Abdominal aortic aneurysm: A review of the genetic basis

Angiology

Volumn 62, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 18-32

  Saratzis, Athanasios ^a   Abbas, Ahmed A ^b   Kiskinis, Dimitrios ^c   Melas, Nikolaos ^c   Saratzis, Nikolaos ^c   Kitas, George D ^a  

^a RUSSELLS HALL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS BIRMINGHAM NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^c ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI   (Greece)

Author keywords

abdominal aortic aneurysm; genetics; polymorphism; whole genome scan

Indexed keywords

BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE; ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; INTERLEUKIN DERIVATIVE; LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE; METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE (NADPH2); OSTEOPONTIN; OSTEOPROTEGERIN; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 1; PROTEINASE; THROMBOCYTE ACTIVATING FACTOR; TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASE; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA;

ABDOMINAL AORTA ANEURYSM; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; DISEASE COURSE; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOME ANALYSIS; HLA SYSTEM; HUMAN; MEDICAL LITERATURE; REVIEW; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

AORTIC ANEURYSM, ABDOMINAL; HLA ANTIGENS; HUMANS; INTERLEUKINS; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES; PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A; TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASES;

EID: 78650226181     PISSN: 00033197     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0003319710373092     Document Type: Review

References (129)

1. Saratzis A., Kitas G., Saratzis N., Melas N. Can Statins Suppress the Development of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms? A Review of the Current Evidence. Angiology. 2010 ; 61 (2). 137-144.
2. Brinckerhoff CE, Matrisian LM Matrix metalloproteinases: a tail of a frog that became a prince. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2002 ; 3 (3). 207-214.
3. Nagase H., Woessner Jr JF Matrix metalloproteinases. J Biol Chem. 1999 ; 274 (31). 21491-4.
4. Sternlicht MD, Werb Z. How matrix metalloproteinases regulate cell behavior. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2001 ; 17: 463-516.
5. Raffetto JD, Khalil RA Matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in vascular remodeling and vascular disease. Biochem Pharmacol. 2008 ; 75 (2). 346-359.
6. Wall SJ, Sampson MJ, Levell N., Murphy G. Elevated matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -3 production from human diabetic dermal fibroblasts. Br J Dermatol. 2003 ; 149 (1). 13-16.
7. Boyle J., Loftus I., Goodall S., et al. Amlodipine potentates metalloproteinase activity and accelerates elastin degradation in a model of aneurysmal disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 1998 ; 16 (5). 408.
8. Crowther M., Brindle N., Sayers R., et al. Aneurysmal smooth muscle cells exhibit increased matrix metalloproteinase-2 production in vitro. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1996 ; 800: 283.
9. Davis VA, Persidskaia R., Baca-Regen L., et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 production and its binding to the matrix are increased in abdominal aortic aneurysms. Thromb Vasc Biol. 1998 ; 18 (10). 1625.
10. Patel MI, Melrose J., Ghosh P., Appleberg M. Increased synthesis of matrix metalloproteinases by aortic smooth muscle cells is implicated in the etiopathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg. 1996 ; 24 (1). 82.
11. Crowther M., Goodall S., Jones JL, Bell PR, Thompson MM Increased matrix metalloproteinase 2 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells cultured from abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg. 2000 ; 32 (3). 575.
12. Freestone T., Turner RJ, Coady A., Higman DJ, Greenhalgh RM, Powell JT Inflammation and matrix metalloproteinases in the enlarging abdominal aortic aneurysm. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1995 ; 15 (8). 1145-1151.
