and the prison at Guantanamo Bay. Annuals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 618, 148-159.
    • (2008) Annuals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , vol.618 , pp. 148-159
    • Malinowski, T.1
  • 98
    • 25144434998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Generalized Communicative Suspicion (GCS) among police officers: Accounting for the investigator bias effect
    • Masip, J., Alonso, H., Garrido, E., & Anton, C. (2006). Generalized Communicative Suspicion (GCS) among police officers: Accounting for the investigator bias effect. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35, 1046-1066.
    • (2006) Journal of Applied Social Psychology , vol.35 , pp. 1046-1066
    • Masip, J.1    Alonso, H.2    Garrido, E.3    Anton, C.4
  • 99
    • 9244253369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Culture and modern life
    • Pacific Grove Brooks-Cole.
    • Matsumoto, D. (2004). Culture and modern life. Pacific Grove Brooks-Cole.
    • (2004)
    • Matsumoto, D.1
  • 100
    • 79251524316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Gitmo experiment. Retrieved April 3, 2006, from
    • Mayer, J. (2005). The Gitmo experiment. Retrieved April 3, 2006, from.
    • (2005)
    • Mayer, J.1
  • 101
    • 57349163210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dark side: The Inside story of how the war on terror turned into a war on American ideals
    • New York Random House.
    • Mayer, J. (2008). The dark side: The Inside story of how the war on terror turned into a war on American ideals. New York Random House.
    • (2008)
    • Mayer, J.1
  • 102
    • 33645375665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of moral disengagement in support of military force: The impact of September 11
    • Mcalister, A. J., Bandura, A., & Owen, S. V. (2006). Mechanisms of moral disengagement in support of military force: The impact of September 11. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25, 141-165.
    • (2006) Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , vol.25 , pp. 141-165
    • Mcalister, A.J.1    Bandura, A.2    Owen, S.V.3
  • 103
    • 33947238487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A question of torture: CIA interrogation, from the cold war to the war on terror
    • New York Metropolitan Books/Henry Holt.
    • Mccoy, A. (2006). A question of torture: CIA interrogation, from the cold war to the war on terror. New York Metropolitan Books/Henry Holt.
    • (2006)
    • Mccoy, A.1
  • 104
    • 0344649310 scopus 로고
    • The guinea pigs
    • London Penguin Books.
    • Mcguffin, J. (1974). The guinea pigs. London Penguin Books.
    • (1974)
    • Mcguffin, J.1
  • 105
    • 0036781294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • He's guilty!": Investigator bias in judgments of truth and deception
    • Meissner, C. A., & Kassin, S. M. (2002). "He's guilty!": Investigator bias in judgments of truth and deception. Law and Human Behavior, 26, 469-480.
    • (2002) Law and Human Behavior , vol.26 , pp. 469-480
    • Meissner, C.A.1    Kassin, S.M.2
  • 106
    • 33748122044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oath betrayed: Torture, medical complicity, and the war on terror
    • New York Random House.
    • Miles, S. H. (2006). Oath betrayed: Torture, medical complicity, and the war on terror. New York Random House.
    • (2006)
    • Miles, S.H.1
  • 107
    • 34147221271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medical ethics and the interrogation of Guantanamo 063
    • Miles, S. H. (2007). Medical ethics and the interrogation of Guantanamo 063. American Journal of Bioethics, 7, 5-11.
    • (2007) American Journal of Bioethics , vol.7 , pp. 5-11
    • Miles, S.H.1
  • 108
    • 66349137168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Profane research versus researching the profane: Commentary on Basoglu
    • Miles, S. H. (2009). Profane research versus researching the profane: Commentary on Basoglu. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 79, 146-149.
    • (2009) American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , vol.79 , pp. 146-149
    • Miles, S.H.1
  • 109
    • 0003550918 scopus 로고
    • Obedience to authority: An experimental view
    • New York Harper & Row.
    • Milgram, S. (1974). Obedience to authority: An experimental view. New York Harper & Row.
    • (1974)
    • Milgram, S.1
  • 110
    • 34447510881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal study of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and changes in traumatic memories over time in Bosnian refugees
    • Mollica, R. F., Caridad, K. R., & Massagli, M. P. (2007). Longitudinal study of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and changes in traumatic memories over time in Bosnian refugees. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195, 572-579.
