메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 63, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 179-188

Antioxidant multi-walled carbon nanotubes by free radical grafting of gallic acid: New materials for biomedical applications

Author keywords

antioxidant materials; carbon nanotubes; gallic acid; radical grafting

Indexed keywords

1,1 DIPHENYL 2 PICRYLHYDRAZYL; ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; CARBON; CARBON NANOTUBE; FREE RADICAL; GALLIC ACID; HYDROXYL RADICAL; PEROXY RADICAL;

EID: 78751514621     PISSN: 00223573     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2010.01211.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (69)

References (58)
  • 1
    • 0032167918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antigenicity of fullerenes: Antibodies specific for fullerenes and their characteristics
    • Chen BX, et al. Antigenicity of fullerenes: antibodies specific for fullerenes and their characteristics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 10809-10813.
    • (1998) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.95 , pp. 10809-10813
    • Chen, B.X.1
  • 2
    • 0038033665 scopus 로고
    • Single-shell carbon nanotubes of 1-nm diameter
    • Iijima S, Ichihashi T,. Single-shell carbon nanotubes of 1-nm diameter. Nature 1993; 363: 603-605.
    • (1993) Nature , vol.363 , pp. 603-605
    • Iijima, S.1    Ichihashi, T.2
  • 3
    • 0342819025 scopus 로고
    • Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon
    • Iijima S,. Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nature 1991; 354: 56-58.
    • (1991) Nature , vol.354 , pp. 56-58
    • Iijima, S.1
  • 4
    • 0037012846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct synthesis of long single-walled carbon nanotube strands
    • Zhu HW, et al. Direct synthesis of long single-walled carbon nanotube strands. Science 2002; 296: 884-886.
    • (2002) Science , vol.296 , pp. 884-886
    • Zhu, H.W.1
  • 5
    • 49649113099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon nanotubes as functional excipients for nanomedicines: I. pharmaceutical properties
    • Foldvari M, Bagonluri M,. Carbon nanotubes as functional excipients for nanomedicines: I. pharmaceutical properties. Nanomedicine 2008; 4: 173-182.
    • (2008) Nanomedicine , vol.4 , pp. 173-182
    • Foldvari, M.1    Bagonluri, M.2
  • 6
    • 0242523819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can Carbon Nanotubes Be Considered Useful Tools for Biological Applications?
    • Bianco A, Prato M,. Can Carbon Nanotubes Be Considered Useful Tools for Biological Applications? Adv Mater 2003; 15: 1765-1768.
    • (2003) Adv Mater , vol.15 , pp. 1765-1768
    • Bianco, A.1    Prato, M.2
  • 7
    • 0037967030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Noncovalent functionalization of carbon nanotubes for highly specific electronic biosensors
    • Chen RJ, et al. Noncovalent functionalization of carbon nanotubes for highly specific electronic biosensors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 100: 4984-4989.
    • (2002) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.100 , pp. 4984-4989
    • Chen, R.J.1
  • 8
    • 0242441649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization based on carbon-nanotubes loaded with CdS tags
    • Wang J, et al. Electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization based on carbon-nanotubes loaded with CdS tags. Electrochem Commun 2003; 5: 1000-1004.
    • (2003) Electrochem Commun , vol.5 , pp. 1000-1004
    • Wang, J.1
  • 9
    • 0142138250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nanoparticles for bioanalysis
    • Penn SG, et al. Nanoparticles for bioanalysis. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2003; 7: 609-615.
    • (2003) Curr Opin Chem Biol , vol.7 , pp. 609-615
    • Penn, S.G.1
  • 10
    • 0037048712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smart nanotubes for bioseparations and biocatalysis
    • Mitchell DT,. Smart nanotubes for bioseparations and biocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124: 11864-11865.
    • (2002) J Am Chem Soc , vol.124 , pp. 11864-11865
    • Mitchell, D.T.1
  • 11
    • 0346118922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Single-walled carbon nanotubes are a new class of ion channel blockers
    • Park KH,. Single-walled carbon nanotubes are a new class of ion channel blockers. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 50212-50216.
    • (2003) J Biol Chem , vol.278 , pp. 50212-50216
    • Park, K.H.1
  • 12
    • 34547511895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon nanomaterials in biological systems
    • Ke PC, Qiao R,. Carbon nanomaterials in biological systems. J Phys Condens Matter 2007; 19: 373101-373126.
