Matrix metalloproteinases as master regulators of the vicious cycle of bone metastasis

Bone

Volumn 48, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 44-53

  Lynch, Conor C ^a  

^a VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Bone metastasis; Breast cancer; MMPs; Osteoblast; Osteoclast; Prostate cancer; PTHrP; RANKL; TGF ; Tumor host microenvironment; VEGF; Vicious cycle

Indexed keywords

ADAM PROTEIN; ADAMTS1 PROTEIN; COLLAGENASE 3; ENDOTHELIN 1; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; GELATINASE A; GELATINASE B; INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 6; INTERLEUKIN 6 RECEPTOR; INTERLEUKIN 8; INTERSTITIAL COLLAGENASE; MACROPHAGE ELASTASE; MATRILYSIN; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 14; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 16; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 19; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE INHIBITOR; MEMBRANE METALLOENDOPEPTIDASE; OSTEOCLAST DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR; PARATHYROID HORMONE RELATED PROTEIN; SOMATOMEDIN; STROMELYSIN; STROMELYSIN 2; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; VASCULOTROPIN A; WNT PROTEIN;

BIOAVAILABILITY; BONE DEVELOPMENT; BONE MATRIX; BONE METASTASIS; BONE REMODELING; DRUG RESEARCH; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; HUMAN; METASTASIS INHIBITION; NONHUMAN; OSTEOBLAST; OSTEOCLAST; OSTEOLYSIS; PROTEIN PROCESSING; REVIEW; TUMOR GROWTH; TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT;

BONE AND BONES; BONE NEOPLASMS; BONE REMODELING; BONE RESORPTION; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; HUMANS; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES; OSTEOBLASTS; OSTEOCLASTS; OSTEOGENESIS; OSTEOLYSIS; RANK LIGAND; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT;

EID: 78650304107     PISSN: 87563282     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.06.007     Document Type: Review

References (139)

1. www.cancer.org. Cancer Facts and Figures. American Cancer Society 2008.
2. Ye X.C., Choueiri M., Tu S.M., Lin S.H. Biology and clinical management of prostate cancer bone metastasis. Front Biosci 2007, 12:3273-3286.
3. Bubendorf L., Schopfer A., Wagner U., Sauter G., Moch H., Willi N., et al. Metastatic patterns of prostate cancer: an autopsy study of 1, 589 patients. Hum Pathol 2000, 31:578-583.
4. Logothetis C.J., Lin S.H. Osteoblasts in prostate cancer metastasis to bone. Nat Rev Cancer 2005, 5:21-28.
5. Keller E.T., Brown J. Prostate cancer bone metastases promote both osteolytic and osteoblastic activity. J Cell Biochem 2004, 91:718-729.
6. Coleman R.E., Guise T.A., Lipton A., Roodman G.D., Berenson J.R., Body J.J., et al. Advancing treatment for metastatic bone cancer: consensus recommendations from the Second Cambridge Conference. Clin Cancer Res 2008, 14:6387-6395.
7. Mundy G.R. Metastasis to bone: causes, consequences and therapeutic opportunities. Nat Rev Cancer 2002, 2:584-593.
8. Bendre M., Gaddy D., Nicholas R.W., Suva L.J. Breast cancer metastasis to bone: it is not all about PTHrP. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2003, 2:S39-S45.
9. Suva L.J., Winslow G.A., Wettenhall R.E., Hammonds R.G., Moseley J.M., Diefenbach-Jagger H., et al. A parathyroid hormone-related protein implicated in malignant hypercalcemia: cloning and expression. Science 1987, 237:893-896.
10. Hall C.L., Bafico A., Dai J., Aaronson S.A., Keller E.T. Prostate cancer cells promote osteoblastic bone metastases through Wnts. Cancer Res 2005, 65:7554-7560.
11. Dai J., Hall C.L., Escara-Wilke J., Mizokami A., Keller J.M., Keller E.T. Prostate cancer induces bone metastasis through Wnt-induced bone morphogenetic protein-dependent and independent mechanisms. Cancer Res 2008, 68:5785-5794.
12. Yin J.J., Mohammad K.S., Kakonen S.M., Harris S., Wu-Wong J.R., Wessale J.L., et al. A causal role for endothelin-1 in the pathogenesis of osteoblastic bone metastases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003, 100:10954-10959.