    • (2007) Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , vol.195 , pp. 572-579
    • Mollica, R.F.1    Caridad, K.R.2    Massagli, M.P.3
  • 111
    • 79251475039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring trauma, measuring torture: Instruction and guidance on the utilization of the Harvard Program in Refugee Trauma's versions of the Hopkins symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25) and The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ). Cambridge Harvard Program in Refugee Trauma.
    • Mollica, R., McDonald, L., Massagli, M., & Silove, D. (2004). Measuring trauma, measuring torture: Instruction and guidance on the utilization of the Harvard Program in Refugee Trauma's versions of the Hopkins symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25) and The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ). Cambridge Harvard Program in Refugee Trauma.
    • (2004)
    • Mollica, R.1    McDonald, L.2    Massagli, M.3    Silove, D.4
  • 112
    • 0042709297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethnophaulisms and exclusion: The behavioral consequences of cognitive representation of ethnic immigrant groups
    • Mullen, B., & Rice, D. R. (2003). Ethnophaulisms and exclusion: The behavioral consequences of cognitive representation of ethnic immigrant groups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1056-1067.
    • (2003) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.29 , pp. 1056-1067
    • Mullen, B.1    Rice, D.R.2
  • 113
    • 37249010610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Educing information: Interrogation
    • National Defense Intelligence College. Science and Art, Foundations for the Future. Washington, DC Intelligence Science Board. December
    • National Defense Intelligence College. (December, 2006). Educing information: Interrogation. Science and Art, Foundations for the Future. Washington, DC Intelligence Science Board.
    • (2006)
  • 114
    • 0041439164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The polygraph and lie detection
    • National Research Council. Committee to Review the Scientific Evidence on the Polygraph. Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, DC The National Academies Press.
    • National Research Council. (2003). The polygraph and lie detection. Committee to Review the Scientific Evidence on the Polygraph. Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, DC The National Academies Press.
    • (2003)
  • 116
    • 79251492487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arar Commission releases its findings on the handling of the Maher Arar case. September 18
    • O'Connor, D. (September 18, 2006). Arar Commission releases its findings on the handling of the Maher Arar case..
    • (2006)
    • O'Connor, D.1
  • 117
    • 44049099548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review of DOD-directed investigations of detainee abuse
    • Office of the Inspector General of the Department of Defense Available at August 25
    • Office of the Inspector General of the Department of Defense (August 25, 2006). Review of DOD-directed investigations of detainee abuse. Available at.
    • (2006)
  • 118
    • 79251510658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Office of the Surgeon General Assessment of detainee medical operations for OEF, GTMO, and OIF. Available at
    • Office of the Surgeon General. (2005). Assessment of detainee medical operations for OEF, GTMO, and OIF. Available at.
    • (2005)
  • 119
    • 33644853538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A sensorimotor approach to the treatment of trauma and dissociation
    • Ogden, P., Pain, C., & Fisher, J. (2006). A sensorimotor approach to the treatment of trauma and dissociation. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 29, 263-279.
    • (2006) Psychiatric Clinics of North America , vol.29 , pp. 263-279
    • Ogden, P.1    Pain, C.2    Fisher, J.3
  • 120
    • 38149032950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moral exclusion and torture
    • Opotow, S. (2007). Moral exclusion and torture. Journal of Peace Psychology, 13, 457-461.
    • (2007) Journal of Peace Psychology , vol.13 , pp. 457-461
    • Opotow, S.1
  • 121
    • 7444253788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The blindfold's eyes: My journey from torture to truth
    • Maryknoll, NY Orbis Books.
    • Ortiz, Sr. D. (2002). The blindfold's eyes: My journey from torture to truth. Maryknoll, NY Orbis Books.
    • (2002)
    • Ortiz, S.D.1
  • 122
    • 0043255178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Torture
    • Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press.
    • Peters, E. (1996). Torture. Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press.
    • (1996)
    • Peters, E.1
  • 123
    • 26244463557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Break them down: Systematic use of psychological torture by US forces
    • Physicians for Human Rights. Cambridge, MA Physicians for Human Rights.
    • Physicians for Human Rights. (2005). Break them down: Systematic use of psychological torture by US forces. Cambridge, MA Physicians for Human Rights.
    • (2005)
  • 124
    • 23044442112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predisplacement and post-displacement factors associated with mental health and internally displaced persons: A meta-analysis
    • Porter, M., & Haslam, N. (2005). Predisplacement and post-displacement factors associated with mental health and internally displaced persons: A meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 294(5), 602-612.
