Regulation of hepatic blood flow: The hepatic arterial buffer response revisited

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 16, Issue 48, 2010, Pages 6046-6057

  Eipel, Christian ^a   Abshagen, Kerstin ^a   Vollmar, Brigitte ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK   (Germany)

Author keywords

Hepatic arterial buffer response; Hepatic blood flow; Liver

Indexed keywords

ALPHA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; ENDOTOXIN; NITRIC OXIDE; NITROPRUSSIDE SODIUM;

BLOOD VOLUME; CARDIOVASCULAR AUTOREGULATION; ENDOTOXEMIA; HEPATIC ARTERIAL BUFFER RESPONSE; HEPATIC ARTERY; HEPATITIS; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY; LIVER BLOOD FLOW; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER FIBROSIS; LIVER RESECTION; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; NONHUMAN; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; PORTAL HYPERTENSION; REVIEW; VASCULAR SURGERY;

EID: 78650779272     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i48.6046     Document Type: Review

References (142)

1. Vollmar B, Menger MD. The hepatic microcirculation: mechanistic contributions and therapeutic targets in liver injury and repair. Physiol Rev 2009; 89: 1269-1339
2. Schenk WG Jr, McDonald JC, McDonald K, Drapanas T. Direct measurement of hepatic blood flow in surgical patients: with related observations on hepatic flow dynamics in experimental animals. Ann Surg 1962; 156: 463-471
3. Rappaport AM. Hepatic blood flow: morphologic aspects and physiologic regulation. Int Rev Physiol 1980; 21: 1-63
4. Greenway CV, Stark RD. Hepatic vascular bed. Physiol Rev 1971; 51: 23-65
5. Balfour DC Jr, Reynolds TB, Levinson DC, Mikkelsen WP, Pattison AC. Hepatic vein pressure studies for evaluation of intrahepatic portal hypertension. AMA Arch Surg 1954; 68: 442-447
6. Atkinson M, Sherlock S. Intrasplenic pressure as index of portal venous pressure. Lancet 1954; 266: 1325-1327
7. Lautt WW. Hepatic vasculature: a conceptual review. Gastroenterology 1977; 73: 1163-1169
8. Lautt WW, Greenway CV. Hepatic venous compliance and role of liver as a blood reservoir. Am J Physiol 1976; 231: 292-295
9. Lautt WW. Regulatory processes interacting to maintain hepatic blood flow constancy: Vascular compliance, hepatic arterial buffer response, hepatorenal reflex, liver regeneration, escape from vasoconstriction. Hepatol Res 2007; 37: 891-903
10. Lautt WW, Greenway CV. Conceptual review of the hepatic vascular bed. Hepatology 1987; 7: 952-963
11. Torrance HB. The control of the hepatic arterial circulation. J Physiol 1961; 158: 39-49
12. Messmer K, Brendel W, Devens K, Reulen HJ. [The pressure relationship of hepatic circulation] Pflugers Arch Gesamte Physiol Menschen Tiere 1966; 289: 75-90
13. Condon RE, Chapman ND, Nyhus LM, Harkins HN. Hepatic arterial and portal venous pressure-flow relationships in isolated, perfused liver. Am J Physiol 1962; 202: 1090-1094
14. Hanson KM. Dilator responses of the canine hepatic vasculature. Angiologica 1973; 10: 15-23
15. Hanson KM, Johnson PC. Local control of hepatic arterial and portal venous flow in the dog. Am J Physiol 1966; 211: 712-720
16. Ezzat WR, Lautt WW. Hepatic arterial pressure-flow autoregulation is adenosine mediated. Am J Physiol 1987; 252: H836-H845
17. Burton-Opitz R. The vascularity of the liver: the influence of the portal blood flow upon the flow in the hepatic artery. Q J Exp Physiol 1911; 4: 93-102
18. Lautt WW. Role and control of the hepatic artery. In: Lautt WW, editor. Hepatic circulation in health and disease. New York: Raven Press, 1981: 203-226