13. Bendre M.S., Margulies A.G., Walser B., Akel N.S., Bhattacharrya S., Skinner R.A., et al. Tumor-derived interleukin-8 stimulates osteolysis independent of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand pathway. Cancer Res 2005, 65:11001-11009.
14. Ibbotson K.J., Harrod J., Gowen M., D'Souza S., Smith D.D., Winkler M.E., et al. Human recombinant transforming growth factor alpha stimulates bone resorption and inhibits formation in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986, 83:2228-2232.
15. Takahashi N., MacDonald B.R., Hon J., Winkler M.E., Derynck R., Mundy G.R., et al. Recombinant human transforming growth factor-alpha stimulates the formation of osteoclast-like cells in long-term human marrow cultures. J Clin Invest 1986, 78:894-898.
16. Guise T.A., Garrett I.R., Bonewald L.F., Mundy G.R. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist inhibits the hypercalcemia mediated by interleukin-1. J Bone Miner Res 1993, 8:583-587.
17. Guise T.A. Parathyroid hormone-related protein and bone metastases. Cancer 1997, 80:1572-1580.
18. Kong Y.Y., Yoshida H., Sarosi I., Tan H.L., Timms E., Capparelli C., et al. OPGL is a key regulator of osteoclastogenesis, lymphocyte development and lymph-node organogenesis. Nature 1999, 397:315-323.
19. Blair H.C., Teitelbaum S.L., Ghiselli R., Gluck S. Osteoclastic bone resorption by a polarized vacuolar proton pump. Science 1989, 245:855-857.
20. Delaisse J.M., Engsig M.T., Everts V., del Carmen O., Ferreras M. Lund, Vu TH, Werb Z, Winding B, Lochter A, Karsdal MA, Troen T, Kirkegaard T, Lenhard T, Heegaard AM, Neff L, Baron R, Foged NT. Proteinases in bone resorption: obvious and less obvious roles. Clin Chim Acta 2000, 291:223-234.
21. Cackowski F.C., Roodman G.D. Perspective on the osteoclast: an angiogenic cell?. Ann NY Acad Sci 2007, 1117:12-25.
22. Lynch C.C., Matrisian L.M. Matrix metalloproteinases in tumor-host cell communication. Differentiation 2002, 70:561-573.
23. Brew K., Nagase H. The tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs): an ancient family with structural and functional diversity. Biochim Biophys Acta 2010, 1803:55-71.
24. Delaisse J.M., Andersen T.L., Engsig M.T., Henriksen K., Troen T., Blavier L. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and cathepsin K contribute differently to osteoclastic activities. Microsc Res Tech 2003, 61:504-513.
25. Garnero P., Ferreras M., Karsdal M.A., Nicamhlaoibh R., Risteli J., Borel O., et al. The type I collagen fragments ICTP and CTX reveal distinct enzymatic pathways of bone collagen degradation. J Bone Miner Res 2003, 18:859-867.
26. Nemeth J.A., Yousif R., Herzog M., Che M., Upadhyay J., Shekarriz B., et al. Matrix metalloproteinase activity, bone matrix turnover, and tumor cell proliferation in prostate cancer bone metastasis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002, 94:17-25.
27. Chinni S.R., Sivalogan S., Dong Z., Filho J.C., Deng X., Bonfil R.D., et al. CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling activates Akt-1 and MMP-9 expression in prostate cancer cells: the role of bone microenvironment-associated CXCL12. Prostate 2006, 66:32-48.
28. Bonfil R.D., Dong Z. Trindade Filho JC, Sabbota A, Osenkowski P, Nabha S, Yamamoto H, Chinni SR, Zhao H, Mobashery S, Vessella RL, Fridman R, Cher ML. Prostate cancer-associated membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase: a pivotal role in bone response and intraosseous tumor growth. Am J Pathol 2007, 170:2100-2111.
29. Nabha S.M., dos Santos E.B., Yamamoto H.A., Belizi A., Dong Z., Meng H., et al. Bone marrow stromal cells enhance prostate cancer cell invasion through type I collagen in an MMP-12 dependent manner. Int J Cancer 2008, 122:2482-2490.
30. Nannuru K.C., Futakuchi M., Sadanandam A., Wilson T.J., Varney M.L., Myers K.J., et al. Enhanced expression and shedding of receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand during tumor-bone interaction potentiates mammary tumor-induced osteolysis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2009, 26:797-808.
