Multiscale systems integration in the eye

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Systems Biology and Medicine

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 15-27

  Jacobs, Marc D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; COMPUTER SIMULATION; EYE; EYE DISEASE; FLOW KINETICS; HUMAN; REVIEW; SYSTEMS BIOLOGY; VISUAL SYSTEM FUNCTION;

ANIMALS; COMPUTER SIMULATION; EYE; EYE DISEASES; HUMANS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; OCULAR PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; RHEOLOGY; SYSTEMS BIOLOGY;

EID: 78650050727     PISSN: 19395094     EISSN: 1939005X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.29     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. Darwin C. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. 3rd ed. London: John Murray; 1861.
2. Wallman J, Turkel J, Trachtman J. Extreme myopia. produced by modest change in early visual experience. Science 1978, 201:1249-1251.
3. Wiesel TN, Raviola E. Myopia and eye enlargement after neonatal lid fusion in monkeys. Nature 1977, 266:66-68.
4. Hung LF, Crawford ML, Smith EL. Spectacle lenses alter eye growth and the refractive status of young monkeys. Nat Med 1995, 1:761-765.
5. Schaeffel F, Glasser A, Howland HC. Accommodation, refractive error and eye growth in chickens. Vision Res 1988, 28:639-657.
6. Sivak JG. Through the lens clearly: phylogeny and development: the proctor lecture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004, 45:740-747.
7. Leonard DW, Meek KM. Refractive indices of the collagen fibrils and extrafibrillar material of the corneal stroma. Biophysical J 1997, 72:1382-1387.
8. Holmes DF, Gilpin CJ, Baldock C, Ziesedagger U, Kosterdagger A, et al. Corneal collagen fibril structure in three dimensions: structural insights into fibril assembly, mechanical properties, and tissue organization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001, 98:7307-7312.
9. Battista SA, Lu Z, Hofmann S, Freddo TF, Overby D, Gong H. Acute IOP elevation reduces the available area for aqueous humor outflow and induces meshwork herniations into collector channels of bovine eyes [Internet]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008, (Epub ahead of print; June 5, 2008) Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18515571?ordinalpos=17&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez. Pubmed.Pubmed ResultsPanel.Pubmed RVDocSum.
10. Ramos RF, Stamer WD. Effects of cyclic intraocular pressure on conventional outflow facility. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008, 49:275-281.
11. Weeber HA, van der Heijde RGL. On the relationship between lens stiffness and accommodative amplitude. Exp Eye Res 2007, 85:602-607.
12. Chien CM, Huang T, Schachar RA. Analysis of human crystalline lens accommodation. J Biomech 2005, 39:672-680.
13. Judge SJ, Burd HJ.Modelling themechanics of accommodation and presbyopia. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2002, 22:397-400.
14. Li L, Tighe B. Numerical simulation of corneal transport processes. J R Soc Interface 2006, 3:303-310.
15. Johnson M. What controls aqueous humour outflow resistance? Exp Eye Res 2006, 82:545-557.
16. Hunter PJ, Borg TK. Integration from proteins to organs: the Physiome project. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2003, 4:237-243.
17. Hunter PJ, Robbins P, Noble D. The IUPS human physiome project. Pflugers Arch-Eur J Physiol 2002, 445:1-9.
18. Crampin EJ, Halstead M, Hunter P, Nielsen P, Noble D. Computational physiology and the Physiome Project. Exp Physiol 2004, 89:1-26.
19. Hunter PJ, Nielsen P. A strategy for integrative computational physiology. Physiology 2005, 20:316-325.
20. Hunter PJ, Crampin EJ, Nielsen PMF. Bioinformatics, multiscale modeling and the IUPS Physiome project. Brief Bioinform 2008, 9:333-343.
21. Frigg R, Hartmann S. Models in science [Internet]. In: Zalta EN, ed. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Spring 2008 ed. May 9, 2008. Available at: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2008/entries/models-science/.
22. Fatt I, Goldstick T. Dynamics of water transport in swellingmembranes. J Colloid Sci 1965, 20:962-989.
23. Hedbys BO, Dohlman CH. A new method for the determination of the swelling pressure of the corneal stroma in vitro. Exp Eye Res 1963, 2:122-129.
24. Ethier CR, Johnson M, Ruberti J. Ocular biomechanics and biotransport. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2004, 6:249-273.
25. Eisenberg SR, Grodzinsky AJ. Swelling of articular cartilage and other connective tissues: electromechanochemical forces. J Orthop Res 1985, 3:148-159.
