Retinal imaging and image analysis

IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering

Volumn 3, Issue , 2010, Pages 169-208

  Abramoff, Michael D ^a   Garvin, Mona K ^b   Sonka, Milan ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

^b IA United States   (United States)

Author keywords

Computer aided diagnosis; fundus photography; optical coherence tomography (OCT); population screening; retina

Indexed keywords

AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION; ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES; AUTOMATED METHODS; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; EYE DISEASE; FUNDUS IMAGING; FUNDUS PHOTOGRAPHS; FUNDUS PHOTOGRAPHY; IMAGE ANALYSIS METHOD; OPTIC NERVE HEAD; OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY; POPULATION SCREENING; QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES; RETINA; RETINAL DISEASE; RETINAL IMAGING; RETINAL LAYERS; RETINAL VASCULATURE; SYSTEMIC DISEASE;

EYE PROTECTION; IMAGE ANALYSIS; IMAGE ENHANCEMENT; IMAGE SEGMENTATION; OPHTHALMOLOGY; PHOTOGRAPHY; THREE DIMENSIONAL; TOMOGRAPHY;

COMPUTER AIDED DIAGNOSIS;

DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; GLAUCOMA; HUMAN; IMAGE PROCESSING; METHODOLOGY; OPTIC DISK; OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY; PATHOLOGY; RETINA; RETINA DISEASE; RETINA MACULA DEGENERATION; REVIEW;

DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; GLAUCOMA; HUMANS; IMAGE PROCESSING, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; MACULAR DEGENERATION; OPTIC DISK; RETINA; RETINAL DISEASES; TOMOGRAPHY, OPTICAL COHERENCE;

EID: 78650207175     PISSN: 19373333     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/RBME.2010.2084567     Document Type: Review

References (187)