13. Chew DKW, Conte MS, Khalil RA Matrix metalloproteinase-specific inhibition of Ca2+ entry mechanisms of vascular contraction. J Vasc Surg. 2004 ; 40 (5). 1001-1110.
14. Chew DK, Orshal JM, Khalil RA Elastase promotes aortic dilation by inhibiting Ca2+ influx into vascular smooth muscle. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2004 ; 43 (4). 504-513.
15. Price SJ, Greaves DR, Watkins H. Identification of novel, functional genetic variants in the human matrix metalloproteinase-2 gene. J Biol Chem. 2001 ; 276 (10). 7549.
16. Cook T., Gebelein B., Urrutia R. Sp1 and its likes: biochemical and functional predictions for a growing family of zinc finger transcription factors. Ann. N Y Acad. Sci 1999 ; 880: 94-102.
17. Eriksson P., Jormsjö-Pettersson S., Brady AR, Deguchi H., Hamsten A., Powell JT Genotype-phenotype relationships in an investigation of the role of proteases in abdominal aortic aneurysm expansion. Br J Surg. 2005 ; 92 (11). 1372-1376.
18. Ogata T., Shibamura H., Tromp G., et al. Genetic analysis of polymorphisms in biologically relevant candidate genes in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg. 2005 ; 41 (6). 1036-1042.
19. Hinterseher I., Bergert H., Kuhlisch E., et al. Matrix metalloproteinase 2 polymorphisms in a caucasian population with abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Surg Res. 2006 ; 133 (2). 121-128.
20. Longo GM, Xiong W., Greiner TC, Zhao Y., Fiotti N., Baxter BT Matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 work in concert to produce aortic aneurysms. J Clin Invest. 2002 ; 110 (5). 625-632.
21. Sakalihasan N., Delvenne P., Nusgens BV, Limet R., Lapiere CM Activated forms of MMP2 and MMP9 in abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg. 1996 ; 24 (1). 127-133.
22. McMillan WD, Pearce WH Increased plasma levels of metalloproteinase-9 are associated with abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg. 1999 ; 29 (1). 122-127.
23. Hovsepian DM, Ziporin SJ, Sakurai MK, Lee JK, Curci JA, Thompson RW Elevated plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms: a circulating marker of degenerative aneurysm disease. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2000 ; 11 (10). 1345-1352.
24. van Laake LW, Vainas T., Dammers R., Kitslaar PJ, Hoeks AP, Schurink GW Systemic dilation diathesis in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms: a role for matrix metalloproteinase-9 ? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2005 ; 29 (4). 371-377.
25. Pyo R., Lee JK, Shipley JM, et al. Targeted gene disruption of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (gelatinase B) suppresses development of experimental abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Clin Invest. 2000 ; 105 (11). 1641-1649.
26. Zhang B., Henney A., Eriksson P., Hamsten A., Watkins H., Ye S. Genetic variation at the matrix metalloproteinase-9 locus on chromosome 20q12.2-13.1 Hum Genet. 1999 ; 105 (5). 418-423.
27. Jones GT, Phillips VL, Harris EL, Rossaak JL, van Rij AM Functional matrix metalloproteinase-9 polymorphism (c-1562t) associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Vasc Surg. 2003 ; 38 (6). 1363-1367.
28. Medley TL, Cole TJ, Dart AM, Gatzka CD, Kingwell BA Matrix metalloproteinase-9 genotype influences large artery stiffness through effects on aortic gene and protein expression. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004 ; 24 (8). 1479-1484.
29. Blankenberg S., Rupprecht HJ, Poirier O., et al. Plasma concentrations and genetic variation of matrix metalloproteinase 9 and prognosis of patients with cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2003 ; 107 (12). 1579-1585.
30. Peters DG, Kassam A., St Jean PL, Yonas H., Ferrell RE Functional polymorphism in the matrix metalloproteinase-9 promoter as a potential risk factor for intracranial aneurysm. Stroke. 1999 ; 30 (12). 2612-2616.
31. Zhang B., Dhillon S., Geary I., et al. Polymorphisms in matrix metalloproteinase-1,-3,-9, and-12 genes in relation to subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2001 ; 32 (9). 2198-2202.