19. Lautt WW, Legare DJ, Ezzat WR. Quantitation of the hepatic arterial buffer response to graded changes in portal blood flow. Gastroenterology 1990; 98: 1024-1028
20. Jakab F, Ráth Z, Schmal F, Nagy P, Faller J. The interaction between hepatic arterial and portal venous blood flows; simultaneous measurement by transit time ultrasonic volume flowmetry. Hepatogastroenterology 1995; 42: 18-21
21. Ebbing C, Rasmussen S, Godfrey KM, Hanson MA, Kiserud T. Hepatic artery hemodynamics suggest operation of a buffer response in the human fetus. Reprod Sci 2008; 15: 166-178
22. Lautt WW. Relationship between hepatic blood flow and overall metabolism: the hepatic arterial buffer response. Fed Proc 1983; 42: 1662-1666
23. Lautt WW, Legare DJ, d'Almeida MS. Adenosine as putative regulator of hepatic arterial flow (the buffer response). Am J Physiol 1985; 248: H331-H338
24. Lautt WW. The hepatic artery: subservient to hepatic metabolism or guardian of normal hepatic clearance rates of humoral substances. Gen Pharmacol 1977; 8: 73-78
25. Bredfeldt JE, Riley EM, Groszmann RJ. Compensatory mech- anisms in response to an elevated hepatic oxygen consumption in chronically ethanol-fed rats. Am J Physiol 1985; 248: G507-G511
26. Lautt WW. Control of hepatic arterial blood flow: independence from liver metabolic activity. Am J Physiol 1980; 239: H559-H564
27. Legare DJ, Lautt WW. Hepatic venous resistance site in the dog: localization and validation of intrahepatic pressure measurements. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1987; 65: 352-359
28. Lautt WW, Legare DJ. The use of 8-phenyltheophylline as a competitive antagonist of adenosine and an inhibitor of the intrinsic regulatory mechanism of the hepatic artery. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1985; 63: 717-722
29. Richter S, Vollmar B, Mücke I, Post S, Menger MD. Hepatic arteriolo-portal venular shunting guarantees maintenance of nutritional microvascular supply in hepatic arterial buffer response of rat livers. J Physiol 2001; 531: 193-201
30. Browse DJ, Mathie RT, Benjamin IS, Alexander B. The role of ATP and adenosine in the control of hepatic blood flow in the rabbit liver in vivo. Comp Hepatol 2003; 2: 9
31. Browse DJ, Mathie RT, Benjamin IS, Alexander B. The transhepatic action of ATP on the hepatic arterial and portal venous vascular beds of the rabbit: the role of nitric oxide. Br J Pharmacol 1994; 113: 987-993
32. Browse DJ, Mathie RT, Benjamin IS, Alexander B. The action of ATP on the hepatic arterial and portal venous vascular networks of the rabbit liver: the role of adenosine. Eur J Pharmacol 1997; 320: 139-144
33. Mathie RT, Alexander B. The role of adenosine in the hyperaemic response of the hepatic artery to portal vein occlusion (the 'buffer response'). Br J Pharmacol 1990; 100: 626-630
34. Mathie RT, Ralevic V, Alexander B, Burnstock G. Nitric oxide is the mediator of ATP-induced dilatation of the rabbit hepatic arterial vascular bed. Br J Pharmacol 1991; 103: 1602-1606
35. Ralevic V, Mathie RT, Alexander B, Burnstock G. Characterization of P2X- and P2Y-purinoceptors in the rabbit hepatic arterial vasculature. Br J Pharmacol 1991; 103: 1108-1113
36. Pannen BH, Bauer M. Differential regulation of hepatic arterial and portal venous vascular resistance by nitric oxide and carbon monoxide in rats. Life Sci 1998; 62: 2025-2033
37. Grund F, Sommerschild HT, Winecoff A, Ujhelyi MR, Tønnessen T, Kirkebøen KA, Rutlen DL, Ilebekk A. Importance of nitric oxide in hepatic arterial blood flow and total hepatic blood volume regulation in pigs. Acta Physiol Scand 1997; 161: 303-309