    • (2005) Journal of the American Medical Association , vol.294 , Issue.5 , pp. 602-612
    • Porter, M.1    Haslam, N.2
  • 125
    • 0042841737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In the wake of 9/11: The psychology of terror
    • and Washington, DC APA.
    • Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., and Greenberg, J. (2003). In the wake of 9/11: The psychology of terror. Washington, DC APA.
    • (2003)
    • Pyszczynski, T.1    Solomon, S.2    Greenberg, J.3
  • 126
    • 34547652766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of psychological distress and positive resources among Palestinian adolescents: Trauma, child, and mothering characteristics
    • Qouta, S., Punamaki, R., Montgomery, E., & Sarraj, E. E. (2007). Predictors of psychological distress and positive resources among Palestinian adolescents: Trauma, child, and mothering characteristics. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31, 699-717.
    • (2007) Child Abuse & Neglect , vol.31 , pp. 699-717
    • Qouta, S.1    Punamaki, R.2    Montgomery, E.3    Sarraj, E.E.4
  • 127
    • 33751238901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Politically-motivated torture and its survivors: A desk study review of the literature
    • Quiroga, J., & Jaranson, J. M. (2005). Politically-motivated torture and its survivors: A desk study review of the literature. Torture, 16, 1-112.
    • (2005) Torture , vol.16 , pp. 1-112
    • Quiroga, J.1    Jaranson, J.M.2
  • 128
    • 0004108953 scopus 로고
    • Serving Survivors of Torture
    • Washington, DC The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).
    • Randall, G. R., & Lutz, E. L. (1991). Serving Survivors of Torture. Washington, DC The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).
    • (1991)
    • Randall, G.R.1    Lutz, E.L.2
  • 129
    • 34447564877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factor structure of PTSD symptoms among West and Central African refugees
    • Rasmussen, A., Smith, H., & Keller, A. S. (2007). Factor structure of PTSD symptoms among West and Central African refugees. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, 271-280.
    • (2007) Journal of Traumatic Stress , vol.20 , pp. 271-280
    • Rasmussen, A.1    Smith, H.2    Keller, A.S.3
  • 130
    • 65549131441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Justice heals: The impact of impunity and the fight against it on the recovery of severe human rights violations' survivors
    • Rauchfuss, K., & Schmolze, B. (2008). Justice heals: The impact of impunity and the fight against it on the recovery of severe human rights violations' survivors. Torture, 18(1), 38-50.
    • (2008) Torture , vol.18 , Issue.1 , pp. 38-50
    • Rauchfuss, K.1    Schmolze, B.2
  • 131
    • 33750148012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decoupling neural networks from reality: Dissociative experiences in torture victims are reflected in abnormal brain waves in left frontal cortex
    • Ray, W. J., Odenwald, M., Neuner, F., Schauer, M., Ruf, M., Wienbruch, C., Rockstroh, B., & Elbert, T. (2006). Decoupling neural networks from reality: Dissociative experiences in torture victims are reflected in abnormal brain waves in left frontal cortex. Psychological Science, 17, 825-829.
    • (2006) Psychological Science , vol.17 , pp. 825-829
    • Ray, W.J.1    Odenwald, M.2    Neuner, F.3    Schauer, M.4    Ruf, M.5    Wienbruch, C.6    Rockstroh, B.7    Elbert, T.8
  • 133
    • 0003890513 scopus 로고
    • The person and the situation
    • New York McGraw-Hill.
    • Ross, L., & Nisbett, R. E. (1991). The person and the situation. New York McGraw-Hill.
    • (1991)
    • Ross, L.1    Nisbett, R.E.2
  • 134
    • 79251472548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Commission on Intelligence Capacities of the United States on Weapons of Mass Destruction
    • Washington, DC. March 31
    • Scarry, E. (March 31, 2005). Five errors in the reasoning of Alan Dershowitz. The Commission on Intelligence Capacities of the United States on Weapons of Mass Destruction. Washington, DC.
    • (2005) Five errors in the reasoning of Alan Dershowitz
    • Scarry, E.1
  • 135
    • 0004225295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Actual innocence
    • New York Signet.
    • Scheck, B., Neufeld, P., & Dwyer, J. (2001). Actual innocence. New York Signet.
