The accuracy of digital-video retinal imaging to screen for diabetic retinopathy: An analysis of two digital-video retinal imaging systems using standard stereoscopic seven-field photography and dilated clinical examination as reference standards

Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society

Volumn 102, Issue , 2004, Pages 321-340

  Lawrence, Mary Gilbert ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY; FEMALE; HUMAN; IMAGING SYSTEM; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PHOTOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; PUPIL; RETINA; SCREENING; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; STANDARD; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; STEREORADIOGRAPHY; COMPUTER ASSISTED DIAGNOSIS; EVALUATION; INSTRUMENTATION; MASS SCREENING; METHODOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; SINGLE BLIND PROCEDURE; VIDEORECORDING;

DIAGNOSTIC AGENT; MYDRIATIC AGENT;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; DIAGNOSIS, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MASS SCREENING; MIDDLE AGED; MYDRIATICS; PHOTOGRAPHY; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SINGLE-BLIND METHOD; VIDEO RECORDING;

EID: 17244370816     PISSN: 15456110     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (110)

1. Critser G. Fat Land: How Americans Became the Fattest People in the World. New York: Houghton Mifflin; 2003:126.
2. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. National Diabetes Statistics fact sheet: general information and national estimates on diabetes in the United States, 2003. Bethesda, Md: US Dept of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, 2003.
3. Klein R, Klein B, Moss S, et al. The Wisconsin Epidemiological Study of Diabetic Retinopathy II. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is less than 30 years. Arch Ophthalmol 1984;102:520-526.
4. Klein R, Klein B, Moss S, et al. The Wisconsin Epidemiological Study of Diabetic Retinopathy II. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is more than 30 years. Arch Ophthalmol 1984;102:527-532.
5. The Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Preliminary report on effects of photocoagulation therapy. Am J Ophthalmol 1976;81:383-396.
6. The Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Photocoagulation treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy: the second report of Diabetic Retinopathy Study findings. Ophthalmology 1978;85:82-106.
7. The Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Four risk factors for severe visual loss in diabetic retinopathy: the third report from the Diabetic Retinopathy Study. Arch Ophthalmol 1979;97:654-655.
8. The Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Photocoagulation treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy: relationship of adverse treatment effects to retinopathy severity. Diabetic Retinopathy Study report No.5. Dev Ophthalmol 1981;2:248-261.
9. The Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Report number 6: Design methods, and baseline results. Report number 7: A modification of the Airlie House classification of diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1981;21:1-226.
10. The Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Photocoagulation treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Clinical application of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS) findings. DRS report number 8. Ophthalmology 1981;88:583-600.
11. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number 1. Arch Ophthalmol 1985;103:1796-1806.
12. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Treatment techniques and clinical guidelines for photocoagulation of diabetic macular edema. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number 2. Ophthalmology 1987;94:761-774.
13. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Techniques for scatter and local photocoagulation treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number 3. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1987;27:254-264.
14. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema: Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number 4. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1987;27:265-272.
15. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Case reports to accompany Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study reports 3 and 4. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1987;27:273-333.
16. Kinyoun J, Barton F, Fisher M, et al, for the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Detection of diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmoscopy versus photography: Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number 5. Ophthalmology 1989;96:746-750.
17. Prior MJ, Prout T, Miller D, et al, for the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. C-peptide and the classification of diabetes mellitus patients in the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study. Report number 6. Ann Epidemiol 1993;3:9-17.
18. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study design and baseline patient characteristics. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number 7. Ophthalmology 1991;98(Suppl):741-756.
19. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Effects of aspirin treatment on diabetic retinopathy. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number 8. Ophthalmology 1991;98(Suppl):757-765.
20. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Early photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number 9. Ophthalmology 1991;98(Suppl):766-785.
21. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Grading diabetic retinopathy from stereoscopic color fundus photographs - an extension of the modified Airlie House classification. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report 10. Ophthalmology 1991;98(Suppl):786-806.
22. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Classification of diabetic retinopathy from fluorescein angiograms. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report 11. Ophthalmology 1991;98(Suppl):807-822.
23. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Fundus photographic risk factors for progression of diabetic retinopathy. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number 12. Ophthalmology 1991;98(Suppl):823-833.
24. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Fluorescein angiographic risk factors for progression of diabetic retinopathy. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number 13. Ophthalmology 1991;98(Suppl):834-840.
25. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Aspirin effects on mortality and morbidity in patients with diabetes mellitus. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number 14. JAMA 1992;268:1292-1300.
26. Fong DS, Barton FB, Bresnick GH. Impaired color vision associated with diabetic retinopathy: Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number 15. Am J Ophthalmol 1999;128:612-617.
27. Chew EY, Williams GA, Burton TC, et al. Aspirin effects on the development of cataracts in patients with diabetes mellitus. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number 16. Arch Ophthalmol 1992;110:339-342.