38. Pannen BH. New insights into the regulation of hepatic blood flow after ischemia and reperfusion. Anesth Analg 2002; 94: 1448-1457
39. Zhao W, Wang R. H(2)S-induced vasorelaxation and underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002; 283: H474-H480
40. Siebert N, Cantré D, Eipel C, Vollmar B. H2S contributes to the hepatic arterial buffer response and mediates vasorelaxation of the hepatic artery via activation of K(ATP) channels. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 295: G1266-G1273
41. Biernat J, Pawlik WW, Sendur R, Dembiński A, Brzozowski T, Konturek SJ. Role of afferent nerves and sensory peptides in the mediation of hepatic artery buffer response. J Physiol Pharmacol 2005; 56: 133-145
42. Ishikawa M, Yamataka A, Kawamoto S, Balderson GA, Lynch SV. Hemodynamic changes in blood flow through the denervated liver in pigs. J Invest Surg 1995; 8: 95-100
43. Fausto N. Liver regeneration. J Hepatol 2000; 32: 19-31
44. Sato Y, Tsukada K, Hatakeyama K. Role of shear stress and immune responses in liver regeneration after a partial hepatectomy. Surg Today 1999; 29: 1-9
45. Schoen JM, Wang HH, Minuk GY, Lautt WW. Shear stressinduced nitric oxide release triggers the liver regeneration cascade. Nitric Oxide 2001; 5: 453-464
46. Nobuoka T, Mizuguchi T, Oshima H, Shibata T, Kimura Y, Mitaka T, Katsuramaki T, Hirata K. Portal blood flow regulates volume recovery of the rat liver after partial hepatectomy: molecular evaluation. Eur Surg Res 2006; 38: 522-532
47. Abshagen K, Eipel C, Kalff JC, Menger MD, Vollmar B. Kupffer cells are mandatory for adequate liver regeneration by mediating hyperperfusion via modulation of vasoactive proteins. Microcirculation 2008; 15: 37-47
48. Ito T, Kiuchi T, Yamamoto H, Oike F, Ogura Y, Fujimoto Y, Hirohashi K, Tanaka AK. Changes in portal venous pressure in the early phase after living donor liver transplantation: pathogenesis and clinical implications. Transplantation 2003; 75: 1313-1317
49. Man K, Fan ST, Lo CM, Liu CL, Fung PC, Liang TB, Lee TK, Tsui SH, Ng IO, Zhang ZW, Wong J. Graft injury in relation to graft size in right lobe live donor liver transplantation: a study of hepatic sinusoidal injury in correlation with portal hemodynamics and intragraft gene expression. Ann Surg 2003; 237: 256-264
50. Troisi R, Ricciardi S, Smeets P, Petrovic M, Van Maele G, Colle I, Van Vlierberghe H, de Hemptinne B. Effects of hemiportocaval shunts for inflow modulation on the outcome of small-for-size grafts in living donor liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 2005; 5: 1397-1404
51. Lo CM, Liu CL, Fan ST. Portal hyperperfusion injury as the cause of primary nonfunction in a small-for-size liver graftsuccessful treatment with splenic artery ligation. Liver Transpl 2003; 9: 626-628
52. Dahm F, Georgiev P, Clavien PA. Small-for-size syndrome after partial liver transplantation: definition, mechanisms of disease and clinical implications. Am J Transplant 2005; 5: 2605-2610
53. Glanemann M, Eipel C, Nussler AK, Vollmar B, Neuhaus P. Hyperperfusion syndrome in small-for-size livers. Eur Surg Res 2005; 37: 335-341
54. Demetris AJ, Kelly DM, Eghtesad B, Fontes P, Wallis Marsh J, Tom K, Tan HP, Shaw-Stiffel T, Boig L, Novelli P, Planinsic R, Fung JJ, Marcos A. Pathophysiologic observations and histopathologic recognition of the portal hyperperfusion or smallfor- size syndrome. Am J Surg Pathol 2006; 30: 986-993