31. Tester A.M., Waltham M., Oh S.J., Bae S.N., Bills M.M., Walker E.C., et al. Pro-matrix metalloproteinase-2 transfection increases orthotopic primary growth and experimental metastasis of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells in nude mice. Cancer Res 2004, 64:652-658.
32. Lu X., Wang Q., Hu G., Van Poznak C., Fleisher M., Reiss M., et al. ADAMTS1 and MMP1 proteolytically engage EGF-like ligands in an osteolytic signaling cascade for bone metastasis. Genes Dev 2009, 23:1882-1894.
33. Chirgwin J.M., Guise T.A. Molecular mechanisms of tumor-bone interactions in osteolytic metastases. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 2000, 10:159-178.
34. Bord S., Horner A., Hembry R.M., Compston J.E. Stromelysin-1 (MMP-3) and stromelysin-2 (MMP-10) expression in developing human bone: potential roles in skeletal development. Bone 1998, 23:7-12.
35. Breckon J.J., Papaioannou S., Kon L.W., Tumber A., Hembry R.M., Murphy G., et al. Stromelysin (MMP-3) synthesis is up-regulated in estrogen-deficient mouse osteoblasts in vivo and in vitro. J Bone Miner Res 1999, 14:1880-1890.
36. Bord S., Horner A., Hembry R.M., Reynolds J.J., Compston J.E. Production of collagenase by human osteoblasts and osteoclasts in vivo. Bone 1996, 19:35-40.
37. Holmbeck K., Bianco P., Caterina J., Yamada S., Kromer M., Kuznetsov S.A., et al. MT1-MMP-deficient mice develop dwarfism, osteopenia, arthritis, and connective tissue disease due to inadequate collagen turnover. Cell 1999, 99:81-92.
38. Dew G., Murphy G., Stanton H., Vallon R., Angel P., Reynolds J.J., et al. Localisation of matrix metalloproteinases and TIMP-2 in resorbing mouse bone. Cell Tissue Res 2000, 299:385-394.
39. Kusano K., Miyaura C., Inada M., Tamura T., Ito A., Nagase H., et al. Regulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2, -3, -9, and -13) by interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 in mouse calvaria: association of MMP induction with bone resorption. Endocrinology 1998, 139:1338-1345.
40. Parikka V., Vaananen A., Risteli J., Salo T., Sorsa T., Vaananen H.K., et al. Human mesenchymal stem cell derived osteoblasts degrade organic bone matrix in vitro by matrix metalloproteinases. Matrix Biol 2005, 24:438-447.
41. Inoue K., Mikuni-Takagaki Y., Oikawa K., Itoh T., Inada M., Noguchi T., et al. A crucial role for matrix metalloproteinase 2 in osteocytic canalicular formation and bone metabolism. J Biol Chem 2006, 281:33814-33824.
42. Sato H., Takino T., Okada Y., Cao J., Shinagawa A., Yamamoto E., et al. A matrix metalloproteinase expressed on the surface of invasive tumour cells. Nature 1994, 370:61-64.
43. Holmbeck K., Bianco P., Pidoux I., Inoue S., Billinghurst R.C., Wu W., et al. The metalloproteinase MT1-MMP is required for normal development and maintenance of osteocyte processes in bone. J Cell Sci 2005, 118:147-156.
44. Inada M., Wang Y., Byrne M.H., Rahman M.U., Miyaura C., Lopez-Otin C., et al. Critical roles for collagenase-3 (Mmp13) in development of growth plate cartilage and in endochondral ossification. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004, 101:17192-17197.
45. Stickens D., Behonick D.J., Ortega N., Heyer B., Hartenstein B., Yu Y., et al. Altered endochondral bone development in matrix metalloproteinase 13-deficient mice 2. Development 2004, 131:5883-5895.
46. Balbin M., Fueyo A., Tester A.M., Pendas A.M., Pitiot A.S., Astudillo A., et al. Loss of collagenase-2 confers increased skin tumor susceptibility to male mice. Nat Genet 2003, 35:252-257.
47. Lynch C.C., Hikosaka A., Acuff H.B., Martin M.D., Kawai N., Singh R.K., et al. MMP-7 promotes prostate cancer-induced osteolysis via the solubilization of RANKL. Cancer Cell 2005, 7:485-496.