32. Thompson AR, Drenos F., Hafez H., Humphries SE Candidate gene association studies in abdominal aortic aneurysm disease: a review and meta-analysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2008 ; 35 (1). 19-30.
33. Smallwood L., Allcock R., van Bockxmeer F., et al. polymorphisms of the matrix metalloproteinase 9 gene and abdominal aortic aneurysm. Br J Surg. 2008 ; 95 (10). 1239-1244.
34. MMP8 matrix metallopeptidase 8 (neutrophil collagenase). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView& TermTTermToS4317.Accessed January 7, 2010.
35. Wilson WR, Schwalbe EC, Jones JL, Bell PR, Thompson MM Matrix metalloproteinase 8 (neutrophil collagenase) in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Br J Surg. 2005 ; 92 (7). 828-833.
36. Newman KM, Malon AM, Shin RD, Scholes JV, Ramey WG, Tilson MD Matrix metalloproteinases in abdominal aortic aneurysm: characterization, purification, and their possible sources. Connect Tissue Res. 1994 ; 30 (4). 265-276.
37. Yoon S., Tromp G., Vongpunsawad S., Ronkainen A., Juvonen T., Kuivaniemi H. genetic analysis of mmp3, mmp9 and pai-1 in finnish patients with abdominal aortic or intracranial aneurysms. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999 ; 265 (2). 563-568.
38. Biondi ML, Turri O., Leviti S., Seminati R., Cecchini F., Bernini M., et al. MMP1 and MMP3 polymorphisms in promoter regions and cancer. Clin Chem/ 2000 ; 46 (12). 2023-2024.
39. Powell JT Genes predisposing to rapid aneurysm growth. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 ; 1085: 236-241.
40. Brew K., Dinakarpandian D., Nagase H. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases: evolution, structure and function. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000 ; 1477 (1-2). 267-283.
41. Tilson MD, Reilly JM, Brophy CM, et al. Expression and sequence of the gene for tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg. 1993 ; 18 (2). 266-270.
42. Wang X., Tromp G., Cole CW, et al. Analysis of coding sequences for tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP1) and 2 (TIMP2) in patients with aneurysms. Matrix Biol. 1999 ; 18 (2). 121-124.
43. Hinterseher I., Krex D., Kuhlisch E., et al. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) polymorphisms in a Caucasian population with abdominal aortic aneurysm. World J Surg. 2007 ; 31 (11). 2248-2254.
44. Hinterseher I., Krex D., Kuhlisch E., et al. Analysis of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 gene polymorphisms in a caucasian population with abdominal aortic aneurysms [article in German]. Zentralbl Chir. 2008 ; 133 (4). 332-337.
45. Casas JP, Shah T., Hingorani AD, Danesh J., Pepys MB C-reactive protein and coronary heart disease: a critical review. J Intern Med. 2008 ; 264 (4). 295-314.
46. Danenberg HD, Szalai AJ, Swaminathan RV, et al. Increased thrombosis after arterial injury in human C-reactive protein transgenic mice. Circulation. 2003 ; 108 (5). 512-515.
47. Verma S., Wang CH, Li SH, et al. A self-fulfilling prophecy: C-reactive protein attenuates nitric oxide production and inhibits angiogenesis. Circulation. 2002 ; 106 (8). 913-919.
48. Powell JT, Muller BR, Greenhalgh RM Acute phase proteins in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 1987 ; 28 (5). 528-530.
49. Vainas T., Lubbers T., Stassen FR, et al. Serum C-reactive protein level is associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm size and may be produced by aneurysmal tissue. Circulation. 2003 ; 107 (8). 1103-1105.
50. Wanhainen A., Bergqvist D., Boman K., Nilsson TK, Rutegård J., Björck M. Risk factors associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm: a population-based study with historical and current data. J Vasc Surg. 2005 ; 41 (3). 390-396.
51. Takagi H., Manabe H., Kawai N., Goto SN, Umemoto T. Regarding "C-reactive protein (CRP) elevation in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm". J Vasc Surg. 2009 ; 50 (1). 240 ; author reply 240-241.
52. Carlson CS, Aldred SF, Lee PK, et al. Polymorphisms within the C-reactive protein (CRP) promoter region are associated with plasma CRP levels. Am J Hum Genet. 2005 ; 77 (1). 64-77.