28. Flynn HW Jr, Chew EY, Simons BD, et al, for the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Pars plana vitrectomy in the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study. ETDRS report number 17. Ophthalmology 1992;99:1351-1357.
29. Davis MD, Fisher MR, Gangnon RE, et al. Risk factors for high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy and severe visual loss: Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number 18. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1998;39:233-252.
30. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Focal photocoagulation treatment of diabetic macular edema. Relationship of treatment effect to fluorescein angiographic and other retinal characteristics at baseline: Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number 19. Arch Ophthalmol 1995;113:1144-1155.
31. Chew EY, Klein ML, Murphy RP, et al. Effects of aspirin on vitreous/preretinal hemorrhage in patients with diabetes mellitus. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number 20. Arch Ophthalmol 1995;113:52-55.
32. Chew EY, Klein ML, Ferris FL III, et al. Association of elevated serum lipid levels with retinal hard exudates in diabetic retinopathy. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number 22. Arch Ophthalmol 1996;114:1079-1084.
33. Fong DS, Segal PP, Myers F, et al. Subretinal fibrosis in diabetic macular edema. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number 23. Arch Ophthalmol 1997;115:873-877.
34. Fong DS, Ferris FL III, Davis MD, et al. Causes of severe visual loss in the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study: Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number 24. Am J Ophthalmol 1999;127:137-141.
35. Chew EY, Benson WE, Remaley NA, et al. Results after lens extraction in patients with diabetic retinopathy: Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number 25. Arch Ophthalmol 1999;117:1600-1606.
36. Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study Research Group. Two-year course of visual acuity in severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy with conventional management. Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study report 1. Ophthalmology 1985;92:492-502.
37. Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study Research Group. Early vitrectomy for severe vitreous hemorrhage in diabetic retinopathy. Two-year results of a randomized trial. Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study report 2. Arch Ophthalmol 1985;103:1644-1652.
38. Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study Research Group. Early vitrectomy for severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy in eyes with useful vision. Results of a randomized trial - Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study report 3. Ophthalmology 1988;95:1307-1320.
39. Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study Research Group. Early vitrectomy for severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy in eyes with useful vision. Clinical application of results of a randomized trial - Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study report 4. Ophthalmology 1988;95:1321-1334.
40. Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study Research Group. Early vitrectomy for severe vitreous hemorrhage in diabetic retinopathy. Four-year results of a randomized trial. Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study report 5. Arch Ophthalmol 1990;108:958-964.
41. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. Color photography vs fluorescein angiography in the detection of diabetic retinopathy in the diabetes control and complications trial. Arch Ophthalmol 1987;105:1344-1351.
42. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993;329:977-986.
43. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. Effect of intensive diabetes treatment on the development and progression of long-term complications in adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. J Pediatr 1994;125:177-188.
44. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The relationship of glycemic exposure (HbA1c) to the risk of development and progression of retinopathy in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes 1995;44:968-983.
45. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. Progression of retinopathy with intensive versus conventional treatment in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Ophthalmology 1995;102:647-661.
46. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive diabetes treatment on the progression of diabetic retinopathy in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Arch Ophthalmol 1995;113:36-51.
47. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The absence of a glycemic threshold for the development of long-term complications: the perspective of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes. 1996;45:1289-1298.
48. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. Lifetime benefits and costs of intensive therapy as practices in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. JAMA 1996;276:1409-1415.
49. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. Early worsening of diabetic retinopathy in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Arch Ophthalmol 1998;116:874-886 [erratum in Arch Ophthalmol 1998;116:1469].
50. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Research Group. Retinopathy and nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes four years after a trial of intensive therapy. N Engl J Med 2000;342:381-389 [erratum in N Engl J Med 2000;342:1376].
51. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Research Group. Retinopathy and nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes four years after a trial of intensive therapy. Am J Ophthalmol 2000;129:704-705.
52. UK-Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ 1998;317:703-713.
53. UK-Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Efficacy of atenolol and captopril in reducing risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 39. BMJ 1998;317:713-20.
54. UK-Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet 1998;352:837-853 [erratum in Lancet 1999;354:602].
55. UK-Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet 1998;352:854-865 [erratum in Lancet 1998;352:1557].
56. Kohner EM, Aldington SJ, Stratton IM, et al. United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study, 30: diabetic retinopathy at diagnosis of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and associated risk factors. Arch Ophthalmol. 1998;116(3):297-303.
57. Kohner EM, Stratton IM, Aldington SJ, et al. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Relationship between the severity of retinopathy and progression to photocoagulation in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus in the UKPDS (UKPDS 52). Diabetes Med 2001;18:178-184.
58. The Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Preliminary report on effects of photocoagulation therapy. Am J Ophthalmol 1976;81:383-396.
59. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number 1. Arch Ophthalmol 1985;103:1796-1806.
60. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. Progression of retinopathy with intensive versus conventional treatment in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Ophthalmology 1995;102:647-661.
61. UK-Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ 1998;317:703-713.
62. Aiello LM. Perspectives on diabetic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 2003;136:122-135.
63. Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BEK. The 14-year incidence of visual loss in a diabetic population. Ophthalmology 1998;105:998-1003.
64. Williams R. Health care needs assessment. In: Stevens A, Faftery J, eds. Diabetes Mellitus. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1994;31-57.
65. Javitt JC, Aiello LP. Cost-effectiveness of detecting and treating diabetic retinopathy. Ann Intern Med 1996;124(Part 2):164-169.
66. Screening guidelines for diabetic retinopathy. American College of Physicians, American Diabetes Association, and American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ann Intern Med 1992;116:683-685.
67. Office of Quality and Performance (10Q). FY 2001 VHA Performance Measurement System. Technical Manual. Washington, DC: Veterans Health Administration; Dec 7, 2000; updated April 18, 2001:82.
68. Thompson JW, Bost J, Ahmed F, et al. The NCQA's quality compass: evaluating managed care in the United States. Health Affairs 1998;17:152-158.
69. Weiner JP, Parente ST, Garnick DW, et al. Variation in office-based quality. A claims-based profile of care provided to Medicare patients with diabetes. JAMA 1995;273:1503-1508.
70. Lee PP, Feldman ZW, Ostermann J, et al. Longitudinal rates of annual eye examinations of persons with diabetes and chronic eye diseases. Ophthalmology 2003;110:1952-1959.
71. Brechner RJ, Cowie CC, Howie LJ, et al. Ophthalmic examination among adults with diagnosed diabetes mellitus. JAMA 1993;270:1714-1718.
72. Javitt JC, Aiello LP, Bassi LJ, et al. Detecting and treating retinopathy in patients with type I diabetes mellitus. Savings associated with improved implementation of current guidelines. Ophthalmology 1991;98:1565-1573.
73. Matz H, Falk M, Gottinger W, et al. Cost-benefit analysis of diabetic eye disease. Ophthalmologica 1996;210:348-353.
74. James M, Turner DA, Broadbent DM, et al. Cost effectiveness analysis of screening for sight threatening diabetic eye disease. BMJ 2000; 320:1627-1631 [erratum in BMJ 2000;321:424].
75. Javitt JC, Aiello LP, Chiang Y, et al. Preventive eye care in people with diabetes is cost-saving to the federal government. Implications for health-care reform. Diabetes Care 1994;17:909-917.
76. Perry S, Thamer M. Medical innovation and the critical role of health technology assessment. JAMA 1999;282:1869-1872.
77. Mason J, Drummond M, Woodward G. Optometrist screening for diabetic retinopathy: evidence and environment. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1996;16:274-285.
78. British Diabetic Association. Retinal Photography Screening for Diabetic Eye Disease. A British Diabetic Association Report. London: British Diabetic Association; 1997.
79. Fundus photographic risk factors for progression of diabetic retinopathy. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number 12. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Research Group. Ophthalmology 1991;98:823-833.
80. Early photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number 9. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Research Group. Ophthalmology 1991;98:766-785.
81. Progression of retinopathy with intensive versus conventional treatment in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. Ophthalmology 1995;102:647-661.
82. Lee P. Telemedicine: opportunities and challenges for the remote care of diabetic retinopathy (editorial). Arch Ophthalmol 1999;117:1639-1640.
83. Singer DE, Nathan DM, Fogel HA, et al. Screening for diabetic retinopathy. Ann Intern Med 1992;116:660-671.
84. Hutchinson A, McIntosh A, Peters J, et al. Effectiveness of screening and monitoring tests for diabetic retinopathy - a systematic review. Diabet Med 2000;17:495-506.
85. Bursell S-E, Cavallerano JD, Cavallerano AA, et al. Stereo nonmydriatic digital-video color retinal imaging compared with Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study seven standard field 35-mm stereo color photos for determining level of diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology 2001;108:572-585.
86. Fransen SR, Leonard-Martin TC, Feuer WJ, et al. Clinical evaluation of patients with diabetic retinopathy: accuracy of the Inoveon diabetic retinopathy-3DT system. Ophthalmology 2002;109:595-601.
87. Lin DY, Blumenkranz MS, Brothers RJ, et al. The sensitivity and specificity of single-field nonmydriatic monochromatic digital fundus photography with remote image interpretation for diabetic retinopathy screening: a comparison with ophthalmoscopy and standardized mydriatic Cclor photography. Am J Ophthalmol 2002;134;204-213.