26. Eisenberg SR, Grodzinsky AJ. The kinetics of chemically induced nonequilibrium swelling of articular cartilage and corneal stroma. J Biomech Eng 1987, 109:79-89.
27. Mow VC, Holmes MH, Lai WM. Fluid transport and mechanical properties of articular cartilage: a review. J Biomech 1984, 17:377-394.
28. Mathias RT, Rae JL, Baldo GJ. Physiological properties of the normal lens. Physiol Rev 1997, 77:21-50.
29. Paterson CA. Distribution and movement of ions in the ocular lens. Doc Ophthalmol 1972, 31:1-28.
30. Heys KR, Friedrich MG, Truscott RJW. Free and bound water in normal and cataractous human lenses. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008, 49:1991-1997.
31. Candia OA, Alvarez LJ. Fluid transport phenomena in ocular epithelia. Prog Retin Eye Res 2008, 27:197-212.
32. Goodenough DA, Dick JSB, Lyons JE. Lens metabolic cooperation: a study of mouse lens transport and permeability visualized with freeze-substitution autoradiography and electron microscopy. J Cell Biol 1980, 86:576-589.
33. Mathias RT, Rae JL. The lens: local transport and global transparency. Exp Eye Res 2003, 78:689-698.
34. Hunter IW, Jones LA, Sagart MA, Lafontaine SR, Hunter PJ. Ophthalmic microsurgical robot and associated virtual environment. Comput Biol Med 1995, 25:173-182.
35. Sagar MA, Bullivant D, Mallinson G, Hunter PJ. A virtual environment and model of the eye for surgical simulation [Internet]. Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive; 1994, Orlando, FL, 205-212, June 7, 2008. Available at: http://portal.acm.org.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/citation.cfm?id=192161.192200&type=series.
36. Hunter IW, Jones L, Doukoglou T, Lafontaine S, Hunter PJ, Sagar MA; The International Society for Optical Engineering. Ophthalmic microsurgical robot and surgical simulator [Internet]. Proc SPIE, 1995, 184-190, June 7, 2008. Available at: http://spiedl.aip.org.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=PSISDG 002351000001000184000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes.
37. Peifer J, Sinclair M, Haleblian R, Luxenberg M, Green K, et al. Virtual Environment for Eye Surgery Simulation. Medicine Meets Virtual Reality II: Interactive Technology and Healthcare; Elsevier 1994, 166.
38. Khalifa YM, Bogorad D, Gibson V, Peifer J, Nussbaum J. Virtual reality in ophthalmology training. Surv Ophthalmol 2006, 51:259-273.
39. Marc RE, Jones BW. Molecular phenotyping of retinal ganglion cells. J Neurosci 2002, 22:413-427.
40. Marc RE. Functional anatomy of the neural retina. In: Albert DM, Miller JW, Azar DT, Blodi BA, Eds. Albert and Jakobiec's Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology. 3rd ed. Chicago, IL: Elsevier; 2008.
41. Charman WN. The eye in focus: accommodation and presbyopia. Clin Exp Optometry 2008, 91:207-225.
42. Strenk SA, Strenk LM, Koretz JF. The mechanism of presbyopia. Prog Retin Eye Res 2005, 24:379-393.
43. Schachar RA, Fygenson DK. Topographical changes of biconvex objects during equatorial traction: an analogy for accommodation of the human lens. Br J Ophthalmol 2007, 91:1698-1703.
44. Wolffsohn JS, Davies LN. Advances in anterior segment imaging. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2007, 18:32-38.
45. Kuszak JR, Mazurkiewicz M, Jison L, Madurski A, Ngando A, et al. Quantitative analysis of animal model lens anatomy: accommodative range is related to fiber structure and organization. Vet Ophthalmol 2006, 9:266-280.
46. Heys KR, Cram SL, Truscott RJW. Massive increase in the stiffness of the human lens nucleus with age: the basis for presbyopia? Mol Vis 2004, 10:956-963.
47. Glasser A, Campbell M. Presbyopia and the optical changes in the human crystalline lens with age. Vision Res 1998, 38:209-229.
48. Koretz JF, Cook CA, Kaufman PL. Accommodation and presbyopia in the human eye. Changes in the anterior segment and crystalline lens with focus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1997, 38:569-578.
49. Dubbelman M, van der Heijde RGL, Weeber HA, Vrensen GF. Changes in the internal structure of the human crystalline lens with age and accommodation. Vision Res 2003, 43:2363-2375.