53. Badger SA, Soong CV, O'Donnell ME, Mercer C., Young IS, Hughes AE C-reactive protein (CRP) elevation in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm is independent of the most important CRP genetic polymorphism. J Vasc Surg. 2009 ; 49 (1). 178-184.
54. Badger SA, Soong CV, O'Donnell ME, Middleton D. The role of human leukocyte antigen genes in the formation of abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg. 2007 ; 45 (3). 475-480.
55. Smallwood L., Allcock R., van Bockxmeer F., et al. Polymorphisms of the interleukin-6 gene promoter and abdominal aortic aneurysm. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2008 ; 35 (1). 31-36.
56. Bown MJ, Burton PR, Horsburgh T., Nicholson ML, Bell PR, Sayers RD The role of cytokine gene polymorphisms in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysms: a case-control study. J Vasc Surg. 2003 ; 37 (5). 999-1005.
57. Marculescu R., Sodeck G., Domanovits H., et al. Interleukin-1 gene cluster variants and abdominal aortic aneurysms. Thromb Haemost. 2005 ; 94 (3). 646-650.
58. Sugimoto T., Sada M., Miyamoto T., Yao H. Genetic analysis on HLA loci in Japanese patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2003 ; 26 (2). 215-218.
59. Rasmussen TE, Hallett JW Jr, Metzger RL, et al. Genetic similarity in inflammatory and degenerative abdominal aortic aneurysms: a study of human leukocyte antigen class II disease risk genes. J Vasc Surg. 2001 ; 34 (1). 84-89.
60. Rasmussen TE, Hallett JW Jr, Tazelaar HD, et al. Human leukocyte antigen class II immune response genes, female gender, and cigarette smoking as risk and modulating factors in abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg. 2002 ; 35 (5). 988-993.
61. Moñux G., Serrano FJ, Vigil P., De la Concha EG Role of HLADR in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2003 ; 26 (2). 211-214.
62. Ogata T., Gregoire L., Goddard KA, et al. Evidence for association between the HLA-DQA locus and abdominal aortic aneurysms in the Belgian population: a case control study. BMC Med Genet. 2006 ; 7: 67.
63. Rasmussen TE, Hallett JW Jr, Metzger RL, et al. Genetic risk factors in inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysms: polymorphic residue 70 in the HLA-DR B1 gene as a key genetic element. J Vasc Surg. 1997 ; 25 (2). 356-364.
64. Bacon PA, Stevens RJ, Carruthers DM, Young SP, Kitas GD Accelerated atherogenesis in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Autoimmun Rev. 2002 ; 1 (6). 338-347.
65. Kitas GD, Erb N. Tackling ischaemic heart disease in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2003 ; 42 (5). 607-613.
66. Gregersen PK, Silver J., Winchester RJ The shared epitope hypothesis. An approach to understanding the molecular genetics of susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1987 ; 30 (11). 1205-1213.
67. Gonzalez-Gay MA, Gonzalez-Juanatey C., Lopez-Diaz MZ, et al. HLA-DRB1 and persistent chronic inflammation contribute to cardiovascular events and cardiovascular mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007 ; 57 (1). 125-132.
68. Weyand CM, Hicok KC, Hunder GG, Goronzy JJ. The HLA-DRB1 locus as a genetic component in giant cell arteritis. J Clin Inv. 1992 ; 90 (6). 2355-2361.
69. Hirose H., Takagi M., Miyagawa N., et al. Genetic risk factor for abdominal aortic aneurysm: HLADR2(15), a Japanese study. J Vasc Surg. 1998 ; 27 (3). 500-503.
70. Lindeman JH, Abdul-Hussien H., Schaapherder AF, et al. Enhanced expression and activation of pro-inflammatory transcription factors distinguish aneurysmal from atherosclerotic aorta: IL-6- and IL-8-dominated inflammatory responses prevail in the human aneurysm. Clin Sci (Lond). 2008 ; 114 (11). 687-697.
71. Wallinder J., Bergqvist D., Henriksson AE Proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine balance in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm and the impact of aneurysm size. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2009 ; 43 (3). 258-261.