1. A. C. Van Trigt, Dissertatio ophthalmologica inauguralis de speculo oculi.: Trajecti ad Rhenum, 1853.
2. H. Kolb, "How the retina works," Amer. Scientist, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 28-35, 2003.
3. H. Kolb, E. Fernandez, R. Nelson, and B. W. Jones, Webvision: Organization of the retina and visual system 2005 [Online]. Available: http://webvision.med.utah.edu/
4. WHO [Online]. Available: http://www.who.int/diabetes/publications/ Definitionanddiagnosisofdiabetes-new.pdf
5. Nat. Eye Inst., Visual problems in the U.S. 2002, Nat. Eye Inst. [Online]. Available: http://www.nei.nih.gov/eyedata/pdf/VPUS.pdf
6. NHIS, 2004-2006 Nat. Health Interview Survey (NHIS) Nat. Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2007 [Online]. Available: www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm, Tech. Rep.
7. Centers for Disease Control, Nat. Diabetes Fact Sheet 2008 [Online]. Available: http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/DDTSTRS/FactSheet.aspx
8. D. C. Klonoff and D. M. Schwartz, "An economic analysis of interventions for diabetes," Diabetes Care, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 390-404, Mar. 2000.
9. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study research group, "Early photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy. ETDRS Rep. 9," Ophthalmology, vol. 98, no. 5 suppl, pp. 766-785, 1991.
10. T. A. Ciulla, A. G. Amador, and B. Zinman, "Diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema: Pathophysiology, screening, and novel therapies," Diabetes Care, vol. 26, no. 9, pp. 2653-2664, 2003.
11. T. Otani, S. Kishi, and Y. Maruyama, "Patterns of diabetic macular edema with optical coherence tomography," Amer. J. Ophthalmol., vol. 127, no. 6, pp. 688-693, 1999. (Pubitemid 29266745)
12. M.O. Tso, "Pathology of cystoid macular edema," Ophthalmology, vol. 89, no. 8, pp. 902-915, 1982.
13. C. V. Lardenoye, K. Probst, P. J. DeLint, and A. Rothova, "Photore-ceptor function in eyes with edema," Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., vol. 41, no. 12, pp. 4048-4053, 2000.
14. Diabetic Retinopathy Study Group, "Photocoagulation treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy: Clinical application of DRS findings: DRS Rep. 8," Ophthalmology, vol. 88, pp. 583-600, 1981.
15. Diabetic Retinopathy Study Group, "Factors influencing the development of visual loss in advanced diabetic retinopathy: DRS Rep. 9," Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., vol. 26, pp. 983-991, 1985.
16. Diabetic Retinopathy Study Group, "Indications for photocoagulation treatment of diabetic retinopathy: DRS Rep. 14," Int. Ophthalmol. Clin., vol. 27, pp. 239-253, 1987.
17. Eye Diseases Prevalence Research Group, "Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration inthe united states," Arch. Ophthalmol., vol. 122, no. 4, pp. 564-572, Apr. 2004.
18. SMDS Investigators, "Argon laser photocoagulation for senile mac-ular degeneration - Results of a randomized clinical trial," Arch. Ophthalmol., vol. 100, pp. 912-918, 1982.
19. Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group, "A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS Rep. 8," Arch. Ophthalmol., vol. 119, pp. 1417-1436, 2001.
20. R. F. Spaide, K. Laud, H. F. Fine, J. M. Klancnik, C. B. Meyerle, L. A. Yannuzzi, J. Sorenson, J. Slakter, Y. L. Fisher, and M. J. Cooney, "Intravitreal bevacizumab treatment of choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration," Retina, vol. 26, pp. 383-390, 2006. (Pubitemid 44197628)
21. G. A. Lalwani, P. J. Rosenfeld, A. E. Fung, S. R. Dubovy, S. Michels, W. Feuer, J. L. Davis, H. W. Flynn, Jr, and M. Esquiabro, "A variable-dosing regimen with intravitreal ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: Year 2 of the pronto study," Amer. J. Ophthalmol., vol. 148, pp. 43-58, 2009.
22. J. M. Tielsch, J. Katz, K. Singh, H. A. Quigley, J. D. Gottsch, J. Javitt, and A. Sommer, "A population-based evaluation of glaucoma screening: The Baltimore eye survey," Amer. J. Epidemiol., vol. 134, no. 10, pp. 1102-1110, 1991.
23. A. Heijl, M. C. Leske, B. Bengtsson, L. Hyman, B. Bengtsson, and M. Hussein, Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial Group, "Reduction of intraocular pressure and glaucoma progression: Results from the early manifest glaucoma trial," Arch. Ophthalmol., vol. 120, no. 10, pp. 1268-1279, 2002.
24. T. Y. Wong, A. Shankar, R. Klein, B. E. K. Klein, and L. D. Hubbard, "Prospective cohort study of retinal vessel diameters and risk of hypertension," BMJ, vol. 329, pp. 799-800, 2004.
25. L. D. Hubbard, R. J. Brothers, W. N. King, L. X. Clegg, R. Klein, L. S. Cooper, A. R. Sharrett, M. D. Davis, and J. Cai, "Methods for evaluation of retinal microvascular abnormalities associated with hypertension/sclerosis in the atherosclerosis risk in communities study," Ophthalmology, vol. 106, pp. 2269-2280, 1999.
26. C. S. Flick, "Centenary of Babbage's ophthalmoscope," Optician, vol. 113, p. 246, 1947.
27. C. R. Keeler, "150 years since Babbage's ophthalmoscope," Arch. Ophthalmol., vol. 115, pp. 1456-1457, 1997.
28. D. S. Halacy, Charles Babbage, Father of the Computer. London, U.K.: Crowell-Collier Press, 1970.
29. H. L. F. von Helmholtz, Beschreibung eines Augen-Spiegels.: A. Farstnerische Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1851.
30. J. E. Purkinje, Beobachtungen und Versuche zur Physiologie der Sinne. Erstes Bandchen, Beitrage zur Kenntniss des Sehens in subjectiver Hin-sicht. Prague, Austria: 1823.
31. O. Gerloff, "Uber die Photographie des Augenhintergrundes," Klin Monatsblätter Augenheilkunde, vol. 29, pp. 397-403, 1891.
32. A. Gullstrand, "Neue methoden der reflexlosen ophthalmoskopie," Berichte Deutsche Ophthalmologische Gesellschaft, vol. 36, 1910.
33. H. R. Novotny and D. L. Alvis, "A method of photographing fluorescence in circulating blood in the human retina," Circulation, vol. 24, pp. 82-86, 1961.
34. L. Allen, "Ocular fundus photography: Suggestions for achieving consistently good pictures and instructions for stereoscopic photography," Amer. J. Ophthalmol., vol. 57, pp. 13-28, 1964.
35. R. H. Webb and G. W. Hughes, "Scanning laser ophthalmoscope," IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 488-492, Apr. 1981.