48. Thiolloy S., Halpern J., Holt G.E., Schwartz H.S., Mundy G.R., Matrisian L.M., et al. Osteoclast-derived matrix metalloproteinase-7, but not matrix metalloproteinase-9, contributes to tumor-induced osteolysis. Cancer Res 2009, 69:6747-6755.
49. Andersen T.L., del Carmen Ovejero M., Kirkegaard T., Lenhard T., Foged N.T., Delaisse J.M. A scrutiny of matrix metalloproteinases in osteoclasts: evidence for heterogeneity and for the presence of MMPs synthesized by other cells. Bone 2004, 35:1107-1119.
50. Saftig P., Hunziker E., Wehmeyer O., Jones S., Boyde A., Rommerskirch W., et al. Impaired osteoclastic bone resorption leads to osteopetrosis in cathepsin-K-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998, 95:13453-13458.
51. Gowen M., Lazner F., Dodds R., Kapadia R., Feild J., Tavaria M., et al. Cathepsin K knockout mice develop osteopetrosis due to a deficit in matrix degradation but not demineralization. J Bone Miner Res 1999, 14:1654-1663.
52. Delaisse J.M., Ledent P., Vaes G. Collagenolytic cysteine proteinases of bone tissue. Cathepsin B, (pro)cathepsin L and a cathepsin L-like 70 kDa proteinase. Biochem J 1991, 279(Pt 1):167-174.
53. Nagase H., Woessner J.F. Matrix metalloproteinases. J Biol Chem 1999, 274:21491-21494.
54. Engsig M.T., Chen Q.J., Vu T.H., Pedersen A.C., Therkidsen B., Lund L.R., et al. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 and vascular endothelial growth factor are essential for osteoclast recruitment into developing long bones. J Cell Biol 2000, 151:879-890.
55. Goetzl E.J., Banda M.J., Leppert D. Matrix metalloproteinases in immunity. J Immunol 1996, 156:1-4.
56. Burke B., Giannoudis A., Corke K.P., Gill D., Wells M., Ziegler-Heitbrock L., et al. Hypoxia-induced gene expression in human macrophages: implications for ischemic tissues and hypoxia-regulated gene therapy. Am J Pathol 2003, 163:1233-1243.
57. Haro H., Crawford H.C., Fingleton B., Shinomiya K., Spengler D.M., Matrisian L.M. Matrix metalloproteinase-7-dependent release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in a model of herniated disc resorption. J Clin Investig 2000, 105:143-150.
58. Shapiro S.D. Diverse roles of macrophage matrix metalloproteinases in tissue destruction and tumor growth. Thromb Haemost 1999, 82:846-849.
59. Ardi V.C., Van den Steen P.E., Opdenakker G., Schweighofer B., Deryugina E.I., Quigley J.P. Neutrophil MMP-9 proenzyme, unencumbered by TIMP-1, undergoes efficient activation in vivo and catalytically induces angiogenesis via a basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2)/FGFR-2 pathway. J Biol Chem 2009, 284:25854-25866.
60. Gao Y., Wu X., Terauchi M., Li J.Y., Grassi F., Galley S., et al. T cells potentiate PTH-induced cortical bone loss through CD40L signaling. Cell Metab 2008, 8:132-145.
61. Fournier P.G., Chirgwin J.M., Guise T.A. New insights into the role of T cells in the vicious cycle of bone metastases. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2006, 18:396-404.
62. Eckhardt B.L., Parker B.S., van Laar R.K., Restall C.M., Natoli A.L., Tavaria M.D., et al. Genomic analysis of a spontaneous model of breast cancer metastasis to bone reveals a role for the extracellular matrix. Mol Cancer Res 2005, 3:1-13.
63. Owen J.L., Iragavarapu-Charyulu V., Gunja-Smith Z., Herbert L.M., Grosso J.F., Lopez D.M. Up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in T lymphocytes of mammary tumor bearers: role of vascular endothelial growth factor. J Immunol 2003, 171:4340-4351.
64. Savinov A.Y., Strongin A.Y. Defining the roles of T cell membrane proteinase and CD44 in type 1 diabetes. IUBMB Life 2007, 59:6-13.