72. Dawson J., Cockerill GW, Choke E., Belli AM, Loftus I., Thompson MM Aortic aneurysms secrete interleukin-6 into the circulation. J Vasc Surg. 2007 ; 45 (2). 350-356.
73. Dawson J., Cockerill G., Choke E., Loftus I., Thompson MM Circulating cytokines in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 ; 1085: 324-326. (Pubitemid 47091982)
74. Middleton RK, Lloyd GM, Bown MJ, Cooper NJ, London NJ, Sayers RD The pro-inflammatory and chemotactic cytokine microenvironment of the abdominal aortic aneurysm wall: a protein array study. J Vasc Surg. 2007 ; 45 (3). 574-580.
75. Jones KG, Brull DJ, Brown LC, et al. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the prognosis of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Circulation. 2001 ; 103 (18). 2260-2265.
76. Bown MJ, Horsburgh T., Nicholson ML, Bell PR, Sayers RD Cytokines, their genetic polymorphisms, and outcome after abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2004 ; 28 (3). 274-280.
77. Bown MJ, Lloyd GM, Sandford RM, et al. The interleukin-10-1082 'A' allele and abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg. 2007 ; 46 (4). 687-693.
78. Nomiyama et al. Human CC chemokine liver-expressed chemokine/CCL16 is a functional ligand for CCR1, CCR2 and CCR5, and constitutively expressed by hepatocytes. Int Immunol. 2001 ; 13 (8). 1021-1029.
79. Sandford B., Bown M., London N., Sayers R. The role of the CCR5 Delta32 polymorphism in abdominal aortic aneurysms. Int J Immunogenet. 2009 ; 36 (4). 199-205.
80. Ghilardi G., Biondi ML, Battaglioli L., Zambon A., Guagnellini E., Scorza R. Genetic risk factor characterizes abdominal aortic aneurysm from arterial occlusive disease in human beings: CCR5 Delta 32 deletion. J Vasc Surg. 2004 ; 40 (5). 995-1000.
81. Matt P., Schoenhoff F., Habashi J., et al. Circulating transforming growth factor-beta in Marfan syndrome. Circulation. 2009 ; 120 (6). 526-532.
82. Thompson AR, Cooper JA, Jones GT, et al. Assessment of the association between genetic polymorphisms in transforming growth factor beta, and its binding protein (LTBP), and the presence, and expansion, of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. Atherosclerosis. 2010 ; 209 (2). 367-373.
83. Rifkin DB Latent transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) binding proteins: orchestrators of TGF-beta availability. J Biol Chem. 2005 ; 280 (9). 7409-7412.
84. Baas AF, Medic J., van 't Slot R., et al. Association of the TGF-beta receptor genes with abdominal aortic aneurysm. Eur J Hum Genet. 2010 ; 18 (2). 240-244.
85. Golledge J., Clancy P., Jones GT, et al. Possible association between genetic polymorphisms in transforming growth factor beta receptors, serum transforming growth factor beta1 concentration and abdominal aortic aneurysm. Br J Surg. 2009 ; 96 (6). 628-632.
86. Lucarini L., Sticchi E., Sofi F., et al. ACE and TGFBR1 genes interact in influencing the susceptibility to abdominal aortic aneurysm. Atherosclerosis. 2009 ; 202 (1). 205-210.
87. Rigat B., Hubert C., Alhenc-Gelas F., Cambien F., Corvol P., Soubrier F. An insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene accounting for half the variance of serum enzyme levels. J Clin Invest. 1990 ; 86 (4). 1343.
88. Tiret L., Rigat B., Visvikis S., et al. Evidence from combined segregation and linkage analysis, that a variant of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) gene controls plasma ACE levels. Am J Hum Genet. 1992 ; 51 (1). 197.
89. Danser AH, Schalekamp MA, Bax WA, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme in the human heart. Effect of the deletion/ insertion polymorphism. Circulation. 1995 ; 92 (6). 1387-1388.
90. Dzau VJ The role of mechanical and humoral factors in growth regulation of vascular smooth muscle and cardiac myocytes. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 1993 ; 2 (1). 27.
91. Cambien F., Poirier O., Leceref F., et al. Deletion polymorphism in the gene for angiotensin-converting enzyme is a potent risk factor for myocardial infarction. Nature. 1992 ; 359 (6396). 641.
92. Pola R., Gaetani E., Santoliquido A., et al. Abdominal aortic aneurysm in normotensive patients: association with angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2001 ; 21 (5). 445-449.