50. Krag S, Andreassen TT. Mechanical properties of the human lens capsule. Prog Retin Eye Res 2003, 22:749-767.
51. Strenk SA, Strenk LM, Guo S. Magnetic resonance imaging of aging, accommodating, phakic, and pseudophakic ciliary muscle diameters. J Cataract Refract Surg 2006, 32:1792-1798.
52. Pardue MT, Sivak JG. Age-related changes in human ciliary muscle. Optom Vis Sci 2000, 77:204-210.
53. Tamm E, Lutjen-Drecoll E, Jungkunz W, Rohen JW. Posterior attachment of ciliary muscle in young, accommodating old, presbyopic monkeys. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1991, 32:1678-1692.
54. Strenk SA, Strenk LM, Semmlow JL, DeMarco JK. Magnetic resonance imaging study of the effects of age and accommodation on the human lens crosssectional area. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004, 45:539-545.
55. Gerometta R, Zamudio AC, Escobar DP, Candia OA. Volume change of the ocular lens during accommodation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007, 293:C797-C804.
56. Boote C, Dennis S, Newton RH, Puri H, Meek KM. Collagen fibrils appear more closely packed in the prepupillary cornea: Optical and biomechanical implications. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003, 44:2941-2948.
57. Daxer A, Misof K, Grabner B, Ettl A, Fratzl P. Collagen fibrils in the human corneal stroma: structure and aging. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1998, 39:644-648.
58. Asejczyk-Widlicka M, Srodka DW, Kasprzak H, Iskander DR. Influence of intraocular pressure on geometrical properties of a linear model of the eyeball: effect of optical self-adjustment. Optik 2004, 115:517-524.
59. Boyce BL, Jones RE, Nguyen TD, Grazier JM. Stresscontrolled viscoelastic tensile response of bovine cornea. J Biomech 2007, 40:2367-2376.
60. Shin TJ, Vito RP, Johnson LW, McCarey BE. The distribution of strain in the human cornea. J Biomech 1997, 30:497-503.
61. Vito RP, Shin TJ, McCarey BE. A mechanical model of the cornea: the effects of physiological and surgical factors on radial keratotomy surgery. Refract Corneal Surg 1989, 5:82-88.
62. Pinsky PM, Datye DV. A microstructurally-based finite element model of the incised human cornea. J Biomech 1991, 24:907-922.
63. Hanna KD, Jouve FE, Waring GO. Preliminary computer simulation of the effects of radial keratotomy. Arch Ophthal 1989, 107:911-918.
64. Boote C, Dennis S, Khalifa Y, Quantock A, Meek KM. Lamellar orientation in human cornea in relation to mechanical properties. J Struct Biol 2005, 149:1-6.
65. Nguyen TD, Jones RE, Boyce BL. A nonlinear anisotropic viscoelastic model for the tensile behavior of the corneal stroma. J Biomech Eng 2008, 130:1-10.
66. Meek KM, Blamires T, Elliot GF, Gyi TJ, Nave C. The organization of collagen fibrils in the human corneal stroma: a synchroton x-ray diffraction study. Curr Eye Res 1987, 6:841-846.
67. Dupps WJ, Wilson SE Jr Biomechanics and wound healing in the cornea. Exp Eye Res 2006, 83:709-720.
68. Ku DN, Greene PR. Scleral creep in vitro resulting from cyclic pressure pulses: applications to myopia. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1981, 58:528-535.
69. Phillips JR, Khalaj M, McBrien NA. Induced myopia associated with increased scleral creep in chick and tree shrew eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000, 41:2028-2034.
70. Rada JAS, Shelton S, Norton TT. The sclera and myopia. Exp Eye Res 2006, 82:185-200.
71. Goss DA, Wickham MG. Retinal-image mediated ocular growth as a mechanism for juvenile onset myopia and for emmetropization. A literature review. Doc Ophthalmol 1995, 90:341-375.
72. Norton TT. Animal models of myopia: learning how vision controls the size of the eye. ILAR J 1999, 40:59-77.
73. Phillips JR, McBrien NA. Pressure-induced changes in axial eye length of chick and tree shrew: significance of myofibroblasts in the sclera. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004, 45:758-763.
74. Wei CP, McDonnell PJ, BryantMR. Integrin mediated the stretch-induced expression of genes for MMP-1 and MMP-2 in fetal human scleral fibroblasts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001, 42:S660.