65. Liao J., McCauley L.K. Skeletal metastasis: Established and emerging roles of parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP). Cancer Metastasis Rev 2006, 25:559-571.
66. Liao J., Li X., Koh A.J., Berry J.E., Thudi N., Rosol T.J., et al. Tumor expressed PTHrP facilitates prostate cancer-induced osteoblastic lesions. Int J Cancer 2008, 123:2267-2278.
67. Dougherty K.M., Blomme E.A., Koh A.J., Henderson J.E., Pienta K.J., Rosol T.J., et al. Parathyroid hormone-related protein as a growth regulator of prostate carcinoma. Cancer Res 1999, 59:6015-6022.
68. Deftos L.J., Barken I., Burton D.W., Hoffman R.M., Geller J. Direct evidence that PTHrP expression promotes prostate cancer progression in bone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005, 327:468-472.
69. Thomas R.J., Guise T.A., Yin J.J., Elliott J., Horwood N.J., Martin T.J., et al. Breast cancer cells interact with osteoblasts to support osteoclast formation. Endocrinology 1999, 140:4451-4458.
70. Southby J., O'Keeffe L.M., Martin T.J., Gillespie M.T. Alternative promoter usage and mRNA splicing pathways for parathyroid hormone-related protein in normal tissues and tumours. Br J Cancer 1995, 72:702-707.
71. Cramer S.D., Chen Z., Peehl D.M. Prostate specific antigen cleaves parathyroid hormone-related protein in the PTH-like domain: inactivation of PTHrP-stimulated cAMP accumulation in mouse osteoblasts. J Urol 1996, 156:526-531.
72. Liu B., Goltzman D., Rabbani S.A. Processing of pro-PTHRP by the prohormone convertase, furin: effect on biological activity. Am J Physiol 1995, 268:E832-E838.
73. Smollich M., Gotte M., Yip G.W., Yong E.S., Kersting C., Fischgrabe J., et al. On the role of endothelin-converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1) and neprilysin in human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007.
74. Dall'Era M.A., True L.D., Siegel A.F., Porter M.P., Sherertz T.M., Liu A.Y. Differential expression of CD10 in prostate cancer and its clinical implication. BMC Urol 2007, 7:3.
75. Ruchon A.F., Marcinkiewicz M., Ellefsen K., Basak A., Aubin J., Crine P., et al. Cellular localization of neprilysin in mouse bone tissue and putative role in hydrolysis of osteogenic peptides. J Bone Miner Res 2000, 15:1266-1274.
76. Schluter K.D., Katzer C., Piper H.M. A N-terminal PTHrP peptide fragment void of a PTH/PTHrP-receptor binding domain activates cardiac ET(A) receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2001, 132:427-432.
77. Macours N., Poels J., Hens K., Francis C., Huybrechts R. Structure, evolutionary conservation, and functions of angiotensin- and endothelin-converting enzymes. Int Rev Cytol 2004, 239:47-97.
78. Fernandez-Patron C., Radomski M.W., Davidge S.T. Vascular matrix metalloproteinase-2 cleaves big endothelin-1 yielding a novel vasoconstrictor. Circ Res 1999, 85:906-911.
79. Felx M., Guyot M.C., Isler M., Turcotte R.E., Doyon J., Khatib A.M., et al. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) promotes MMP-2 and MMP-9 induction involving the transcription factor NF-kappaB in human osteosarcoma. Clin Sci (Lond) 2006, 110:645-654.
80. Kang Y., Siegel P.M., Shu W., Drobnjak M., Kakonen S.M., Cordon-Cardo C., et al. A multigenic program mediating breast cancer metastasis to bone. Cancer Cell 2003, 3:537-549.
81. Chakraborti S., Mandal M., Das S., Mandal A., Chakraborti T. Regulation of matrix metalloproteinases: an overview. Mol Cell Biochem 2003, 253:269-285.
82. Sternlicht M.D., Werb Z. How matrix metalloproteinases regulate cell behavior. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2001, 17:463-516.
83. Yoneda T., Sasaki A., Dunstan C., Williams P.J., Bauss F., DeClerck Y.A., et al. Inhibition of osteolytic bone metastasis of breast cancer by combined treatment with the bisphosphonate ibandronate and tissue inhibitor of the matrix metalloproteinase-2. J Clin Investig 1997, 99:2509-2517.