93. Hamano K., Ohishi M., Ueda M., et al. Deletion polymorphism in the gene for angiotensin-converting enzyme is not a risk factor predisposing to abdominal aortic aneurysm. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 1999 ; 18 (2). 158-161.
94. Fatini C., Pratesi G., Sofi F., et al. ACE DD genotype: a predisposing factor for abdominal aortic aneurysm. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2005 ; 29 (3). 227-232. (Pubitemid 40267958)
95. Korcz A., Mikołajczyk-Stecyna J., Gabriel M., et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE, I/D) gene polymorphism and susceptibility to abdominal aortic aneurysm or aortoiliac occlusive disease. J Surg Res. 2009 ; 153 (1). 76-82.
96. Benveniste J., Henson PM, Cochrane CG Leukocyte-dependent histamine release from rabbit platelets. The role of IgE, basophils, and a platelet-activating factor. J Exp Med. 1972 ; 136 (6). 1356-1377.
97. Unno N., Nakamura T., Mitsuoka H., et al. Association of a G994 ->T missense mutation in the plasma platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase gene with risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm in Japanese. Ann Surg. 2002 ; 235 (2). 297-302.
98. Gils A., Declerck PJ The structural basis for the pathophysiological relevance of PAI-I in cardiovascular diseases and the development of potential PAI-I inhibitors. Thromb Haemost. 2004 ; 91 (3). 425-437. (Pubitemid 38396864)
99. Tsantes AE, Nikolopoulos GK, Bagos PG, Bonovas S., Kopterides P., Vaiopoulos G. The effect of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G polymorphism on the thrombotic risk. Thromb Res. 2008 ; 122 (6). 736-742.
100. Jones K., Powell J., Brown L., Greenhalgh R., Jormsjö S., Eriksson P. The influence of 4G/5G polymorphism in the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene promoter on the incidence, growth and operative risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2002 ; 23 (5). 421-425.
101. Sofi F., Marcucci R., Giusti B., et al. High levels of homocysteine, lipoprotein (a) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 are present in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm. Thromb Haemost. 2005 ; 94 (5). 1094-1098.
102. Kotani K., Shimomura T., Murakami F., et al. Allele frequency of human endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphism in abdominal aortic aneurysm. Intern Med. 2000 ; 39 (7). 537-539.
103. Rudic RD, Shesely EG, Maeda N., Smithies O., Segal SS, Sessa WC Direct evidence for the importance of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in vascular remodeling. J Clin Invest. 1998 ; 101 (4). 731-736.
104. Fatini C., Sofi F., Sticchi E., et al. eNOS G894T polymorphism as a mild predisposing factor for abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Vasc Surg. 2005 ; 42 (3). 415-419. (Pubitemid 41323826)
105. Atli FH, Manduz S., Katrancioglu N., et al. eNOS G894T Polymorphism and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms. Angiology. 2010 ; 61 (2). 125-130.
106. Patarca R., Freeman GJ, Singh RP, et al. Structural and functional studies of the early T lymphocyte activation 1 (Eta-1) gene. Definition of a novel T cell-dependent response associated with genetic resistance to bacterial infection. J Exp Med. 1989 ; 170 (1). 145-161.
107. Cho HJ, Cho HJ, Kim HS Osteopontin: a multifunctional protein at the crossroads of inflammation, atherosclerosis, and vascular calcification. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2009 ; 11 (3). 206-213.
108. Bruemmer D., Collins AR, Noh G., et al. Angiotensin II-accelerated atherosclerosis and aneurysm formation is attenuated in osteopontin-deficient mice. J Clin Invest. 2003 ; 112 (9). 1318-1331.
109. Golledge J., Muller J., Shephard N., et al. Association between osteopontin and human abdominal aortic aneurysm. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007 ; 27 (3). 655-660.
110. Malyankar UM, Scatena M., Suchland KL, Yun TJ, Clark EA, Giachelli CM. Osteoprotegerin is an alpha vbeta 3-induced, NF-kappa B-dependent survival factor for endothelial cells. J Biol Chem. 2000 ; 275 (28). 20959-20962.
