The policy context of torture: A social-psychoioqical analysis

International Review of the Red Cross

Volumn 87, Issue 857, 2005, Pages 123-134

  Kelman, Herbert C ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 38349016153     PISSN: 18163831     EISSN: 16075889     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1816383100181214     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Seymour Hersh, “Torture at Abu Ghraib”, The New Yorker, Vol. 80, No. 11, 2004, pp. 42–47
2. Seymour Hersh, “Chain of command”, The New Yorker, Vol. 80, No. 12, 2004, p. 38–43.
3. See Seymour Hersh, My Lai 4: A Report on the Massacre and its Aftermath, Vintage Books, New York, 1970
4. Seymour Hersh, Cover-up, Random House, New York, 1972.
5. Herbert C. Kelman and Lee H. Lawrence [V. Lee Hamilton], “Assignment of responsibility in the case of Lt. Calley: Preliminary report on a national survey”, Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 28, No. 1, 1972, pp. 177–212
6. Herbert C. Kelman and V. Lee Hamilton, “Availability for violence: A study of U.S. public reactions to the trial of Lt. Calley” in: Joseph D. Ben-Dak (ed.), The Future of Collective Violence: Societal and International Perspectives, Studentlitteratur, Lund, Sweden, 1974, pp. 125–142.
7. For relevant documentation, see Mark Danner, Torture and Truth: America, Abu Ghraib, and the War on Terror, New York Review Books, New York, 2004
8. Steven Strasser, The Abu Ghraib Investigations: The Official Independent Panel and Pentagon Reports on the Shocking Prisoner Abuse in Iraq, PublicAffairs, New York, 2004.
9. The most recent disclosures were in documents obtained and released by the American Civil Liberties Union, including FBI reports that describe severe abuses of prisoners and highly coercive methods of interrogation, going back to Guantánamo Bay in 2002. Some of the FBI agents submitting these field reports expressed the belief that the tactics they observed (and considered both objectionable and unproductive) had high-level approval, coming from the Pentagon and/or the White House. Cf. Kate Zernike, “Newly released reports show early concern on prison abuse”, New York Times, 6 January 2005, pp. A1 and A18.
10. J. Herman Burgers and Hans Danelius, The United Nations Convention against Torture: A Handbook on the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London, 1988, pp. 177–8.
11. Herbert C. Kelman and V. Lee Hamilton, Crimes of Obedience: Toward a Social Psychology of Authority and Responsibility, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1989, p. 46.
12. Crimes of Obedience: Toward a Social Psychology of Authority and Responsibility, p. 50.
13. Burgers and Danelius, Crimes of Obedience: Toward a Social Psychology of Authority and Responsibility (note 6), p. 178.
14. See Kelman and Hamilton, 1989, Crimes of Obedience: Toward a Social Psychology of Authority and Responsibility (note 7), chs. 11 and 12.
15. Berto Jongman, “Why some States kill and torture while others do not”, PIOOM Newsletter, 1991, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 8–11.
16. Edward Peters, Torture, Basil Blackwell, New York and London, 1985.
17. Wolfgang S. Heinz, “The military, torture and human rights: Experiences from Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay”, in Ronald D. Crelinsten and Alex P. Schmid (eds.), The Politics of Pain: Torturers and their Masters, COMT, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands, 1993, pp. 73–108.
18. Martin Shaw, War and Genocide: Organized Killing in Modern Society, Polity Press, Cambridge, UK, 2003.
19. H. Radtke, “Torture as an illegal means of control”, in Franz Bockle and Jacques Pohier (eds.), The Death Penalty and Torture, Seabury Press, New York, 1979, pp. 3–15
20. Janice T. Gibson, “Factors contributing to the creation of a torturer”, in Peter Suedfeld (ed.), Psychology and Torture, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, 1990, pp. 77–88.
21. Radtke, Psychology and Torture (note 15)
22. see also Ronald D. Crelinsten, “In their own words: The world of the torturer”, in Ronald D. Crelinsten and Alex P. Schmid (eds.), The Polities of Pain: Torturers and their Masters. COMT, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands, 1993, pp. 39–72.
23. Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, 12 August 1949
24. Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, 12 August 1949.
25. Herbert C. Kelman, “Violence without moral restraints: Reflections on the dehumanization of victims and victimizers”, journal of Social Issues, Vol. 29, No. 4, 1973, pp. 25–61
26. Kelman and Hamilton, 1989, journal of Social Issues (note 7).
27. Gibson, journal of Social Issues (note 15).
28. Stephen V. Faraone, “Psychology's role in the campaign to abolish torture: Can individuals and organizations make a difference?”, in Peter Suedfeld (ed.), Psychology and Torture, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, 1990, pp. 185–193.
29. See also Jean Maria Arrigo, “A utilitarian argument against torture interrogation of terrorists”, Science and Engineering Ethics, Vol. 10, No. 3, 2004, pp. 543–572.
30. See, for example, M. Gregg Bloche and Jonathan H. Marks, “When doctors go to war”, The New England journal of Medicine, Vol. 29, No. 1, 6 January 2005, pp. 3–6.
31. Peters, The New England journal of Medicine (note 12).
32. Radtke, The New England journal of Medicine (note 15).
33. Peters, The New England journal of Medicine (note 12).
34. Heinz, The New England journal of Medicine (note 13).