    • (2007) J Phys Condens Matter , vol.19 , pp. 373101-373126
    • Ke, P.C.1    Qiao, R.2
  • 13
    • 1642540193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Translocation of bioactive peptides across cell membranes by carbon nanotubes
    • Pantarotto D, et al. Translocation of bioactive peptides across cell membranes by carbon nanotubes. Chem Commun 2004; 10: 16-17.
    • (2004) Chem Commun , vol.10 , pp. 16-17
    • Pantarotto, D.1
  • 14
    • 1642528413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemically functionalized carbon nanotubes as substrates for neuronal growth
    • Hu H, et al. Chemically functionalized carbon nanotubes as substrates for neuronal growth. Nano Lett 2004; 4: 507-511.
    • (2004) Nano Lett , vol.4 , pp. 507-511
    • Hu, H.1
  • 15
    • 1642412621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrasensitive electrical biosensing of proteins and DNA: Carbon-nanotube derived amplification of the recognition and transduction events
    • Wang J, et al. Ultrasensitive electrical biosensing of proteins and DNA: carbon-nanotube derived amplification of the recognition and transduction events. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126: 3010-3011.
    • (2004) J Am Chem Soc , vol.126 , pp. 3010-3011
    • Wang, J.1
  • 16
    • 45149083415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon nanotube based biomedical agents for heating, temperature sensoring and drug delivery
    • Klingeler R, et al. Carbon nanotube based biomedical agents for heating, temperature sensoring and drug delivery. Int J Hyperthermia 2008; 24: 496-505.
    • (2008) Int J Hyperthermia , vol.24 , pp. 496-505
    • Klingeler, R.1
  • 17
    • 42949087400 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon nanotubes filled with a chemotherapeutic agent: A nanocarrier mediates inhibition of tumor cell growth
    • Hampel S, et al. Carbon nanotubes filled with a chemotherapeutic agent: a nanocarrier mediates inhibition of tumor cell growth. Nanomedicine 2008; 3: 175-182.
    • (2008) Nanomedicine , vol.3 , pp. 175-182
    • Hampel, S.1
  • 18
    • 33846929427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cellular uptake of functionalized carbon nanotubes is independent of functional group and cell type
    • Kostarelos K, et al. Cellular uptake of functionalized carbon nanotubes is independent of functional group and cell type. Nat Nanotechnol 2007; 2: 108-113.
    • (2007) Nat Nanotechnol , vol.2 , pp. 108-113
    • Kostarelos, K.1
  • 19
    • 0141594997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The potential environmental impact of engineered nanomaterials
    • Colvin VL,. The potential environmental impact of engineered nanomaterials. Nat Biotechnol 2003; 21: 1166-1170.
    • (2003) Nat Biotechnol , vol.21 , pp. 1166-1170
    • Colvin, V.L.1
  • 20
    • 59949096454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction of mesothelioma by a single intrascrotal administration of multi-walled carbon nanotube in intact male Fisher 344 rats
    • Sakamoto Y, et al. Induction of mesothelioma by a single intrascrotal administration of multi-walled carbon nanotube in intact male Fisher 344 rats. J Toxicol Sci 2009; 1: 65-76.
    • (2009) J Toxicol Sci , vol.1 , pp. 65-76
    • Sakamoto, Y.1
  • 21
    • 77952882503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon nanotubes induce inflammation but decrease the production of reactive oxygen species in lung
    • Crouzier D, et al. Carbon nanotubes induce inflammation but decrease the production of reactive oxygen species in lung. Toxicology 2010; 272: 39-45.
    • (2010) Toxicology , vol.272 , pp. 39-45
    • Crouzier, D.1
  • 22
    • 46749153312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon nanotubes introduced into the abdominal cavity of mice show asbestos-like pathogenicity in a pilot study
    • Poland CA, et al. Carbon nanotubes introduced into the abdominal cavity of mice show asbestos-like pathogenicity in a pilot study. Nature Nanotechnol 2008; 3: 423-428.
    • (2008) Nature Nanotechnol , vol.3 , pp. 423-428
    • Poland, C.A.1
  • 23
    • 34948864395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dietary polyphenols and their biological significance
    • Han X, et al. Dietary polyphenols and their biological significance. Int J Mol Sci 2007; 8: 950-988.