    • (2001)
    • Scheck, B.1    Neufeld, P.2    Dwyer, J.3
  • 136
    • 79251478529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Standard operating procedure
    • October 25
    • Scherer, M., & Benjamin, M. (October 25, 2003). Standard operating procedure. Salon.com.
    • (2003) Salon.com
    • Scherer, M.1    Benjamin, M.2
  • 137
    • 34548801471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire: Adapting a cross-cultural instrument for measuring torture, trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in Iraqui refugees
    • Shoeb, M., Weinstein, H. M., & Mollica, R. F. (2007). The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire: Adapting a cross-cultural instrument for measuring torture, trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in Iraqui refugees. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 53(5), 447-463.
    • (2007) International Journal of Social Psychiatry , vol.53 , Issue.5 , pp. 447-463
    • Shoeb, M.1    Weinstein, H.M.2    Mollica, R.F.3
  • 138
    • 33847013324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Screening for depression and PTSD in a Cambodian population unaffected by war: Comparing the Hopkins Symptom Checklist and Harvard Trauma Questionnaire with the Structured Clinical Interview
    • Silove, D. M., Manicavasagar, V. L., Mollica, R. F., Thai, M., Khiek, Do., Lavelle, J., & Tor, S. (2007). Screening for depression and PTSD in a Cambodian population unaffected by war: Comparing the Hopkins Symptom Checklist and Harvard Trauma Questionnaire with the Structured Clinical Interview. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195(2), 152-157.
    • (2007) Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , vol.195 , Issue.2 , pp. 152-157
    • Silove, D.M.1    Manicavasagar, V.L.2    Mollica, R.F.3    Thai, M.4    Khiek, D.5    Lavelle, J.6    Tor, S.7
  • 139
    • 0036144134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of torture on post-traumatic stress symptoms in war-affected Tamil refugees and immigrants
    • Silove, D. M., Steel, Z., McGorry, P. D., Miles, V., & Drobny, J. (2002). The impact of torture on post-traumatic stress symptoms in war-affected Tamil refugees and immigrants. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 43, 49-55.
    • (2002) Comprehensive Psychiatry , vol.43 , pp. 49-55
    • Silove, D.M.1    Steel, Z.2    McGorry, P.D.3    Miles, V.4    Drobny, J.5
  • 140
    • 51049085826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complex trauma of war captivity: A prospective study of attachment and post-traumatic stress disorder
    • Solomon, Z., Dekel, R., & Mikulincer, M. (2008). Complex trauma of war captivity: A prospective study of attachment and post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychological Medicine, 38, 1427-1434.
    • (2008) Psychological Medicine , vol.38 , pp. 1427-1434
    • Solomon, Z.1    Dekel, R.2    Mikulincer, M.3
  • 141
    • 79251528336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Doctors' involvement in torture
    • Sonntag, J. (2008). Doctors' involvement in torture. Torture, 18, 162-175.
    • (2008) Torture , vol.18 , pp. 162-175
    • Sonntag, J.1
  • 143
    • 0003444412 scopus 로고
    • The roots of evil: The origins of genocide and other group violence
    • New York Cambridge University Press.
    • Staub, E. (1989). The roots of evil: The origins of genocide and other group violence. New York Cambridge University Press.
    • (1989)
    • Staub, E.1
  • 144
    • 68349113736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of torture and other potentially traumatic events with mental helath outcomes among populations exposed to mass conflict and displacement
    • August 6.
    • Steel, Z., Chey, T., Silove, D., Marnane, C., Bryant, R. A., & Van Ommeren, M. (August 6, 2009). Association of torture and other potentially traumatic events with mental helath outcomes among populations exposed to mass conflict and displacement. Journal of the American Medical Association, 302(5), 537-549.
    • (2009) Journal of the American Medical Association , vol.302 , Issue.5 , pp. 537-549
    • Steel, Z.1    Chey, T.2    Silove, D.3    Marnane, C.4    Bryant, R.A.5    Van Ommeren, M.6
  • 145
    • 0037027081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term effect of psychological trauma on the mental health of Vietnamese refugees resettled in Australia: A population-based study
    • Steel, Z., Silove, D. M., Phan, T., & Bauman, A. (2002). Long-term effect of psychological trauma on the mental health of Vietnamese refugees resettled in Australia: A population-based study. Lancet, 360, 1056-1062.