36. D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, "Optical coherence tomography," Science, vol. 254, no. 5035, pp. 1178-1181, Nov. 1991.
37. M. E. J. van Velthoven, D. J. Faber, F. D. Verbraak, T. G. van Leeuwen, and M. D. de Smet, "Recent developments in optical coherence tomography for imaging the retina," Prog. Retina Eye Res., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 57-77, Jan. 2007.
38. M. Matsui, T. Tashiro, K. Matsumoto, and S. Yamamoto, "A study on automatic and quantitative diagnosis of fundus photographs. I. Detection of contour line of retinal blood vessel images on color fundus photographs (author's transl.)," Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi, vol. 77, no. 8, pp. 907-918, 1973, [Online]. Available: PM:4594062.
39. C. E. Baudoin, B. J. Lay, and J. C. Klein, "Automatic detection of microaneurysms in diabetic fluorescein angiography," Rev. Epidemiol. Sante Publique, vol. 32, no. 3-4, pp. 254-261, 1984, [Online]. Available: PM:0006522738.
40. M. Sonka, V. Hlavac, and R. Boyle, Image Processing, Analysis, and Machine Vision, 3rd ed. Toronto, Canada: Thomson Engineering, 2008, (1st edition Chapman and Hall, London, 1993; 2nd edition PWS, Pacific Grove, CA, 1997).
41. M. Choma, M. Sarunic, C. Yang, and J. Izatt, "Sensitivity advantage of swept source and fourier domain optical coherence tomography," Opt. Expr., vol. 11, pp. 2183-2189, 2003.
42. M. D. Abramoff, R. Kardon, K. Vermeer, and M. Mensink, "A portable, patient friendly scanning laser ophthalmoscope for diabetic retinopathy imaging: Exudates and hermorrhages," in ARVO Annu. Meeting, Abstract, 2007.
43. D. X. Hammer, R. D. Ferguson, T. E. Ustun, C. D. Bigelow, N. V. Iftimia, and R. H. Webb, "Line-scanning laser ophthalmoscope," J. Biomed. Opt., vol. 11, 2006.
44. J. V. D. Kraats and D. van Norren, "Directional and nondirectional spectral reflection from the human fovea," J. Biomed. Opt., vol. 13, 2008.
45. F. C. Delori and K. P. Pflibsen, "Spectral reflectance of the human ocular fundus," Appl. Opt., vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 1061-1077, 1989.
46. M. D. Abramoff, Y. H. Kwon, D. Ts'o, P. Soliz, B. Zimmerman, J. Pokorny, and R. Kardon, "Visual stimulus-induced changes in human near-infrared fundus reflectance," Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 715-721, 2006, [Online]. Available: PM:16431972.
47. M. Mujat, R. D. Ferguson, N. Iftimia, and D. X. Hammer, "Compact adaptive optics line scanning ophthalmoscope," Opt. Expr., vol. 17, 2009.
48. D. M. de Bruin, D. L. Burnes, J. Loewenstein, Y. Chen, S. Chang, T. C. Chen, D. D. Esmaili, and J. F. de Boer, "In vivo hree-dimensional imaging of neovascular age-related macular degeneration using optical frequency domain imaging at 1050 nm," Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., vol. 49, pp. 4545-4552, 2008.
49. American Telemedicine Association, Ocular Telehealth Special Interest Group, 2004, Telehealth Practice Recommendations for Diabetic Retinopathy [Online]. Available: http://www.atmeda.org/ICOT/dia-beticretionpathy.FINAL.pdf
50. G. H. Bresnick, D. B. Mukamel, J. C. Dickinson, and D. R. Cole, "A screening approach to the surveillance of patients with diabetes for the presence of vision-threatening retinopathy," Ophthalmology, vol. 107, no. 1, pp. 19-24, 2000, [Online]. Available: PM:0010647713.
51. J. L. Kinyoun, D. C. Martin, W. Y. Fujimoto, and D. L. Leonetti, "Oph-thalmoscopy versus fundus photographs for detecting and grading diabetic retinopathy," Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 1888-1893, 1992, [Online]. Available: PM:0001582794.
52. American Acad. Ophthalmology Retina Panel, 2003, Preferred practice pattern: Diabetic retinopathy [Online]. Available: www.aao.org/ppp
53. D. S. Fong, L. Aiello, T. W. Gardner, G. L. King, G. Blankenship, J. D. Cavallerano, I. Ferris, F. L., and R. Klein, "Diabetic retinopathy," Diabetes Care, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 226-229, 2003, [Online]. Available: PM:12502685. (Pubitemid 36934461)
54. D. S. Fong, M. Sharza, W. Chen, J. F. Paschal, R. G. Ariyasu, and P. P. Lee, "Vision loss among diabetics in a group model health maintenance organization (HMO)," Amer. J. Ophthalmol., vol. 133, no. 2, pp. 236-241, 2002, [Online]. Available: PM:11812428.
55. D. F. Wilson, S. A. Vinogradov, P. Grosul, M. N. Vaccarezza, A. Kuroki, and J. Bennett, "Oxygen distribution and vascular injury in the mouse eye measured by phosphorescence-lifetime imaging," Appl. Opt., vol. 44, no. 25, pp. 5239-5248, 2005, [Online]. Available: PM:16149347.
56. D. Y. Lin, M. S. Blumenkranz, R. J. Brothers, and D. M. Grosvenor, "The sensitivity and specificity of single-field nonmydri-atic monochromatic digital fundus photography with remote image interpretation for diabetic retinopathy screening: A comparison with ophthalmoscopy and standardized mydriatic color photography," Amer. J. Ophthalmol., vol. 134, no. 2, pp. 204-213, 2002, [Online]. Available: PM:12140027.
57. G. A. Williams, I. U. Scott, J. A. Haller, A. M. Maguire, D. Marcus, and H. R. McDonald, "Single-field fundus photography for diabetic retinopathy screening: A report by the American academy of ophthalmology," Ophthalmology, vol. 111, no. 5, pp. 1055-1062, 2004.
58. M. G. Lawrence, "The accuracy of digital-video retinal imaging to screen for diabetic retinopathy: An analysis of two digital-video retinal imaging systems using standard stereoscopic seven-field photography and dilated clinical examination as reference standards," Trans. Amer. Ophthalmol. Soc., vol. 102, pp. 321-340, 2004, [Online]. Available: PM:15747766.
59. M. D. Abramoff and M. S. Suttorp-Schulten, "Web based screening for diabetic retinopathy in a primary care population: The EyeCheck project," J. Telemedicine E-Health, vol. 11, pp. 668-674, 2005.
60. N. Cheung, G. Liew, R. I. Lindley, E. Y. Liu, J. J. Wang, P. Hand, M. Baker, P. Mitchell, and T. Y. Wong, "Retinal fractals and acute lacunar stroke," Ann Neurol vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 107-11, 2010 [Online]. Available: http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/Retinal-frac-tals-acute-lacunar-stroke/20582985. html