75. Avetisov ES, Savitskaya NF. A study of biochemical and biomechanical qualities of normal and myopic eye sclera in humans of different age groups. Metab Pediatr Syst Ophthalmol 1983, 7:183-188.
76. Leech EM, Cottriall CL, McBrien NA. Pirenzepine prevents form deprivation myopia in a dosedependent manner. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1995, 15:351-356.
77. Ooi E, Ng EY. Simulation of aqueous humor hydrodynamics in human eye heat transfer. Comput Biol Med 2008, 38:252-262.
78. Kumar S, Acharya S, Beuerman R, Palkama A. Numerical solution of ocular fluid dynamics in a rabbit eye: parametric effects. Ann Biomed Eng 2006, 34:530-544.
79. Canning CR, Greaney MJ, Dewynne JN, Fitt AD. Fluid flow in the anterior chamber of a human eye. IMA J Math Appl Med Biol 2002, 19:31-60.
80. Heys JJ, Barocas VH. A boussinesq model of natural convection in the human eye and the formation of Krukenberg's spindle. Ann Biomed Eng 2002, 30:392-401.
81. Grub M, Mielke J. Aqueous humor dynamics. Ophthalmologe 2004, 101:357-365.
82. Becker B, Neufeld AH. Pressure dependence of uveoscleral outflow. J Glaucoma 2002, 11:464.
83. Grus FH, Joachim SC, PfeifferN. Proteomics in ocular fluids. Proteomics Clin Appl 2007, 1:876-888.
84. Fautsch MP, Johnson DH; Second ARVO/Pfizer Research Institute Working Group. Aqueous humor outflow: what do we know? where will it lead us? Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006, 47:4181-4187.
85. Bahler CK, Hann CR, Fautsch MP, Johnson DH. Pharmacologic disruption of Schlemm's canal cells and outflow facility in anterior segments of human eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004, 45:2246-2254.
86. Tan JCH, Peters DM, Kaufman PL. Recent developments in understanding the pathophysiology of elevated intraocular pressure. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2006, 17:168-174.
87. Duncan G, Collison DJ. Calcium signalling in ocular tissues: functional activity of G-protein and tyrosine-kinase coupled receptors. Exp Eye Res 2002, 75:377-389.
88. Maepea O. Pressures in the anterior ciliary arteries, choroidal veins and choriocapillaries. Exp Eye Res 1992, 54:731-736.
89. Sigal IA, Flanagan JG, Ethier CR. Factors influencing optic nerve head biomechanics. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005, 46:4189-4199.
90. Burgoyne CF, Downs JC, Bellezza AJ, Suh JF, Hart RT. The optic nerve head as a biomechanical structure: a new paradigm for understanding the role of IOP-related stress and strain in the pathophysiology of glaucomatous optic nerve head damage. Prog Retin Eye Res 2005, 24:39-73.
91. Sigal IA, Flanagan JG, Tertinegg I, Ethier CR. Predicted extension, compression and shearing of optic nerve head tissues. Exp Eye Res 2007, 85:312-322.
92. Alvarado J, Alvarado RG, Yeh RF, Franse-Carman L, Marcellino GR, et al. A new insight into the cellular regulation of aqueous outflow: how trabecular meshwork endothelial cells drive a mechanism that regulates the permeability of Schlemm's canal endothelial cells. Br J Ophthalmol 2005, 89:1500-1505.
93. Alvarado J, Betanzos A, Franse-Carman L, Chen J, Gonź alez-Mariscal L. Endothelia of Schlemm's canal and trabecular meshwork: distinct molecular, functional, and anatomic features. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2004, 286:C621-C634.
94. Gachon AM, Richard J, Dastugue B. Human tears: normal protein pattern and individual protein determinations in adults. Curr Eye Res 1982, 2:301-308.
95. Braun RJ, King-Smith PE. Model problems for the tear film in a blink cycle: single-equation models. J Fluid Mech 2007, 586:465-490.
96. Dartt DA. Interaction of EGF family growth factors and neurotransmitters in regulating lacrimal gland secretion. Exp Eye Res 2004, 78:337-345.
97. Tepavcevic V, Hodges RR, Rios JD, Zoukhri D, Dartt DA. EGF stimulated lacrimal gland secretion is mediated by an increase in intracellular Ca2+. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001, 42:2401.