    • (2007) Int J Mol Sci , vol.8 , pp. 950-988
    • Han, X.1
  • 24
    • 0032874845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glutathione and glutathione-dependent enzymes represent a co-ordinately regulated defence against oxidative stress
    • Hayes JD, McLellan LI,. Glutathione and glutathione-dependent enzymes represent a co-ordinately regulated defence against oxidative stress. Free Radic Res 1999; 31: 273-300.
    • (1999) Free Radic Res , vol.31 , pp. 273-300
    • Hayes, J.D.1    McLellan, L.I.2
  • 25
    • 34250172404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Iron (III) chelation and antioxidant properties of myo-inositol phosphorylated polymeric microspheres
    • Iemma F, et al. Iron (III) chelation and antioxidant properties of myo-inositol phosphorylated polymeric microspheres. J Pharm Pharmacol 2007; 59: 597-601.
    • (2007) J Pharm Pharmacol , vol.59 , pp. 597-601
    • Iemma, F.1
  • 26
    • 84940561205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of gallic acid in paracetamol-induced liver damage in mice
    • Rasool MK, et al. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of gallic acid in paracetamol-induced liver damage in mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 5: 638-643.
    • (2010) J Pharm Pharmacol , vol.5 , pp. 638-643
    • Rasool, M.K.1
  • 27
    • 0030775750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relative bioavailability of the antioxidant flavonoid quercetin from various foods in man
    • Hollman PC, et al. Relative bioavailability of the antioxidant flavonoid quercetin from various foods in man. FEBS Lett 1997; 418: 152-156.
    • (1997) FEBS Lett , vol.418 , pp. 152-156
    • Hollman, P.C.1
  • 28
    • 0033852366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing antioxidant and prooxidant activities of phenolic compounds
    • Fukumoto LR, Mazza G,. Assessing antioxidant and prooxidant activities of phenolic compounds. J Agric Food Chem 2000; 48: 3597-3604.
    • (2000) J Agric Food Chem , vol.48 , pp. 3597-3604
    • Fukumoto, L.R.1    Mazza, G.2
  • 29
    • 0000985240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Survey of catechins, gallic acid, and methylxanthines in green, oolong, pu-erh, and black teas
    • Lin JK, et al. Survey of catechins, gallic acid, and methylxanthines in green, oolong, pu-erh, and black teas. J Agric Food Chem 1998; 46: 3635-3642.
    • (1998) J Agric Food Chem , vol.46 , pp. 3635-3642
    • Lin, J.K.1
  • 30
    • 16244372709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synthesis of a novel plant growth promoter from gallic acid
    • Negi AS, et al. Synthesis of a novel plant growth promoter from gallic acid. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15: 1243-1247.
    • (2005) Bioorg Med Chem Lett , vol.15 , pp. 1243-1247
    • Negi, A.S.1
  • 31
    • 47949121042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biological functions of a synthetic compound, octadeca-9,12-dienyl-3,4,5- hydroxybenzoate, from gallic acid-linoleic acid ester
    • Jang A, et al. Biological functions of a synthetic compound, octadeca-9,12-dienyl-3,4,5-hydroxybenzoate, from gallic acid-linoleic acid ester. Food Chem 2009; 112: 369-373.
    • (2009) Food Chem , vol.112 , pp. 369-373
    • Jang, A.1
  • 32
    • 0033992650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isocratic elution system for the determination of catechins, caffeine and gallic acid in green tea using HPLC
    • Wang H, et al. Isocratic elution system for the determination of catechins, caffeine and gallic acid in green tea using HPLC. Food Chem 2000; 68: 115-121.
    • (2000) Food Chem , vol.68 , pp. 115-121
    • Wang, H.1
  • 33
    • 34547240648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rhenium-catalyzed growth carbon nanotubes
    • Ritschel M, et al. Rhenium-catalyzed growth carbon nanotubes. J Phys Chem C 2007; 111: 8414-8417.
    • (2007) J Phys Chem C , vol.111 , pp. 8414-8417
    • Ritschel, M.1
  • 34
    • 0030637864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IRAG working group 2. CAM-based assays. Interagency Regulatory Alternatives Group
    • Spielmann H, et al. IRAG working group 2. CAM-based assays. Interagency Regulatory Alternatives Group. Food Chem Toxicol 1997; 35: 39-66.