88. Massin P, Erginay A, Ben Mehidi A, et al. Evaluation of a new non-mydriatic digital camera for detection of diabetic retinopathy. Diabet Med 2003; 20:635-641.
89. George LD, Halliwell M, Hill R, et al. A comparison of digital retinal images and 35mm colour transparencies in detecting and grading diabetic retinopathy. Diabet Med 1998;15:250-253.
90. Kerr D, Cavan DA, Jennings B, et al. Beyond retinal screening: digital imaging in the assessment and follow-up of patients with diabetic retinopathy. Diabet Med 1998;15:878-882.
91. Von Wendt G, Heikkila, Summanen P. Assessment of diabetic retinopathy using two-field 60 degree fundus photography. A comparison between red-free, black-and-white prints and colour transparencies. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 1999;77:638-647.
92. Henricsson M, Karlson C, Ekholm L, et al. Colour slides or digital photography in diabetes screening - a comparison. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2000;78;164-168.
93. Lim JI, Labree L, Nichols T, et al. A comparison of digital nonmydriatic fundus imaging with standard 35-millimeter slides for diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology 2000;107:866-870.
94. Liesenfeld B, Kohner E, Piehlmeier W, et al. A telemedical approach to the screening of diabetic retinopathy: digital fundus photography. Diabetes Care 2000;23:345-348.
95. Gomez-Ulla F, Fernandez MI, Gonzalez F, et al. Digital retinal images and teleophthalmology for detecting and grading diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care 2002;8:1477-1478.
96. Wilkinson CP, Ferris FL III, Klein RE, et al. Proposed international clinical diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema disease severity scales. Ophthalmology 2003;110:1677-1682.
97. Kunisaki M, Bursell SE, Clermont AC, et al. Vitamin E prevents diabetes-induced abnormal retinal blood flow via the diacylglycerol-protein kinase C pathway. Am J Physiol 1995;269:E239-246.
98. Aiello LP, Bursell S, Devries T, et al. Protein kinase C beta selective inhibito LY333531 ameliorates abnormal retinal hemodynamics in patients with diabetes (abstract). Diabetes 1999;A19:48.
99. Propper DJ, McDonald AC, Man A, et al. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of PKC412, an inhibitor of protein kinase C. J Clin Oncol 2001:19:1485-1492.
100. Freedman BI, Wuerth JP, Cartwright K, et al. Design and baseline characteristics for the Aminoguanidine Clinical Trial in Overt Type 2 Diabetic Nephropathy (ACTION II). Control Clin Trials 1999;20:493-510.
101. Lee P. Telemedicine: opportunities and challenges for the remote care of diabetic retinopathy (editorial). Arch Ophthalmol 1999;117:1639-1640.
102. Singer DE, Nathan DM, Fogel HA, et al. Screening for diabetic retinopathy. Ann Intern Med 1992;116:660-671.
103. Bitsios P, Prettyman R, Szabadi E. Changes in autonomic function with age: a study of pupillary kinetics in healthy young and old people. Age Ageing 1996;25:432-438.
104. Bursell S-E, Cavallerano JD, Cavallerano AA, et al. Stereo nonmydriatic digital-video color retinal imaging compared with Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study seven standard field 35-mm stereo color photos for determining level of diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology 2001;108:572-585.
105. Lin DY, Blumenkranz MS, Brothers RJ, et al. The sensitivity and specificity of single-field nonmydriatic monochromatic digital fundus photography with remote image interpretation for diabetic retinopathy screening: a comparison with ophthalmoscopy and standardized mydriatic color photography. Am J Ophthalmol 2002;134;204-213.
106. Fransen SR, Leonard-Martin TC, Feuer WJ, et al. Clinical evaluation of patients with diabetic retinopathy: accuracy of the Inoveon diabetic retinopathy-3DT system. Ophthalmology 2002;109:595-601.
107. Bursell S-E, Cavallerano JD, Cavallerano AA, et al. Stereo nonmydriatic digital-video color retinal imaging compared with Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study seven standard field 35-mm stereo color photos for determining level of diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology 2001;108:572-585.
108. Fransen SR, Leonard-Martin TC, Feuer WJ, et al. Clinical evaluation of patients with diabetic retinopathy: accuracy of the Inoveon diabetic retinopathy-3DT system. Ophthalmology 2002;109:595-601.
109. Bursell S-E, Cavallerano JD, Cavallerano AA, et al. Stereo nonmydriatic digital-video color retinal imaging compared with Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study seven standard field 35-mm stereo color photos for determining level of diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology 2001;108:572-585.
110. Fransen SR, Leonard-Martin TC, Feuer WJ, et al. Clinical evaluation of patients with diabetic retinopathy: accuracy of the Inoveon diabetic retinopathy-3DT system. Ophthalmology 2002;109:595-601.