84. Prudova A., Auf dem Keller U., Butler G.S., Overall C.M. Multiplex N-terminome analysis of MMP-2 and MMP-9 substrate degradomes by iTRAQ-TAILS quantitative proteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010, 9:894-911.
85. Yu W.H., Woessner J.F., McNeish J.D., Stamenkovic I. CD44 anchors the assembly of matrilysin/MMP-7 with heparin-binding epidermal growth factor precursor and ErbB4 and regulates female reproductive organ remodeling. Genes Dev 2002, 16:307-323.
86. Suzuki M., Raab G., Moses M.A., Fernandez C.A., Klagsbrun M. Matrix metalloproteinase-3 releases active heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor by cleavage at a specific juxtamembrane site. J Biol Chem 1997, 272:31730-31737.
87. Hall C.L., Keller E.T. The role of Wnts in bone metastases. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2006, 25:551-558.
88. Blavier L., Lazaryev A., Dorey F., Shackleford G.M., DeClerck Y.A. Matrix metalloproteinases play an active role in Wnt1-induced mammary tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2006, 66:2691-2699.
89. Crawford H.C., Fingleton B., Gustavson M.D., Kurpios N., Wagenaar R.A., Hassell J.A., et al. The PEA3 subfamily of Ets transcription factors synergizes with beta-catenin-LEF-1 to activate matrilysin transcription in intestinal tumors. Mol Cell Biol 2001, 21:1370-1383.
90. Zilberberg A., Yaniv A., Gazit A. The low density lipoprotein receptor-1, LRP1, interacts with the human frizzled-1 (HFz1) and down-regulates the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 2004, 279:17535-17542.
91. Rozanov D.V., Hahn-Dantona E., Strickland D.K., Strongin A.Y. The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein LRP is regulated by membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) proteolysis in malignant cells. J Biol Chem 2004, 279:4260-4268.
92. T. Ara, Y.A. Declerck. Interleukin-6 in bone metastasis and cancer progression. Eur J Cancer 46: 1223-1231.
93. Kurihara N., Bertolini D., Suda T., Akiyama Y., Roodman G.D. IL-6 stimulates osteoclast-like multinucleated cell formation in long term human marrow cultures by inducing IL-1 release. J Immunol 1990, 144:4226-4230.
94. Mullberg J., Durie F.H., Otten-Evans C., Alderson M.R., Rose-John S., Cosman D., et al. A metalloprotease inhibitor blocks shedding of the IL-6 receptor and the p60 TNF receptor. J Immunol 1995, 155:5198-5205.
95. Simonet W.S., Lacey D.L., Dunstan C.R., Kelley M., Chang M.S., Luthy R., et al. Osteoprotegerin: a novel secreted protein involved in the regulation of bone density. Cell 1997, 89:309-319.
96. Zhang J., Dai J., Qi Y., Lin D.L., Smith P., Strayhorn C., et al. Osteoprotegerin inhibits prostate cancer-induced osteoclastogenesis and prevents prostate tumor growth in the bone. J Clin Investig 2001, 107:1235-1244.
97. Lum L., Wong B.R., Josien R., Becherer J.D., Erdjument-Bromage H., Schlondorff J., et al. Evidence for a role of a tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-converting enzyme-like protease in shedding of TRANCE, a TNF family member involved in osteoclastogenesis and dendritic cell survival. J Biol Chem 1999, 274:13613-13618.
98. Schlondorff J., Lum L., Blobel C.P. Biochemical and pharmacological criteria define two shedding activities for TRANCE/OPGL that are distinct from the tumor necrosis factor alpha convertase. J Biol Chem 2001, 276:14665-14674.
99. Chesneau V., Becherer J.D., Zheng Y., Erdjument-Bromage H., Tempst P., Blobel C.P. Catalytic properties of ADAM19. J Biol Chem 2003, 278:22331-22340.
100. Hikita A., Yana I., Wakeyama H., Nakamura M., Kadono Y., Oshima Y., et al. Negative regulation of osteoclastogenesis by ectodomain shedding of receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand. J Biol Chem 2006, 281:36846-36855.
101. Dallas S.L., Zhao S., Cramer S.D., Chen Z., Peehl D.M., Bonewald L.F. Preferential production of latent transforming growth factor beta-2 by primary prostatic epithelial cells and its activation by prostate-specific antigen. J Cell Physiol 2005, 202:361-370.