61. T. Y. Wong, N. Cheung, F. M. Islam, R. Klein, M. H. Criqui, M. F. Cotch, J. J. Carr, B. E. Klein, and A. R. Sharrett, "Relation of retinopathy to coronary artery calcification: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis," Amer. J. Epidemiol., vol. 167, no. 1, pp. 51-58, September 2008.
62. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study research group, "Pho-tocoagulation for diabetic macular edema. Early treatment diabetic retinopathy study report number 1. Early treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study research group," Arch. Ophthalmol., vol. 103, no. 12, pp. 1796-1806, 1985.
63. J. Kinyoun, F. Barton, M. Fisher, L. Hubbard, L. Aiello, and F. Ferris, "Detection of diabetic macular edema: Ophthalmoscopy versus photography - Early treatment diabetic retinopathy study (ETDRS) Rep. 5," Ophthalmology, vol. 96, no. 6, pp. 746-750, June. 1989.
64. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study research group, "Fundus photographic risk factors for progression of diabetic retinopathy. ETDRS Rep. 12. Early treatment diabetic retinopathy study research group," Ophthalmology, vol. 98, no. 5 Suppl, pp. 823-833, 1991.
65. P. J. Rosenfeld, D. M. Brown, J. S. Heier, D. S. Boyer, P. K. Kaiser, C. Y. Chung, and R. Y. Kim, "Ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration," New Engl. J. Med., vol. 355, pp. 1419-1431, 2006.
66. D. M. Brown, P. K. Kaiser, M. Michels, G. Soubrane, J. S. Heier, R. Y. Kim, J. P. Sy, and S. Schneider, ANCHOR Study Group, "Ranibizumab versus verteporfin for neovascular age-related macular degeneration," New Engl. J. Med., vol. 355, pp. 1432-1444, 2006.
67. D. S. Boyer, A. N. Antoszyk, C. C. Awh, R. B. Bhisitkul, H. Shapiro, and N. R. Acharya, MARINA Study Group, "Subgroup analysis of the marina study of ranibizumab in neovascular age-related macular degeneration," Ophthalmology, vol. 114, pp. 246-252, 2007.
68. Y. H. Kwon, M. Adix, M. B. Zimmerman, S. Piette, E. C. Greenlee, W. L. Alward, and M. D. Abramoff, "Variance owing to observer, repeat imaging, and fundus camera type on cup-to-disc ratio estimates by stereo planimetry," J. Glaucoma, vol. 18, pp. 305-310, 2009.
69. M. D. Abramoff, J. M. Reinhardt, S. R. Russell, J. C. Folk, V. B. Mahajan, M. Niemeijer, and G. Quellec, "Automated early detection of diabetic retinopathy," Ophthalmology, pp. 1147-1154, 2010.
70. M. D. Abràmoff, M. Niemeijer, M. S. A. Suttorp-Schulten, M. A. Viergever, S. R. Russell, and B. van Ginneken, "Evaluation of a system for automatic detection of diabetic retinopathy from color fundus photographs in a large population of patients with diabetes," Diabetes Care, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 193-198, February 2008.
71. S. Philip, A. D. Fleming, K. A. Goatman, S. Fonseca, P. Mcnamee, G. S. Scotland, G. J. Prescott, P. F. Sharp, and J. A. Olson, "The efficacy of automated "disease/no disease" grading for diabetic retinopathy in a systematic screening programme," Brit. J. Ophthalmol., vol. 91, no. 11, pp. 1512-1517, November 2007. (Pubitemid 350044057)
72. A. Hoover, V. Kouznetsova, and M. Goldbaum, "Locating blood vessels in retinal images by piecewise threshold probing of a matched filter response," IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 203-210, 2000, [Online]. Available: PM:10875704.
73. M. Niemeijer, J. S. Staal, B. van Ginneken, M. Loog, and M. D. Abramoff, "Comparative study of retinal vessel segmentation on a new publicly available database," in Medical Imaging: Image Analysis. Proc. SPIE Medical Imaging, Vol. 5370, Bellingham, WA, 2004, pp. 658-656, SPIE.
74. H. F. Jelinek, "Automated vessel segmentation of 35 mm colour non-mydriatic images in a community health screening project," MG&V, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 57-68, 2008.
75. J. V. B. Soares, J. J. G. Le, R. M. Cesar, H. F. Jelinek, and M. J. Cree, "Retinal vessel segmentation using the 2-D Gabor wavelet and supervised classification," IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging, vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 1214-1222, Oct 2006.
76. J. Staal, M. D. Abramoff, M. Niemeijer, M. A. Viergever, and G. B. van, "Ridge-based vessel segmentation in color images of the retina," IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 501-509, Apr. 2004, [Online]. Available: PM:15084075.
77. M. Sonka and J. M. Fitzpatrick, Handbook of Medical Imaging - Volume 2, Medical Image Processing and Analysis. Wellingham, WA: Int. Soc. Optical Engineering Press, 2000.
78. B. M. ter Haar Romeny, Front End Vision and Multi-Scale Image Analysis. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2003.
79. M. Niemeijer, B. van Ginneken, and M. D. Abramoff, "Automatic determination of the artery vein ratio in retinal images," in Medical Imaging: Image Analysis. Proc. SPIE Medical Imaging, Vol. 5376, Bellingham, WA, 2010.
80. T. Walter, J. C. Klein, P. Massin, and A. Erginay, "A contribution of image processing to the diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy-detection of exudates in color fundus images of the human retina," IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging, vol. 21, no. 10, pp. 1236-1243, Oct. 2002, [Online]. Available: PM:12585705.
81. T. Spencer, J. A. Olson, K. C. McHardy, P. F. Sharp, and J. V. Forrester, "An image-processing strategy for the segmentation and quantification of microaneurysms in fluorescein angiograms of the ocular fundus," Comput. Biomed. Res., vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 284-302, 1996, [Online]. Available: PM:8812075.
82. A. J. Frame, P. E. Undrill, M. J. Cree, J. C. Olson, K. C. Mchardy, P. F. Sharp, and J. V. Forrester, "A comparison of computer based classification methods applied to the detection of microaneurysms in ophthalmic fluorescein angiograms," Comput. Biol. Med., vol. 28, pp. 225-238, 1998.
83. J. H. Hipwell, F. Strachan, J. A. Olson, K. C. McHardy, P. F. Sharp, and J. V. Forrester, "Automated detection of microaneurysms in digital red-free photographs: A diabetic retinopathy screening tool," Diabet. Med., vol. 17, no. 8, pp. 588-594, 2000.