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.360 , pp. 1056-1062
    • Steel, Z.1    Silove, D.M.2    Phan, T.3    Bauman, A.4
  • 146
    • 79251524315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How the FBI let 9/11 happen: The smoldering gun was right there all the time
    • Taylor, J. (June 2006). How the FBI let 9/11 happen: The smoldering gun was right there all the time. Reason, 14-26.
    • (2006) Reason , pp. 14-26
    • Taylor, J.1
  • 148
    • 33644628085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Segmented hippocampal volume in children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Tupler, L. A., & De Bellis, M. D. (2006). Segmented hippocampal volume in children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 59, 523-529.
    • (2006) Biological Psychiatry , vol.59 , pp. 523-529
    • Tupler, L.A.1    De Bellis, M.D.2
  • 149
    • 34247136562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emotional reactions to torture and organized state violence. The National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
    • Spring
    • Turner, S. (Spring 2004). Emotional reactions to torture and organized state violence. The National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: PTSD Research Quarterly, 15, 1-7.
    • (2004) PTSD Research Quarterly , vol.15 , pp. 1-7
    • Turner, S.1
  • 150
    • 33745221657 scopus 로고
    • Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
    • United Nations. (, 1987). Retrieved May 7, 2008 from
    • United Nations. (1984, 1987). Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. Retrieved May 7, 2008 from.
    • (1984)
  • 151
    • 0003679872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society
    • In B. A. Van Der Kolk, A. C. McFarlane & L. Weisaeth (Eds.), New York Guilford Press.
    • Van Der Kolk, B. A., Van der Hart, O., & Marmar, C. R. (1996). Dissociation and information processing in posttraumatic stress disorder. In B. A. Van Der Kolk, A. C. McFarlane & L. Weisaeth (Eds.), Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society (pp. 303-327). New York Guilford Press.
    • (1996) Dissociation and information processing in posttraumatic stress disorder , pp. 303-327
    • Van Der Kolk, B.A.1    Van der Hart, O.2    Marmar, C.R.3
  • 154
    • 4444271720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why professionals fail to catch liars and how they can improve
    • Vrij, A. (2004). Why professionals fail to catch liars and how they can improve. Legal and Criminal Psychology, 9, 159-181.
    • (2004) Legal and Criminal Psychology , vol.9 , pp. 159-181
    • Vrij, A.1
  • 155
    • 0035528666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Who killed my relative? Police officers' ability to detect real-life high-stake lies
    • Vrij, A., & Mann, S. (2001). Who killed my relative? Police officers' ability to detect real-life high-stake lies. Psychology, Crime, and Law, 7, 119-132.
    • (2001) Psychology, Crime, and Law , vol.7 , pp. 119-132
    • Vrij, A.1    Mann, S.2
  • 156
    • 9744234613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Becoming evil: How ordinary people commit genocide and mass killing
    • New York Oxford University Press.
    • Waller, J. (2002). Becoming evil: How ordinary people commit genocide and mass killing. New York Oxford University Press.
    • (2002)
    • Waller, J.1
  • 158
    • 0003663084 scopus 로고
    • Pearl Harbor: Warning and decision
    • Palo Alto, CA Stanford University Press.
    • Wohlstetter, R. (1962). Pearl Harbor: Warning and decision. Palo Alto, CA Stanford University Press.
    • (1962)
    • Wohlstetter, R.1
  • 159
    • 27744453580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emerging neurotechnologies for lie-detection: Promises and perils
    • Wolpe, P. R., Foster, K. R., & Langleben, D. D. (2005). Emerging neurotechnologies for lie-detection: Promises and perils. American Journal of Bioethics, 5, 39-49.
    • (2005) American Journal of Bioethics , vol.5 , pp. 39-49
    • Wolpe, P.R.1    Foster, K.R.2    Langleben, D.D.3
  • 160
    • 0003657512 scopus 로고
    • The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioral disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic and guidelines
    • World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland World Health Organization.
    • World Health Organization. (1992). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioral disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic and guidelines. Geneva, Switzerland World Health Organization.
    • (1992)
  • 162
    • 23444460440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The social psychology of good and evil
    • In A. G. Miller (Ed.), New York Guilford.
    • Zimbardo, P. (2004). A situationist perspective on the psychology of evil. In A. G. Miller (Ed.), The social psychology of good and evil (pp. 21-50). New York Guilford.
    • (2004) A situationist perspective on the psychology of evil , pp. 21-50
    • Zimbardo, P.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.