55. Smyrniotis V, Kostopanagiotou G, Kondi A, Gamaletsos E, Theodoraki K, Kehagias D, Mystakidou K, Contis J. Hemodynamic interaction between portal vein and hepatic artery flow in small-for-size split liver transplantation. Transpl Int 2002; 15: 355-360
56. Marcos A, Fisher RA, Ham JM, Shiffman ML, Sanyal AJ, Luketic VA, Sterling RK, Posner MP. Right lobe living donor liver transplantation. Transplantation 1999; 68: 798-803
57. Marcos A, Olzinski AT, Ham JM, Fisher RA, Posner MP. The interrelationship between portal and arterial blood flow after adult to adult living donor liver transplantation. Transplantation 2000; 70: 1697-1703
58. Rocheleau B, Ethier C, Houle R, Huet PM, Bilodeau M. Hepatic artery buffer response following left portal vein ligation: its role in liver tissue homeostasis. Am J Physiol 1999; 277: G1000-G1007
59. Troisi R, de Hemptinne B. Clinical relevance of adapting portal vein flow in living donor liver transplantation in adult patients. Liver Transpl 2003; 9: S36-S41
60. Fondevila C, Hessheimer AJ, Taurá P, Sánchez O, Calatayud D, de Riva N, Muñoz J, Fuster J, Rimola A, García-Valdecasas JC. Portal hyperperfusion: mechanism of injury and stimulus for regeneration in porcine small-for-size transplantation. Liver Transpl 2010; 16: 364-374
61. Henderson JM, Gilmore GT, Mackay GJ, Galloway JR, Dodson TF, Kutner MH. Hemodynamics during liver transplantation: the interactions between cardiac output and portal venous and hepatic arterial flows. Hepatology 1992; 16: 715-718
62. Payen DM, Fratacci MD, Dupuy P, Gatecel C, Vigouroux C, Ozier Y, Houssin D, Chapuis Y. Portal and hepatic arterial blood flow measurements of human transplanted liver by implanted Doppler probes: interest for early complications and nutrition. Surgery 1990; 107: 417-427
63. Bolognesi M, Sacerdoti D, Bombonato G, Merkel C, Sartori G, Merenda R, Nava V, Angeli P, Feltracco P, Gatta A. Change in portal flow after liver transplantation: effect on hepatic arterial resistance indices and role of spleen size. Hepatology 2002; 35: 601-608
64. Lafortune M, Dauzat M, Pomier-Layrargues G, Gianfelice D, Lepanto L, Breton G, Marleau D, Dagenais M, Lapointe R. Hepatic artery: effect of a meal in healthy persons and transplant recipients. Radiology 1993; 187: 391-394
65. Valente JF, Alonso MH, Weber FL, Hanto DW. Late hepatic artery thrombosis in liver allograft recipients is associated with intrahepatic biliary necrosis. Transplantation 1996; 61: 61-65
66. Langnas AN, Marujo W, Stratta RJ, Wood RP, Shaw BW Jr. Vascular complications after orthotopic liver transplantation. Am J Surg 1991; 161: 76-82; discussion 82-83
67. Kelly DM, Zhu X, Shiba H, Irefin S, Trenti L, Cocieru A, Diago T, Wang LF, Quintini C, Chen Z, Alster J, Nakagawa S, Miller C, Demetris A, Fung JJ. Adenosine restores the hepatic artery buffer response and improves survival in a porcine model of small-for-size syndrome. Liver Transpl 2009; 15: 1448-1457
68. Michalopoulos GK. Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy: critical analysis of mechanistic dilemmas. Am J Pathol 2010; 176: 2-13
69. Schilling MK, Redaelli C, Krähenbühl L, Signer C, Büchler MW. Splanchnic microcirculatory changes during CO2 laparoscopy. J Am Coll Surg 1997; 184: 378-382
70. Jakimowicz J, Stultiëns G, Smulders F. Laparoscopic insufflation of the abdomen reduces portal venous flow. Surg Endosc 1998; 12: 129-132
71. Yokoyama Y, Alterman DM, Sarmadi AH, Baveja R, Zhang JX, Huynh T, Clemens MG. Hepatic vascular response to elevated intraperitoneal pressure in the rat. J Surg Res 2002; 105: 86-94
72. Richter S, Olinger A, Hildebrandt U, Menger MD, Vollmar B. Loss of physiologic hepatic blood flow control ("hepatic arterial buffer response") during CO2-pneumoperitoneum in the rat. Anesth Analg 2001; 93: 872-877