    • (1997) Food Chem Toxicol , vol.35 , pp. 39-66
    • Spielmann, H.1
  • 35
    • 33847099156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Cortex fraxini and use in peanut oil
    • DOI 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.09.044, PII S0308814606007680
    • Pan Y, et al. Antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Cortex fraxini and use in peanut oil. Food Chem 2007; 103: 913-918. (Pubitemid 46283239)
    • (2007) Food Chemistry , vol.103 , Issue.3 , pp. 913-918
    • Pan, Y.1    Zhu, J.2    Wang, H.3    Zhang, X.4    Zhang, Y.5    He, C.6    Ji, X.7    Li, H.8
  • 36
    • 0344348886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: Specific application to the determination of vitamin e
    • Prieto P, et al. Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: specific application to the determination of vitamin E. Anal Biochem 1997; 269: 337-341.
    • (1997) Anal Biochem , vol.269 , pp. 337-341
    • Prieto, P.1
  • 37
    • 34147119075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant and free radical scavenging potential of Achillea santolina extracts
    • Ardestani A, Yazdanparast R,. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging potential of Achillea santolina extracts. Food Chem 2007; 104: 21-29.
    • (2007) Food Chem , vol.104 , pp. 21-29
    • Ardestani, A.1    Yazdanparast, R.2
  • 38
    • 0030858439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant and prooxidant properties of captopril and enalapril
    • Bartosz M, et al. Antioxidant and prooxidant properties of captopril and enalapril. Free Radic Biol Med 1997; 23: 729-735.
    • (1997) Free Radic Biol Med , vol.23 , pp. 729-735
    • Bartosz, M.1
  • 39
    • 2942578071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Total antioxidant activity and phenolic content in selected vegetables
    • Ismail A, et al. Total antioxidant activity and phenolic content in selected vegetables. Food Chem 2004; 87: 581-586.
    • (2004) Food Chem , vol.87 , pp. 581-586
    • Ismail, A.1
  • 40
    • 34848848083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acetylcholinesterase inhibition by flavonoids from Agrimonia pilosa
    • Park M, Jung M,. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition by flavonoids from Agrimonia pilosa. Molecules 2007; 12: 2130-2139.
    • (2007) Molecules , vol.12 , pp. 2130-2139
    • Park, M.1    Jung, M.2
  • 42
    • 0035813855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sidewall functionalization of carbon nanotubes
    • Holzinger M, et al. Sidewall functionalization of carbon nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Edit 2001; 40: 4002-4005.
    • (2001) Angew Chem Int Edit , vol.40 , pp. 4002-4005
    • Holzinger, M.1
  • 43
    • 56349137655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel approach of in situ grafting polyamide 6 to the surface of multi-walled carbon nanotubes
    • Yan D, Yang G,. A novel approach of in situ grafting polyamide 6 to the surface of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Mat Lett 2009; 63: 298-300.
    • (2009) Mat Lett , vol.63 , pp. 298-300
    • Yan, D.1    Yang, G.2
  • 44
    • 0001439545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemical functionalization of carbon nanotubes through energetic radical collisions
    • Ni B, Sinnott SB,. Chemical functionalization of carbon nanotubes through energetic radical collisions. Phys Rev B 2000; 61: R16343-R16346.
    • (2000) Phys Rev B , vol.61
    • Ni, B.1    Sinnott, S.B.2
  • 45
    • 57849109575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synthesis of methacrylic-ferulic acid copolymer with antioxidant properties by single-step free radical polymerization
    • Puoci F, et al. Synthesis of methacrylic-ferulic acid copolymer with antioxidant properties by single-step free radical polymerization. J Agric Food Chem 2008; 56: 10646-10650.
    • (2008) J Agric Food Chem , vol.56 , pp. 10646-10650
    • Puoci, F.1
  • 46
    • 33847728333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High molecular weight poly(butyl methacrylate) by reverse atom transfer radical polymerization in miniemulsion initiated by a redox system
    • Simms RW, Cunningham MF,. High molecular weight poly(butyl methacrylate) by reverse atom transfer radical polymerization in miniemulsion initiated by a redox system. Macromolecules 2007; 40: 860-866.