84. M. Niemeijer, B.van Ginneken, J. Staal, M. S. A. Suttorp-Schulten, and M. D. Abramoff, "Automatic detection of red lesions in digital color fundus photographs," IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 584-592, Apr. 2005.
85. M. Niemeijer, B. van Ginneken, S. R. Russell, M. S. Suttorp-Schulten, and M. D. Abramoff, "Automated detection and differentiation of drusen, exudates, and cotton-wool spots in digital color fundus photographs for early diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy," Invest Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., vol. 45, 2007.
86. M. J. Cree, J. A. Olson, K. C. McHardy, P. F. Sharp, and J. V. Forrester, "A fully automated comparative microaneurysm digital detection system," Eye, vol. 11, pt. Pt 5, pp. 622-628, 1997.
87. G. G. Gardner, D. Keating, T. H. Williamson, and A. T. Elliott, "Automatic detection of diabetic retinopathy using an artificial neural network: A screening tool," Brit. J. Ophthalmol., vol. 80, no. 11, pp. 940-944, 1996, [Online]. Available: PM:0008976718.
88. C. Sinthanayothin, J. F. Boyce, T. H. Williamson, H. L. Cook, E. Mensah, S. Lal, and D. Usher, "Automated detection of diabetic retinopathy on digital fundus images," Diabet. Med., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 105-112, 2002, [Online]. Available: PM:11874425.
89. G. Quellec, M. Lamard, P. M. Josselin, G. Cazuguel, B. Cochener, and C. Roux, "Optimal wavelet transform for the detection of microa-neurysms in retina photographs," IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging, vol. 27, no. 9, pp. 1230-1241, Sep. 2008.
90. A. Osareh, M. Mirmehdi, B. Thomas, and R. Markham, "Automated identification of diabetic retinal exudates in digital colour images," Brit. J. Ophthalmol., vol. 87, no. 10, pp. 1220-1223, 2003, [Online]. Available: PM:14507751.
91. K. W. Tobin, E. Chaum, V. P. Govindasamy, and T. P. Karnowski, "Detection of anatomic structures in human retinal imagery," IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging, vol. 26, no. 12, pp. 1729-1739, Dec. 2007.
92. S. Lee, J. M. Reinhardt, P. C. Cattin, and M. D. Abramoff, "Objective and expert-independent validation of retinal image registration algorithms by a projective imaging distortion model," Med. Image Anal., vol. 28, no. 1, 2010.
93. S. Lee, M.D. Abràmoff, and J. M. Reinhardt, "Retinal image mosaicing using the radial distortion correction model," in Proc. SPIE Conf. Medical Imaging, San Diego, CA, Feb. 2008, vol. 6914.
94. K. Rohr, H. S. Stiehl, R. Sprengel, W. Beil, T. M. Buzug, J. Weese, and M. H. Kuhn, "Point-based elastic registration of medical image data using approximating thin-plate splines," in VBC, 1996, pp. 297-306.
95. M. Lamard, G. Cazuguel, G. Quellec, L. Bekri, C. Roux, and B. Coch-ener, "Content based image retrieval based on wavelet transform coefficients distribution," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. 29th Annu. Eng. Med. Biol. Soc. EMBS, Aug. 2007, pp. 4532-4535.
96. C. E. Metz, B. A. Herman, and J.-H. Shen, "Maximum likelihood estimation of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves from continuously-distributed data," Statistics Med., vol. 17, no. 9, pp. 1033-1053, December 1998.
97. M. Niemeijer, B. van Ginneken, M. Cree, A. Mizutani, G. Quellec, C. Sanchez, B. Zhang, R. Hornero, M. Lamard, C. Muramatsu, X. Wu, G. Cazuguel, J. You, A. Mayo, Q. Li, Y. Hatanaka, B. Cochener, C. Roux, F. Karray, M. Garcia, H. Fujita, and M. D. Abramoff, "Retinopathy online challenge: Automatic detection of microaneurysms in digital color fundus photographs," IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 185-195, Jan. 2010.
98. M. Niemeijer, M. D. Abramoff, and B. van Ginneken, "Information fusion for diabetic retinopathy CAD in digital color fundus photographs," IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 775-785, May 2009.
99. [Online]. Available: http://reviewdb.lincoln.ac.uk
100. [Online]. Available: http://messidor.crihan.fr/index-en.php
101. [Online]. Available: http://vision.middlebury.edu/stereo/
102. D. Scharstein and R. Szeliski, "A taxonomy and evaluation of dense two-frame stereo correspondence algorithms," Int. J. Computer Vis., vol. 47, pp. 7-42, 2002.
103. [Online]. Available: http://www.isi.uu.nl/Research/Databases/DRIVE/
104. [Online]. Available: http://www.netflixprize.com
105. [Online]. Available: http://roc.healthcare.uiowa.edu
106. C. I. Sánchez, R. Hornero, A. Mayo, and M. García, "Mixture model-based clustering and logistic regression for automated detection of mi-croaneurysms in retinal images," in Proc. SPIE Medical Imaging 2009: Computer Aided Diagnosis, Feb. 2009, vol. 7260, pp. 72 601M-1-72 601M-8.
107. B. Zhang, X. Wu, J. You, Q. Li, and F. Karray, "Hierarchical detection of red lesions in retinal images by multiscale correlation filtering," in Proc. SPIE Medical Imaging 2009: Computer Aided Diagnosis, Feb. 2009, vol. 7260, pp. 72 601L-1-72 601L-12.
108. A. Mizutani, C. Muramatsu, Y. Hatanaka, S. Suemori, T. Hara, and H. Fujita, "Automated microaneurysm detection method based on double-ring filter in retinal fundus images," in Proc. SPIE Medical Imaging 2009: Computer Aided Diagnosis, Febr. 2009, vol. 7260, pp. 72 601N-1-72 601N-8.
109. M. Cree, The Waikato Microaneurysm Detector 2008 [Online]. Available: http://roc.healthcare.uiowa.edu/results/documentation/waikato.pdf
110. M. D. Abramoff, W. L. Alward, E. C. Greenlee, L. Shuba, C. Y. Kim, J. H. Fingert, and Y. H. Kwon, "Automated segmentation of the optic disc from stereo color photographs using physiologically plausible features," Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., vol. 48, pp. 1665-1673, 2007.
111. D. J. Calkins, Y. Tsukamoto, and P. Sterling, "Microcircuitry and mosaic of a blue-yellow ganglion cell in the primate retina," J. Neu-rosci., vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 3373-3385, 1998, [Online]. Available: PM:9547245.
112. L. Tang, Y. H. Kwon, W. L. M. Alward, E. C. Greenlee, K. Lee, M. K. Garvin, and M. D. Abramoff, "3D reconstruction of the optic nerve head using stereo fundus images for computer-aided diagnosis of glaucoma," in Proc. SPIE, 2010, vol. 7624, pp. 76 243D-76 243D-8.
113. T. Poggio and D. Marr, "Cooperative computation of stereo disparity," Science, 1976.