73. Tsuboi S, Kitano S, Yoshida T, Bandoh T, Ninomiya K, Baatar D. Effects of carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum on hemodynamics in cirrhotic rats. Surg Endosc 2002; 16: 1220-1225
74. Masey SA, Koehler RC, Ruck JR, Pepple JM, Rogers MC, Traystman RJ. Effect of abdominal distension on central and regional hemodynamics in neonatal lambs. Pediatr Res 1985; 19: 1244-1249
75. Diebel LN, Wilson RF, Dulchavsky SA, Saxe J. Effect of increased intra-abdominal pressure on hepatic arterial, portal venous, and hepatic microcirculatory blood flow. J Trauma 1992; 33: 279-282; discussion 282-283
76. Ishizaki Y, Bandai Y, Shimomura K, Abe H, Ohtomo Y, Idezuki Y. Safe intraabdominal pressure of carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopic surgery. Surgery 1993; 114: 549-554
77. Junghans T, Böhm B, Gründel K, Schwenk W, Müller JM. Does pneumoperitoneum with different gases, body positions, and intraperitoneal pressures influence renal and hepatic blood flow? Surgery 1997; 121: 206-211
78. Klopfenstein CE, Morel DR, Clergue F, Pastor CM. Effects of abdominal CO2 insufflation and changes of position on hepatic blood flow in anesthetized pigs. Am J Physiol 1998; 275: H900-H905
79. Ghosh S, Latimer RD, Gray BM, Harwood RJ, Oduro A. Endotoxin- induced organ injury. Crit Care Med 1993; 21: S19-S24
80. Fish RE, Lang CH, Spitzer JA. Regional blood flow during continuous low-dose endotoxin infusion. Circ Shock 1986; 18: 267-275
81. Ferguson JL, Spitzer JJ, Miller HI. Effects of endotoxin on regional blood flow in the unanesthetized guinea pig. J Surg Res 1978; 25: 236-243
82. Lang CH, Bagby GJ, Ferguson JL, Spitzer JJ. Cardiac output and redistribution of organ blood flow in hypermetabolic sepsis. Am J Physiol 1984; 246: R331-R337
83. Schiffer ER, Mentha G, Schwieger IM, Morel DR. Sequential changes in the splanchnic circulation during continuous endotoxin infusion in sedated sheep: evidence for a selective increase of hepatic artery blood flow and loss of the hepatic arterial buffer response. Acta Physiol Scand 1993; 147: 251-261
84. Ayuse T, Brienza N, Revelly JP, O'Donnell CP, Boitnott JK, Robotham JL. Alternations in liver hemodynamics in an intact porcine model of endotoxin shock. Am J Physiol 1995; 268: H1106-H1114
85. Ayuse T, Brienza N, Revelly JP, Boitnott JK, Robotham JL. Role of nitric oxide in porcine liver circulation under normal and endotoxemic conditions. J Appl Physiol 1995; 78: 1319-1329
86. Tamandl D, Jørgensen P, Gundersen Y, Fuegger R, Sautner T, Aasen AO, Goetzinger P. Nitric oxide administration restores the hepatic artery buffer response during porcine endotoxemia. J Invest Surg 2008; 21: 183-194
87. Gundersen Y, Saetre T, Scholz T, Carlsen H, Kjekshus H, Smiseth OA, Lilleaasen P, Aasen AO. The NO donor sodium nitroprusside reverses the negative effects on hepatic arterial flow induced by endotoxin and the NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME. Eur Surg Res 1996; 28: 323-332
88. Asfar P, Hauser B, Iványi Z, Ehrmann U, Kick J, Albicini M, Vogt J, Wachter U, Brückner UB, Radermacher P, Bracht H. Low-dose terlipressin during long-term hyperdynamic porcine endotoxemia: effects on hepatosplanchnic perfusion, oxygen exchange, and metabolism. Crit Care Med 2005; 33: 373-380
89. Giusti-Paiva A, De Castro M, Antunes-Rodrigues J, Carnio EC. Inducible nitric oxide synthase pathway in the central nervous system and vasopressin release during experimental septic shock. Crit Care Med 2002; 30: 1306-1310