    • (2007) Macromolecules , vol.40 , pp. 860-866
    • Simms, R.W.1    Cunningham, M.F.2
  • 47
    • 38349175746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alternative methods for eye and skin irritation tests: An overview
    • Vinardell MP, Mitjans M,. Alternative methods for eye and skin irritation tests: an overview. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97: 46-59.
    • (2008) J Pharm Sci , vol.97 , pp. 46-59
    • Vinardell, M.P.1    Mitjans, M.2
  • 48
    • 0004752034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ocular irritation
    • In: Castle J.V., Gomez M.J., eds. San Diego, CA: Academic Press
    • Spielmann H,. Ocular irritation. In:, Castle JV, Gomez MJ, eds. In Vitro Methods in Pharmaceutical Research. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1997: 265-287.
    • (1997) In Vitro Methods in Pharmaceutical Research , pp. 265-287
    • Spielmann, H.1
  • 49
    • 77950525080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validating and troubleshooting ocular in vitro toxicology tests
    • Barile FA,. Validating and troubleshooting ocular in vitro toxicology tests. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2010; 61: 136-145.
    • (2010) J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods , vol.61 , pp. 136-145
    • Barile, F.A.1
  • 50
    • 0036836371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The chick chorioallantoic membrane as a novel in vivo model for the testing of biomaterials
    • Valdes TI, et al. The chick chorioallantoic membrane as a novel in vivo model for the testing of biomaterials. J Biomed Mater Res 2002; 62: 273-282.
    • (2002) J Biomed Mater Res , vol.62 , pp. 273-282
    • Valdes, T.I.1
  • 51
    • 67349194262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of polymer viscosity on physicochemical properties and ocular tolerance of FB-loaded PLGA nanospheres
    • AraÃjo J, et al. Effect of polymer viscosity on physicochemical properties and ocular tolerance of FB-loaded PLGA nanospheres. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2009; 72: 48-56.
    • (2009) Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces , vol.72 , pp. 48-56
    • Araãjo, J.1
  • 52
    • 77951656501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experiences with the HET-CAM method in the routine testing of a broad variety of chemicals and formulations
    • Schrage A, et al. Experiences with the HET-CAM method in the routine testing of a broad variety of chemicals and formulations. Altern Lab Anim 2010; 38: 39-52.
    • (2010) Altern Lab Anim , vol.38 , pp. 39-52
    • Schrage, A.1
  • 53
    • 77949917853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sparfloxacin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles for sustained ocular drug delivery
    • Gupta H, et al. Sparfloxacin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles for sustained ocular drug delivery. Nanomedicine 2010; 6: 324-333.
    • (2010) Nanomedicine , vol.6 , pp. 324-333
    • Gupta, H.1
  • 54
    • 76649132964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methyl trypsin loaded poly(D,L-Lactide-Coglycolide) nanoparticles for contact lens care
    • Jimenez N, et al. Methyl trypsin loaded poly(D,L-Lactide-Coglycolide) nanoparticles for contact lens care. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99: 1414-1426.
    • (2010) J Pharm Sci , vol.99 , pp. 1414-1426
    • Jimenez, N.1
  • 55
    • 68349141699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influences of opioids and nanoparticles on in vitro wound healing models
    • Wolf NB, et al. Influences of opioids and nanoparticles on in vitro wound healing models. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2009; 73: 34-42.
    • (2009) Eur J Pharm Biopharm , vol.73 , pp. 34-42
    • Wolf, N.B.1
  • 56
    • 14744270937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Towards the rational design of cereal starches
    • Morell MK, Myers AM,. Towards the rational design of cereal starches. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2005; 8: 204-210.
    • (2005) Curr Opin Plant Biol , vol.8 , pp. 204-210
    • Morell, M.K.1    Myers, A.M.2
  • 57
    • 34548284434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant and free radical-scavenging activities of chickpea protein hydrolysate (CPH)
    • Li Y, et al. Antioxidant and free radical-scavenging activities of chickpea protein hydrolysate (CPH). Food Chem 2008; 106: 444-450.
    • (2008) Food Chem , vol.106 , pp. 444-450
    • Li, Y.1
  • 58
    • 33747286388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emerging role of polyphenolic compounds in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases: A review of their intracellular targets
    • Ramassamy C,. Emerging role of polyphenolic compounds in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases: a review of their intracellular targets. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 545: 51-64.
    • (2006) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.545 , pp. 51-64
    • Ramassamy, C.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.