102. Bilezikian J., Raisz L. Martin T 2008, Academic Press, Principles of Bone Biology.
103. Chung L.W., Baseman A., Assikis V., Zhau H.E. Molecular insights into prostate cancer progression: the missing link of tumor microenvironment. J Urol 2005, 173:10-20.
104. Saharinen J., Hyytiainen M., Taipale J., Keski-Oja J. Latent transforming growth factor-beta binding proteins (LTBPs)-structural extracellular matrix proteins for targeting TGF-beta action. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 1999, 10:99-117.
105. Dallas S.L., Miyazono K., Skerry T.M., Mundy G.R., Bonewald L.F. Dual role for the latent transforming growth factor-beta binding protein in storage of latent TGF-beta in the extracellular matrix and as a structural matrix protein. J Cell Biol 1995, 131:539-549.
106. Yu Q., Stamenkovic I. Cell surface-localized matrix metalloproteinase-9 proteolytically activates TGF-beta and promotes tumor invasion and angiogenesis. Genes Dev 2000, 14:163-176.
107. Maeda S., Dean D.D., Gay I., Schwartz Z., Boyan B.D. Activation of latent transforming growth factor beta1 by stromelysin 1 in extracts of growth plate chondrocyte-derived matrix vesicles. J Bone Miner Res 2001, 16:1281-1290.
108. Maeda S., Dean D.D., Gomez R., Schwartz Z., Boyan B.D. The first stage of transforming growth factor beta1 activation is release of the large latent complex from the extracellular matrix of growth plate chondrocytes by matrix vesicle stromelysin-1 (MMP-3). Calcif Tissue Int 2002, 70:54-65.
109. Imai K., Hiramatsu A., Fukushima D., Pierschbacher M.D., Okada Y. Degradation of decorin by matrix metalloproteinases: identification of the cleavage sites, kinetic analyses and transforming growth factor-beta 1 release. Biochem J 1997, 322:809-814.
110. Yoneda T., Sasaki A., Mundy G.R. Osteolytic bone metastasis in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1994, 32:73-84.
111. Guise T.A., Chirgwin J.M. Transforming growth factor-beta in osteolytic breast cancer bone metastases. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2003, S32-S38.
112. Futakuchi M., Nannuru K.C., Varney M.L., Sadanandam A., Nakao K., Asai K., et al. Transforming growth factor-beta signaling at the tumor-bone interface promotes mammary tumor growth and osteoclast activation. Cancer Sci 2009, 100:71-81.
113. Kominsky S.L., Doucet M., Brady K., Weber K.L. TGF-beta promotes the establishment of renal cell carcinoma bone metastasis. J Bone Miner Res 2007, 22:37-44.
114. Perez-Amodio S., Beertsen W., Everts V. (Pre-)osteoclasts induce retraction of osteoblasts before their fusion to osteoclasts. J Bone Miner Res 2004, 19:1722-1731.
115. Chambers T.J. Regulation of the differentiation and function of osteoclasts. J Pathol 2000, 192:4-13.
116. Fox S.W., Haque S.J., Lovibond A.C., Chambers T.J. The possible role of TGF-beta-induced suppressors of cytokine signaling expression in osteoclast/macrophage lineage commitment in vitro. J Immunol 2003, 170:3679-3687.
117. Barnes G.L., Javed A., Waller S.M., Kamal M.H., Hebert K.E., Hassan M.Q., et al. Osteoblast-related transcription factors Runx2 (Cbfa1/AML3) and MSX2 mediate the expression of bone sialoprotein in human metastatic breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 2003, 63:2631-2637.
118. Canalis E., Centrella M., Burch W., McCarthy T.L. Insulin-like growth factor I mediates selective anabolic effects of parathyroid hormone in bone cultures. J Clin Invest 1989, 83:60-65.
119. Jiang J., Lichtler A.C., Gronowicz G.A., Adams D.J., Clark S.H., Rosen C.J., et al. Transgenic mice with osteoblast-targeted insulin-like growth factor-I show increased bone remodeling. Bone 2006, 39:494-504.
120. Gennigens C., Menetrier-Caux C., Droz J.P. Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF) family and prostate cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2006, 58:124-145.
121. Denley A., Cosgrove L.J., Booker G.W., Wallace J.C., Forbes B.E. Molecular interactions of the IGF system. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2005, 16:421-439.