90. Bohotin C, Leca V, Luca V, Costuleanu M, Vornicu M, Bohotin V, Bǎdescu M. Hepatic artery hemodynamics in acute viral hepatitis. Rom J Physiol 1999; 36: 3-9
91. Brander L, Jakob SM, Knuesel R, Savolainen H, Widmer MK, Schmidli J, Takala J. Effects of low abdominal blood flow and dobutamine on blood flow distribution and on the hepatic arterial buffer response in anaesthetized pigs. Shock 2006; 25: 402-413
92. Lautt WW, McQuaker JE. Maintenance of hepatic arterial blood flow during hemorrhage is mediated by adenosine. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1989; 67: 1023-1028
93. Mathie RT. Hepatic blood flow during cardiopulmonary bypass. Crit Care Med 1993; 21: S72-S76
94. Putensen C, Wrigge H, Hering R. The effects of mechanical ventilation on the gut and abdomen. Curr Opin Crit Care 2006; 12: 160-165
95. Vollmar B, Siegmund S, Menger MD. An intravital fluorescence microscopic study of hepatic microvascular and cellular derangements in developing cirrhosis in rats. Hepatology 1998; 27: 1544-1553
96. Reynaert H, Thompson MG, Thomas T, Geerts A. Hepatic stellate cells: role in microcirculation and pathophysiology of portal hypertension. Gut 2002; 50: 571-581
97. Iwakiri Y, Groszmann RJ. Vascular endothelial dysfunction in cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2007; 46: 927-934
98. Huet PM, Pomier-Layrargues G, Villeneuve JP, Varin F, Viallet A. Intrahepatic circulation in liver disease. Semin Liver Dis 1986; 6: 277-286
99. Reichen J. Etiology and pathophysiology of portal hypertension. Z Gastroenterol 1988; 26 Suppl 2: 3-7
100. Sǎftoiu A, Ciurea T, Gorunescu F. Hepatic arterial blood flow in large hepatocellular carcinoma with or without portal vein thrombosis: assessment by transcutaneous duplex Doppler sonography. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002; 14: 167-176
101. Richter S, Mücke I, Menger MD, Vollmar B. Impact of intrinsic blood flow regulation in cirrhosis: maintenance of hepatic arterial buffer response. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2000; 279: G454-G462
102. Mücke I, Richter S, Menger MD, Vollmar B. Significance of hepatic arterial responsiveness for adequate tissue oxygenation upon portal vein occlusion in cirrhotic livers. Int J Colorectal Dis 2000; 15: 335-341
103. Alpern MB, Rubin JM, Williams DM, Capek P. Porta hepatis: duplex Doppler US with angiographic correlation. Radiology 1987; 162: 53-56
104. Schneider AW, Kalk JF, Klein CP. Hepatic arterial pulsatility index in cirrhosis: correlation with portal pressure. J Hepatol 1999; 30: 876-881
105. Sacerdoti D, Merkel C, Bolognesi M, Amodio P, Angeli P, Gatta A. Hepatic arterial resistance in cirrhosis with and without portal vein thrombosis: relationships with portal hemodynamics. Gastroenterology 1995; 108: 1152-1158
106. Kleber G, Steudel N, Behrmann C, Zipprich A, Hübner G, Lotterer E, Fleig WE. Hepatic arterial flow volume and reserve in patients with cirrhosis: use of intra-arterial Doppler and adenosine infusion. Gastroenterology 1999; 116: 906-914
107. Zipprich A, Steudel N, Behrmann C, Meiss F, Sziegoleit U, Fleig WE, Kleber G. Functional significance of hepatic arterial flow reserve in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 2003; 37: 385-392
108. Gülberg V, Haag K, Rössle M, Gerbes AL. Hepatic arterial buffer response in patients with advanced cirrhosis. Hepatology 2002; 35: 630-634
109. Aoki T, Imamura H, Kaneko J, Sakamoto Y, Matsuyama Y, Kokudo N, Sugawara Y, Makuuchi M. Intraoperative direct measurement of hepatic arterial buffer response in patients with or without cirrhosis. Liver Transpl 2005; 11: 684-691