111. Bucay N., Sarosi I., Dunstan CR, et al. Osteoprotegerin-deficient mice develop early onset osteoporosis and arterial calcification. Genes Dev. 1998 ; 12 (9). 1260-1268.
112. Kim SM, Lee J., Ryu OH, et al. Serum osteoprotegerin levels are associated with inflammation and pulse wave velocity. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005 ; 63 (5). 594-598.
113. Moran CS, Clancy P., Biros E., et al. Association of PPARgamma Allelic Variation, osteoprotegerin and abdominal aortic aneurysm. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2010 ; 72 (1). 128-132.
114. Brunelli T., Prisco D., Fedi S., et al. High prevalence of mild hyperhomocysteinemia in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Vasc Surg. 2000 ; 32 (3). 531-536.
115. Goyette P., Sumner JS, Milos R., et al. Human methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase: isolation of cDNA mapping and mutation identification. Nat Genet. 1994 ; 7 (4). 551.
116. Sibani S., Christensen B., O'Ferrall E., et al. Characterization of six novel mutations in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene in patients with homocystinuria. Hum Mutat. 2000 ; 15 (3). 280-287.
117. Sharp L., Little J. Polymorphisms in genes involved in folate metabolism and colorectal neoplasia: a HuGE review. Am J Epidemiol. 2004 ; 159 (5). 423-443.
118. Strauss E., Waliszewski K., Gabriel M., Zapalski S., Pawlak AL Increased risk of the abdominal aortic aneurysm in carriers of the MTHFR 677T allele. J Appl Genet. 2003 ; 44 (1). 85-93.
119. Jones GT, Harris EL, Phillips LV, van Rij AM The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T polymorphism does not associate with susceptibility to abdominal aortic aneurysm. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2005 ; 30 (2). 137-142.
120. Ferrara F., Novo S., Grimaudo S., et al. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase mutation in subjects with abdominal aortic aneurysm subdivided for age. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2006 ; 34 (3). 421-426.
121. Giusti B., Saracini C., Bolli P., et al. Genetic analysis of 56 polymorphisms in 17 genes involved in methionine metabolism in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Med Genet. 2008 ; 45 (11). 721-730.
122. Shibamura H., Olson JM, van Vlijmen-Van Keulen C., et al. Genome scan for familial abdominal aortic aneurysm using sex and family history as covariates suggests genetic heterogeneity and identifies linkage to chromosome 19q13. Circulation. 2004 ; 109 (17). 2103-2108.
123. Van Vlijmen - Van Keulen CJ, Rauwerda JA, Pals G. Genome-wide linkage in three Dutch families maps a locus for abdominal aortic aneurysms to chromosome 19q13.3 Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2005 ; 30 (1). 29-35.
124. Ruigrok YM, Elias R., Wijmenga C., Rinkel GJ A comparison of genetic chromosomal loci for intracranial, thoracic aortic, and abdominal aortic aneurysms in search of common genetic risk factors. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2008 ; 17 (1). 40-47.
125. Giusti B., Rossi L., Lapini I., et al. Gene expression profiling of peripheral blood in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2009 ; 38 (1). 104-112.
126. Choke E., Cockerill GW, Laing K., Dawson J., Wilson WR, Loftus IM, Thompson MM Whole genome-expression profiling reveals a role for immune and inflammatory response in abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2009 ; 37 (3). 305-310.
127. Lenk GM, Tromp G., Weinsheimer S., Gatalica Z., Berguer R., Kuivaniemi H. Whole genome expression profiling reveals a significant role for immune function in human abdominal aortic aneurysms. BMC Genomics. 2007 ; 8: 237.
128. Nordon IM, Hinchliffe RJ, Holt PJ, Loftus IM, Thompson MM Review of current theories for abdominal aortic aneurysm pathogenesis. Vascular. 2009 ; 17 (5). 253-263.
129. Marian J. On genetics, inflammation, and abdominal aortic aneurysm: can single nucleotide polymorphisms predict the outcome? Circulation. 2001 ; 103 (18). 2222-2224.