114. S. T. Barnard and W. B. Thompson, "Disparity analysis of images," IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell., vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 333-340, Apr. 1980.
115. D. Koozekanani, K. Boyer, and C. Roberts, "Retinal thickness measurements in optical coherence tomography using a Markov boundary model," in Proc. IEEE Conf. Computer Vision Pattern Recognition, Jun. 2000, vol. 2, pp. 363-370.
116. D. Koozekanani, K. Boyer, and C. Roberts, "Retinal thickness measurements from optical coherence tomography using a Markov boundary model," IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging, vol. 20, no. 9, pp. 900-916, Sep. 2001.
117. H. Ishikawa, D. M. Stein, G. Wollstein, S. Beaton, J. G. Fujimoto, and J. S. Schuman, "Macular segmentation with optical coherence tomography," Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., vol. 46, no. 6, pp. 2012-2017, Jun. 2005.
118. A. Chan, J. S. Duker, H. Ishikawa, T. H. Ko, J. S. Schuman, and J. G. Fujimoto, "Quantification of photoreceptor layer thickness in normal eyes using optical coherence tomography," Retina, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 655-660, 2006. (Pubitemid 44620366)
119. D. Cabrera Fernández, "Delineating fluid-filled region boundaries in optical coherence tomography images of the retina," IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging, vol. 24, no. 8, pp. 929-945, Aug. 2005.
120. D. Cabrera Fernández, H. M. Salinas, and C. A. Puliafito, "Automated detection of retinal layer structures on optical coherence tomography images," Opt. Expr., vol. 13, no. 25, pp. 10 200-10 216, 2005.
121. M. Shahidi, Z. Wang, and R. Zelkha, "Quantitative thickness measurement of retinal layers imaged by optical coherence tomography," Amer. J. Ophthalmol., vol. 139, no. 6, pp. 1056-1061, Jun. 2005.
122. M. Baroni, P. Fortunato, and A. L. Torre, "Towards quantitative analysis of retinal features in optical coherence tomography," Med. Eng. Phys., vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 432-441, May 2007.
123. M. Haeker (Garvin), M. D. Abràmoff, R. Kardon, and M. Sonka, "Segmentation of the surfaces of the retinal layer from OCT images," in Proc. 9th Int. Conf. Medical Image Computing Computer-Assisted Intervention (MICCAI 2006), Part I, 2006, vol. 4190, pp. 800-807, ser. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer-Verlag. (Pubitemid 44609179)
124. M. Haeker (Garvin), M. D. Abràmoff, X. Wu, R. Kardon, and M. Sonka, "Use of varying constraints in optimal 3-D graph search for segmentation of macular optical coherence tomography images," in Proc. 10th Int. Conf. Medical Image Computing Computer-Assisted Intervention (MICCAI 2007), 2007, vol. 4791, pp. 244-251, ser. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer-Verlag.
125. M. Haeker (Garvin), X. Wu, M. D. Abràmoff, R. Kardon, and M. Sonka, "Incorporation of regional information in optimal 3-D graph search with application for intraretinal layer segmentation of optical coherence tomography images," in Inform. Process. Med. Imaging (IPMI), 2007, vol. 4584, pp. 607-618.
126. M. K. Garvin, M. D. Abràmoff, R. Kardon, S. R. Russell, X. Wu, and M. Sonka, "Intraretinal layer segmentation of macular optical coherence tomography images using optimal 3-D graph search," IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging, vol. 27, no. 10, pp. 1495-1505, Oct. 2008.
127. K. Li, X. Wu, D. Z. Chen, and M. Sonka, "Optimal surface segmentation in volumetric images - A graph-theoretic approach," IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Machine Intell., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 119-134, Jan. 2006.
128. M. K. Garvin, M. D. Abràmoff, X. Wu, S. R. Russell, T. L. Burns, and M. Sonka, "Automated 3-D intraretinal layer segmentation of macular spectral-domain optical coherence tomography images," IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging, vol. 28, no. 9, pp. 1436-1447, Sep. 2009.
129. K. Lee, M. K. Garvin, S. Russell, M. Sonka, and M. D. Abràmoff, "Automated intraretinal layer segmentation of 3-D macular OCT scans using a multiscale graph search," Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., May 2010, pp. E-abstract 1767.
130. B. J. Antony, M. D. Abràmoff, K. Lee, P. Sonkova, P. Gupta, M. Niemeijer, Z. Hu, and M. K. Garvin, "Automated 3D segmentation of intraretinal layers from optic nerve head optical coherence tomography images," in Proc. SPIE Medical Imaging 2010: Biomedical Applications Molecular, Structural, Functional Imaging, R. C. Molthen and J. B. Weaver, Eds., 2010, vol. 7626, p. 76260U, SPIE.
131. M. K. Garvin, M. Sonka, R. H. Kardon, X. Wu, Y. H. Kwon, S. R. Russell, and M. D. Abramoff, "Three-dimensional analysis of SD OCT: Thickness assessment of six macular layers in normal subjects," Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 2008, pp. E-Abstract 1879.
132. H. W. van Dijk, P. H. B. Kok, M. Garvin, M. Sonka, J. H. DeVries, R. P. J. Michels, M. E. J. van Velthoven, R. O. Schlingemann, F. D. Verbraak, and M. D. Abràmoff, "Selective loss of inner retinal layer thickness in type 1 diabetic patients with minimal diabetic retinopathy," Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., vol. 50, no. 7, pp. 3404-3409, Jul. 2009.
133. H. W. van Dijk, F. D. Verbraak, P. H. B. Kok, M. K. Garvin, M. Sonka, K. Lee, J. H. DeVries, R. P. J. Michels, M. E. J. van Velthoven, R. O. Schlingemann, and M. D. Abràmoff, "Decreased retinal ganglion cell layer thickness in type 1 diabetic patients," Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 2010.
134. A. Fuller, R. Zawadzki, S. Choi, D. Wiley, J. Werner, and B. Hamann, "Segmentation of three-dimensional retinal image data," IEEE Trans. Visual Comput. Graphics, vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 1719-1726, Oct. 2007.
135. A. Yazdanpanah, G. Hamarneh, B. Smith, and M. Sarunic, "Intra-retinal layer segmentation in optical coherence tomography using an active contour approach," in Medical Image Computing Computer-Assisted Intervention MICCAI 2009, Part II, LNCS, Guang-ZhongYang, D. Hawkes, D. Rueckert, A. Noble, and C. Taylor, Eds. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2009, vol. 5762, pp. 649-656.