110. Iwao T, Toyonaga A, Shigemori H, Oho K, Sakai T, Tayama C, Masumoto H, Sato M, Tanikawa K. Hepatic artery hemodynamic responsiveness to altered portal blood flow in normal and cirrhotic livers. Radiology 1996; 200: 793-798
111. Joynt LK, Platt JF, Rubin JM, Ellis JH, Bude RO. Hepatic artery resistance before and after standard meal in subjects with diseased and healthy livers. Radiology 1995; 196: 489-492
112. Rogiers X, Sieders E. Split-liver transplantation: an underused resource in liver transplantation. Transplantation 2008; 86: 493-499
113. Renz JF, Yersiz H, Reichert PR, Hisatake GM, Farmer DG, Emond JC, Busuttil RW. Split-liver transplantation: a review. Am J Transplant 2003; 3: 1323-1335
114. Frühauf NR, Malagó M, Frilling A, Beckebaum S, Broelsch CE. Latest development in split liver transplantation. Surg Technol Int 2004; 13: 183-189
115. Giacomoni A, Lauterio A, Donadon M, De Gasperi A, Belli L, Slim A, Dorobantu B, Mangoni I, De Carlis L. Should we still offer split-liver transplantation for two adult recipients? A retrospective study of our experience. Liver Transpl 2008; 14: 999-1006
116. Tucker ON, Heaton N. The 'small for size' liver syndrome. Curr Opin Crit Care 2005; 11: 150-155
117. De Carlis L, Sansalone CV, Rondinara GF, Belli LS, Rimoldi P, Romani F, Puttini M, Meroni A, Riolo F, Rossetti O. Splenic artery steal syndrome after orthotopic liver transplantation: diagnosis and treatment. Transplant Proc 1993; 25: 2594-2596
118. Geissler I, Lamesch P, Witzigmann H, Jost U, Hauss J, Fangmann J. Splenohepatic arterial steal syndrome in liver transplantation: clinical features and management. Transpl Int 2002; 15: 139-141
119. Nüssler NC, Settmacher U, Haase R, Stange B, Heise M, Neuhaus P. Diagnosis and treatment of arterial steal syndromes in liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl 2003; 9: 596-602
120. Manner M, Otto G, Senninger N, Kraus T, Goerich J, Herfarth C. Arterial steal: an unusual cause for hepatic hypoperfusion after liver transplantation. Transpl Int 1991; 4: 122-124
121. Quintini C, Hirose K, Hashimoto K, Diago T, Aucejo F, Eghtesad B, Vogt D, Pierce G, Baker M, Kelly D, Miller CM. "Splenic artery steal syndrome" is a misnomer: the cause is portal hyperperfusion, not arterial siphon. Liver Transpl 2008; 14: 374-379
122. Mogl MT, Nüssler NC, Presser SJ, Podrabsky P, Denecke T, Grieser C, Neuhaus P, Guckelberger O. Evolving experience with prevention and treatment of splenic artery syndrome after orthotopic liver transplantation. Transpl Int 2010; 23: 831-841
123. Lüsebrink R, Blumhardt G, Lohmann R, Bachmann S, Knoop M, Lemmens HP, Neuhaus P. Does concommitant splenectomy raise the mortality of liver transplant recipients? Transpl Int 1994; 7 Suppl 1: S634-S636
124. Uflacker R, Selby JB, Chavin K, Rogers J, Baliga P. Transcatheter splenic artery occlusion for treatment of splenic artery steal syndrome after orthotopic liver transplantation. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2002; 25: 300-306
125. Ku Y, Fukumoto T, Nishida T, Tominaga M, Maeda I, Kitagawa T, Takao S, Shiotani M, Tseng A, Kuroda Y. Evidence that portal vein decompression improves survival of canine quarter orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplantation 1995; 59: 1388-1392
126. Kiuchi T, Oike F, Yamamoto H. Small-for-size graft in liver transplantation. Nagoya J Med Sci 2003; 66: 95-102
127. Tanaka K, Ogura Y. "Small-for-size graft" and "small-for-size syndrome" in living donor liver transplantation. Yonsei Med J 2004; 45: 1089-1094