122. Fowlkes J.L., Enghild J.J., Suzuki K., Nagase H. Matrix metalloproteinases degrade insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 in dermal fibroblast cultures. J Biol Chem 1994, 269:25742-25746.
123. Thrailkill K.M., Quarles L.D., Nagase H., Suzuki K., Serra D.M., Fowlkes J.L. Characterization of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5-degrading proteases produced throughout murine osteoblast differentiation. Endocrinology 1995, 136:3527-3533.
124. Manes S., Mira E., Barbacid M.M., Cipres A., Fernandez-Resa P., Buesa J.M., et al. Identification of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 as a potential physiological substrate for human stromelysin-3. J Biol Chem 1997, 272:25706-25712.
125. Hicklin D.J., Ellis L.M. Role of the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway in tumor growth and angiogenesis. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23:1011-1027.
126. Fidler I.J. The organ microenvironment and cancer metastasis. Differentiation 2002, 70:498-505.
127. Mohamedali K.A., Poblenz A.T., Sikes C.R., Navone N.M., Thorpe P.E., Darnay B.G., et al. Inhibition of prostate tumor growth and bone remodeling by the vascular targeting agent VEGF121/rGel. Cancer Res 2006, 66:10919-10928.
128. Dai J., Kitagawa Y., Zhang J., Yao Z., Mizokami A., Cheng S., et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor contributes to the prostate cancer-induced osteoblast differentiation mediated by bone morphogenetic protein. Cancer Res 2004, 64:994-999.
129. Bergers G., Brekken R., McMahon G., Vu T.H., Itoh T., Tamaki K., et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 triggers the angiogenic switch during carcinogenesis. Nat Cell Biol 2000, 2:737-744.
130. Bruni-Cardoso A., Johnson L.C., Vessella R.L., Peterson T.E., Lynch C.C. Osteoclast-Derived Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Directly Affects Angiogenesis in the Prostate Tumor-Bone Microenvironment. Mol Cancer Res 2010.
131. Nabha S.M., Bonfil R.D., Yamamoto H.A., Belizi A., Wiesner C., Dong Z., et al. Host matrix metalloproteinase-9 contributes to tumor vascularization without affecting tumor growth in a model of prostate cancer bone metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2006, 23:335-344.
132. Cackowski F.C., Anderson J.L., Patrene K.D., Choksi R.J., Shapiro S.D., Windle J.J., et al. Osteoclasts are important for bone angiogenesis. Blood 2010, 115:140-149.
133. Lee S., Jilani S.M., Nikolova G.V., Carpizo D., Iruela-Arispe M.L. Processing of VEGF-A by matrix metalloproteinases regulates bioavailability and vascular patterning in tumors. J Cell Biol 2005, 169:681-691.
134. Hashimoto G., Inoki I., Fujii Y., Aoki T., Ikeda E., Okada Y. Matrix metalloproteinases cleave connective tissue growth factor and reactivate angiogenic activity of vascular endothelial growth factor 165. J Biol Chem 2002, 277:36288-36295.
135. McQuibban G.A., Butler G.S., Gong J.H., Bendall L., Power C., Clark-Lewis I., et al. Matrix metalloproteinase activity inactivates the CXC chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1. J Biol Chem 2001, 276:43503-43508.
136. Coussens L.M., Fingleton B., Matrisian L.M. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors and cancer: trials and tribulations. Science 2002, 295:2387-2392.
137. Lee J., Weber M., Mejia S., Bone E., Watson P., Orr W. A matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, batimastat, retards the development of osteolytic bone metastases by MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells in Balb C nu/nu mice. Eur J Cancer 2001, 37:106-113.
138. Winding B., NicAmhlaoibh R., Misander H., Hoegh-Andersen P., Andersen T.L., Holst-Hansen C., et al. Synthetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors inhibit growth of established breast cancer osteolytic lesions and prolong survival in mice. Clin Cancer Res 2002, 8:1932-1939.
139. Bonfil R.D., Sabbota A., Nabha S., Bernardo M.M., Dong Z., Meng H., et al. Inhibition of human prostate cancer growth, osteolysis and angiogenesis in a bone metastasis model by a novel mechanism-based selective gelatinase inhibitor 1. Int J Cancer 2006, 118:2721-2726.