136. A. Mishra, P. Fieguth, and D. Clausi, "Accurate boundary localization using dynamic programming on snake," in Proc. Canadian Conf. Computer Robot Vision, 2008, pp. 261-268.
137. A. Mishra, A. Wong, K. Bizheva, and D. A. Clausi, "Intra-retinal layer segmentation in optical coherence tomography images," Opt. Expr., vol. 17, no. 26, pp. 23 719-23 728, 2009.
138. R. J. Zawadzki, A. R. Fuller, S. S. Choi, D. F. Wiley, B. Hamann, and J. S. Werner, "Correction of motion artifacts and scanning beam distortions in 3D ophthalmic optical coherence tomography imaging," in Proc. Ophthalmic Technologies XVII, 2007, vol. 6426, p. 642607.
139. S. Ricco, M. Chen, H. Ishikawa, G. Wollstein, and J. Schuman, "Correcting motion artifacts in retinal spectral domain optical coherence tomography via image registration," in Proc. MICCAI, ser. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, G.-Z. Yang, D. J. Hawkes, D. Rueckert, J. A. Noble, and C. J. T. 0002, Eds. New York: Springer, 2009, vol. 5761, pp. 100-107.
140. G. Donato and S. Belongie, "Approximate thin plate spline mappings," in Proc. 7th Eur. Conf. Computer Vision (ECCV 2002), Part III, LNCS 2352, A. Heyden, G. Sparr, M. Nielsen, and P. Johansen, Eds., 2002, pp. 21-31.
141. B. J. Antony, L. Tang, M. Abràmoff, K. Lee, M. Sonka, and M. K. Garvin, "Automated method for the flattening of optical coherence tomography images," Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., May 2010, pp. E-ab-stract 1781.
142. G. J. Jaffe and J. Caprioli, "Optical coherence tomography to detect and manage retinal disease and glaucoma," Amer. J. Ophthalmol., vol. 137, no. 1, pp. 156-169, 2004. (Pubitemid 38045202)
143. P. Massin, A. Girach, A. Erginay, and A. Gaudric, "Optical coherence tomography: A key to the future management of patients with diabetic macular oedema," Acta Ophthalmol. Scand., vol. 84, no. 4, pp. 466-474, Aug. 2006.
144. R. M. Haralick, "Statistical and structural approaches to texture," Proc. IEEE, vol. 67, no. 5, pp. 786-804, May 1979.
145. S. R. Fleagle, W. Stanford, T. Burns, and D. J. Skorton, "Feasibility of quantitative texture analysis of cardiac magnetic resonance imagery: Preliminary results," in Proc. SPIE Medical Imaging, 1994, vol. 2168, pp. 23-32.
146. G. Quellec, M. Lamard, G. Cazuguel, B. Cochener, and C. Roux, "Adaptive non-separable wavelet transform via lifting and its application to content-based image retrieval," IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 25-35, Jan. 2010.
147. Y. Xu, M. Sonka, G. McLennan, J. Guo, and E. A. Hoffman, "MDCT-Based 3-D texture classification of emphysema and early smoking related lung pathologies," IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 464-475, Apr. 2006.
148. G. Quellec, K. Lee, M. Dolejsi, M. K. Garvin, M. D. Abràmoff, and M. Sonka, "Three-dimensional analysis of retinal layer texture: Identification of fluid-filled regions in SD-OCT of the macula," IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 1321-1330, Jun. 2010.
149. D. C. Adler, T. H. Ko, and J. G. Fujimoto, "Speckle reduction in optical coherence tomography images by use of a spatially adaptive wavelet filter," Opt. Lett., vol. 29, no. 24, pp. 2878-2880, 2004.
150. P. Puvanathasan and K. Bizheva, "Speckle noise reduction algorithm for optical coherence tomography based on interval type II fuzzy set," Opt. Expr., vol. 15, no. 24, pp. 15 747-15 758, 2007.
151. S. Chitchian, M. A. Fiddy, and N. M. Fried, "Denoising during optical coherence tomography of the prostate nerves via wavelet shrinkage using dual-tree complex wavelet transform," J. Biomed. Opt., vol. 14, no. 1, p. 014031, 2009.
152. C. A. Lingley-Papadopoulos, M. H. Loew, and J. M. Zara, "Wavelet analysis enables system-independent texture analysis of optical coherence tomography images," J. Biomed. Opt., vol. 14, no. 4, 2009.
153. J. Kovacevic and W. Sweldens, "Wavelet families of increasing order in arbitrary dimensions," IEEE Trans. Image Proc., vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 480-496, Mar. 2000.
154. M. Niemeijer, M. K. Garvin, B. van Ginneken, M. Sonka, and M. D. Abràmoff, "Vessel segmentation in 3D spectral OCT scans of the retina," in Proc. SPIE Medical Imaging 2008: Image Processing, 2008, vol. 6914, p. 69141R.
155. M. Niemeijer, M. Sonka, M. K. Garvin, B. van Ginneken, and M. D. Abràmoff, "Automated segmentation of the retinal vasculature in 3D optical coherence tomography images," Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 2008, pp. E-Abstract 1832.
156. J. Xu, D. A. Tolliver, H. Ishikawa, G. Wollstein, and J. S. Schuman, "3D OCT retinal vessel segmentation based on boosting learning," in Proc. World Congr. Medical Physics Biomedical Engineering, IFMBE, O. Dössel and W. C. Schlegel, Eds., Munich, Germany, Sep. 2009, vol. 25/XI, pp. 179-182.
157. Z. Hu, M. Niemeijer, M. D. Abràmoff, K. Lee, and M. K. Garvin, "Automated segmentation of 3-D spectral OCT retinal blood vessels by neural canal opening false positive suppression," in Proc. Medical Image Computing Computer-Assisted Intervention MICCAI 2010, LNCS, 2010, accepted for publication.
158. K. Lee, M. D. Abràmoff, M. Niemeijer, M. K. Garvin, and M. Sonka, "3D segmentation of retinal blood vessels in spectral-domain OCT volumes of the optic nerve head," in Proc. SPIE Medical Imaging 2010: Biomedical Applications Molecular, Structural, Functional Imaging, Feb. 2010, vol. 7626, p. 76260V.
159. R. O. Duda and P. E. Hart, Pattern Classification and Scene Analysis. New York: Wiley, 1973.
160. P. Pudil, J. Novovičová, and J. Kittler, "Floating search methods in feature selection with nonmonotinic criterion functions," Pattern Recog. Lett., vol. 15, no. 11, pp. 1119-1125, Nov. 1994.
161. R. O. Duda, P. E. Hart, and D. G. Stork, Pattern Classification, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, 2000.
162. Y. Y. Boykov and M.-P. Jolly, "Interactive graph cuts for optimal boundary and region segmentation of objects in N-D images," in Proc. Eighth IEEE Int. Conf. Computer Vision (ICCV), 2001, vol. 1, pp. 105-112.