128. Wang HS, Ohkohchi N, Enomoto Y, Usuda M, Miyagi S, Asakura T, Masuoka H, Aiso T, Fukushima K, Narita T, Yamaya H, Nakamura A, Sekiguchi S, Kawagishi N, Sato A, Satomi S. Excessive portal flow causes graft failure in extremely small-for-size liver transplantation in pigs. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11: 6954-6959
129. Sato Y, Yamamoto S, Oya H, Nakatsuka H, Tsukahara A, Kobayashi T, Watanabe T, Hatakeyama K. Splenectomy for reduction of excessive portal hypertension after adult livingrelated donor liver transplantation. Hepatogastroenterology 2002; 49: 1652-1655
130. Troisi R, Cammu G, Militerno G, De Baerdemaeker L, Decruyenaere J, Hoste E, Smeets P, Colle I, Van Vlierberghe H, Petrovic M, Voet D, Mortier E, Hesse UJ, de Hemptinne B. Modulation of portal graft inflow: a necessity in adult livingdonor liver transplantation? Ann Surg 2003; 237: 429-436
131. Umeda Y, Yagi T, Sadamori H, Matsukawa H, Matsuda H, Shinoura S, Iwamoto T, Satoh D, Iwagaki H, Tanaka N. Preoperative proximal splenic artery embolization: a safe and efficacious portal decompression technique that improves the outcome of live donor liver transplantation. Transpl Int 2007; 20: 947-955
132. Eipel C, Abshagen K, Ritter J, Cantré D, Menger MD, Vollmar B. Splenectomy improves survival by increasing arterial blood supply in a rat model of reduced-size liver. Transpl Int 2010; 23: 998-1007
133. Eipel C, Glanemann M, Nuessler AK, Menger MD, Neuhaus P, Vollmar B. Ischemic preconditioning impairs liver regeneration in extended reduced-size livers. Ann Surg 2005; 241: 477-484
134. Taniguchi M, Shimamura T, Suzuki T, Yamashita K, Oura T, Watanabe M, Kamiyama T, Matsushita M, Furukawa H, Todo S. Transient portacaval shunt for a small-for-size graft in living donor liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2007; 13: 932-934
135. Boillot O, Delafosse B, Méchet I, Boucaud C, Pouyet M. Small-for-size partial liver graft in an adult recipient; a new transplant technique. Lancet 2002; 359: 406-407
136. Boillot O, Mechet I, Le Derf Y, Bernard P, Figueiredo P, Berger F, Paquet C, Pouyet M. Portomesenteric disconnection for small-for-size grafts in liver transplantation: Preclinical studies in pigs. Liver Transpl 2003; 9: S42-S46
137. Busuttil RW, Goss JA. Split liver transplantation. Ann Surg 1999; 229: 313-321
138. Yoshioka S, Miyazaki M, Shimizu H, Ito H, Nakagawa K, Ambiru S, Nakajima N, Fukuda Y. Hepatic venous hemoglobin oxygen saturation predicts regenerative status of remnant liver after partial hepatectomy in rats. Hepatology 1998; 27: 1349-1353
139. Kainuma M, Nakashima K, Sakuma I, Kawase M, Komatsu T, Shimada Y, Nimura Y, Nonami T. Hepatic venous hemoglobin oxygen saturation predicts liver dysfunction after hepatectomy. Anesthesiology 1992; 76: 379-386
140. Palmes D, Minin E, Budny T, Uhlmann D, Armann B, Stratmann U, Herbst H, Spiegel HU. The endothelin/nitric oxide balance determines small-for-size liver injury after reducedsize rat liver transplantation. Virchows Arch 2005; 447: 731-741
141. Cantré D, Schuett H, Hildebrandt A, Dold S, Menger MD, Vollmar B, Eipel C. Nitric oxide reduces organ injury and enhances regeneration of reduced-size livers by increasing hepatic arterial flow. Br J Surg 2008; 95: 785-792
142. Suehiro T, Shimada M, Kishikawa K, Shimura T, Soejima Y, Yoshizumi T, Hashimoto K, Mochida Y, Hashimoto S, Maehara Y, Kuwano H. Effect of intraportal infusion to improve small for size graft injury in living donor adult liver transplantation. Transpl Int 2005; 18: 923-928