163. Y. Boykov and V. Kolmogorov, "An experimental comparison of min-cut/max-flow algorithms for energy minimization in vision," IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Machine Intell., vol. 26, no. 9, pp. 1124-1137, Sep. 2004.
164. K. Lee, M. Niemeijer, M. K. Garvin, Y. H. Kwon, M. Sonka, and M. D. Abràmoff, "3-D segmentation of the rim and cup in spectral-domain optical coherence tomography volumes of the optic nerve head," in Proc. SPIE Medical Imaging 2009: Biomedical Applications Molecular, Structural, Functional Imaging, 2009, pp. 7262-7283.
165. K. Lee, M. Niemeijer, M. K. Garvin, Y. H. Kwon, M. Sonka, and M. D. Abràmoff, "Segmentation of the optic disc in 3D-OCT scans of the optic nerve head," IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 159-168, Jan. 2010.
166. M. D. Abràmoff, K. Lee, M. Niemeijer, W.L.M. Alward, E. C. Greenlee, M. K. Garvin, M. Sonka, and Y. H. Kwon, "Automated segmentation of the cup and rim from spectral domain OCT of the optic nerve head," Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., vol. 50, no. 12, pp. 5778-5784, Dec. 2009.
167. Z. Hu, M. Niemeijer, K. Lee, M. D. Abràmoff, M. Sonka, and M. K. Garvin, "Automated segmentation of the optic disc margin in 3-D optical coherence tomography images using a graph-theoretic approach," in Proc. SPIE Medical Imaging 2009: Biomedical Applications Molecular, Structural, Functional Imaging, 2009, vol. 7262, p. 72620U.
168. Z. Hu, M. Niemeijer, K. Lee, M. D. Abràmoff, M. Sonka, and M. K. Garvin, "Automated segmentation of the optic canal in 3D spectral-domain OCT of the optic nerve head (ONH) using retinal vessel suppression," Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 2009, pp. E-abstract 3344.
169. Y. H. Kwon, Z. Hu, M. D. Abràmoff, K. Lee, and M. K. Garvin, "Automated segmentation of neural canal opening and optic cup in SD-OCT images," in Proc. Amer. Glaucoma Soc. 20th Annu. Meeting, Mar. 2010.
170. Z. Hu, M. D. Abràmoff, Y. H. Kwon, K. Lee, and M. K. Garvin, "Automated segmentation of neural canal opening and optic cup in 3-D spectral optical coherence tomography images of the optic nerve head," Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 2010, accepted for publication.
171. S. Arya, D. M. Mount, N. S. Netanyahu, R. Silverman, and A. Y. Wu, "An optimal algorithm for approximate nearest neighbor searching fixed dimensions," J. ACM, vol. 45, pp. 891-923, 1998.
172. N. Strouthidis, H. Yang, B. Fortune, J. Downs, and C. Burgoyne, "Detection of the optic nerve head neural canal opening within three-dimensional histomorphometric and spectral domain optical coherence tomography data sets," Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 214-223, 2009.
173. N. G. Strouthidis, H. Yang, J. F. Reynaud, J. L. Grimm, S. K. Gardiner, B. Fortune, and C. F. Burgoyne, "Comparison of clinical and spectral domain optical coherence tomography optic disc margin anatomy," Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., vol. 50, no. 10, pp. 4709-4718, 2009.
174. R. Magjarevic, G. Troglio, A. Nappo, J. A. Benediktsson, G. Moser, S. B. Serpico, and E. Stefansson, Automatic change detection of retinal images vol. 25/11, pp. 281-284, 2009 [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3- 642-03891-4-75
175. X. You, B. Fang, Z. He, and Y. Tang, "A global-to-local matching strategy for registering retinal fundus images," Lecture Notes Computer Science, vol. 3522, pp. 259-267, 2005.
176. A. Can, C. V. Stewart, B. Roysam, and H. L. Tanenbaum, "A feature-based robust, hierarchical algorithm for registering pairs of images of the curved human retina," IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Machine Intell., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 347-364, Mar. 2002.
177. C. Stewart, C. Tasi, and B. Roysam, "The dual-bootstrap iterative closest point algorithm with application to retinal image registration," IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging, vol. 22, no. 11, pp. 1379-1394, Nov. 2003.
178. P. C. Cattin, H. Bay, L. V. Gool, and G. Szekely, "Retina mosaicing using local features," in Medical Image Computing Computer-Assisted Intervention (MICCAI), Copenhagen, Denmark, Oct. 2006, pp. 185-192.
179. S. Lee, M. D. Abramoff, and J. M. Reinhardt, "Feature-based pairwise retinal image registration by radial distortion correction," in Proc. SPIE Conf. Medical Imaging, J. P. Pluim and J. M. Reinhardt, Eds., San Diego, CA, 2007, vol. 6512 [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.710676 (Pubitemid 350126980)
180. M.J.D. Powell, "An efficient method for finding the minimum of a function of several variables without calculating derivatives," The Comput. J., vol. 7, pp. 155-162, 1964.
181. S. Lee, M. D. Abramoff, and J. M. Reinhardt, "Retinal atlas statistics from color fundus images," in Proc. SPIE Conf. Medical Imaging, B. M. Dawant and D. R. Haynor, Eds., 2010, vol. 7623, p. 762310.
182. J. Chen, J. Tian, N. Lee, J. Zheng, R. T. Smith, and A. F. Laine, "A partial intensity invariant feature descriptor for multimodal retinal image registration," IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 57, no. 7, pp. 1707-1718, Jul. 2010.
183. J. S. Kim, H. Ishikawa, M. L. Gabriele, G. Wollstein, R. A. Bilonick, L. Kagemann, J. G. Fujimoto, and J. S. Schuman, "Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measurement comparability between time domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) and spectral domain OCT," Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., vol. 51, pp. 896-902, 2010.
184. M. Niemeijer, M. Garvin, K. Lee, B. van Ginneken, M. Abramoff, and M. Sonka, "Registration of 3D spectral OCT volumes using 3D SIFT feature point matching," in SPIE Medical Imaging, 2009, vol. 7259, p. 72591I.
185. W. Cheung and G. Hamarneh, "N-SIFT: N-dimensional scale invariant feature transform for matching medical images," in Proc. 4th IEEE Int. Symp. Biomedical Imaging: From Nano to Macro, 2007. ISBI, 2007, pp. 720-723.
186. D. G. Lowe, "Distinctive image features from scale-invariant key-points," Int. J. Comput. Vis., vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 91-110, 2004.
187. W. A. Cheung and G. Hamarneh, "Scale invariant feature transform for n-dimensional images (n-SIFT)," Insight J. 2007 [Online]. Available: http://hdl.handle.net/1926/1321