98. Abelson MB, George MA, Garofalo C. Differential diagnosis of ocular allergic disorders. Ann Allergy 1993, 70:95-107.
99. Targher G, Bertolini L, Zenari L, Lippi G, Pichiri I. Diabetic retinopathy is associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular events in Type 2 diabetic patients. Diabet Med 2008, 25:45-50.
100. Acott TS, Kelley MJ. Extracellular matrix in the trabecular meshwork. Exp Eye Res 2008, 86:543-561.
101. Ackerman M. The Visible Human Project. Proc IEEE 1998, 86:504-511.
102. Che S, Blackett S. Eye model [Internet]. CMISS development examples, October 12, 2008. Available at: http://cmiss.bioeng.auckland.ac.nz/development/examples/a/eye/index.html.
103. Vaghefi E, Hunter PJ, Jacobs M; International Union for Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine (IUPSEM) and International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering (IFMBE). 3D finite element modeling of avascular circulation in the ocular lens, 4th Kuala Lumpur International Conference on Biomedical Engineering; 2008.
104. Ethier CR. The inner wall of Schlemm's canal. Exp Eye Res 2002, 74:161-172.
105. Avtar R, Srivastava R. Modelling the flow of aqueous humor in anterior chamber of the eye. Applied Mathematics and Computation 2006, 181:1336-1348.
106. Balachandran RK, Barocas VH. Computer Modeling of Drug Delivery to the Posterior Eye: Effect of Active Transport and Loss to Choroidal Blood flow. Pharmaceutical Research 2008, 25:2685-2696.
107. Cabrera Ferńandez D, Niazy AM, Kurtz RM, Djotyan GP, Juhasz T. Finite element analysis applied to cornea reshaping. Journal of Biomedical Optics 2005, 10:064018.
108. Cirovic S, Bhola RM, Hose DR, et al. Computer modelling study of the mechanism of optic nerve injury in blunt trauma. British Journal of Ophthalmology 2006, 90:778-783.
109. David G, Humphrey JD. Finite element model of stresses in the anterior lens capsule of the eye. Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering 2007, 10:237-243.
110. Deering M. A photon accurate model of the human eye. ACM Transactions on Graphics 2005, 24:649-658.
111. Downs JC, Roberts MD, Burgoyne CF. Mechanical environment of the optic nerve head in glaucoma. Optometry & Vision Science 2008, 85:425-435.
112. Elsheikh A, Alhasso D, Rama P. Assessment of the epithelium's contribution to corneal biomechanics. Experimental Eye Research 2008, 86:445-451.
113. Gorla MSR, Gorla RSR. Nonlinear theory of tear film rupture. Transactions of the ASME 2000, 122:498-503.
114. Lanchares E, Calvo B, Cristobal JA, DoblareM. Finite element simulation of arcuates for astigmatism correction. Journal of Biomechanics 2008, 41:797-805.
115. Li L, Tighe B. Nonlinear analysis of static axisymmetric deformation of the human cornea. Computational Materials Science 2007, 38:618-624.
116. Merchant BM, Heys JJ. Effects of variable permeability on aqueous humor outflow. Applied Mathematics and Computation 2008, 196:371-380.
117. Nguyen TD, Jones RE, Boyce BL. A nonlinear anisotropic viscoelastic model for the tensile behavior of the corneal stroma. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 2008, 130:in press.
118. Pandolfi A, Manganiello F. A model for the human cornea: constitutive formulation and numerical analysis. Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology 2006, 5:237-246.
119. Pierscionek BK, Asejczyk-Widlicka M, Schachar RA. The effect of changing intraocular pressure on the corneal and scleral curvatures in the fresh porcine eye. British Journal of Ophthalmology 2007, 91:801-803.
120. Pinsky PM, van der Heide D, Chernyak D. Computational modeling of mechanical anisotropy in the cornea and sclera. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 2005, 31:136-145.
121. Srodka W, Iskander DR. Optically inspired biomechanical model of the human eyeball. Journal of Biomedical Optics 2008, 13:044034.
122. Strenk SA, Strenk LM, Semmlow JL, DeMarco JK. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of the Effects of Age and Accommodation on the Human Lens Cross-Sectional Area. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2004, 45:539-545.
123. Tillier Y, Falcot C, Paccini A, Caputo G, Chenot J. 3D finite element modelling of macular translocation. International Congress Series 2005, 1281:467-472.
124. Uchio E, Ohno S, Kudoh J, Aoki K, Kisielewiczc LT. Simulation model of an eyeball based on finite element analysis on a supercomputer. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1999, 83:1106-1111.
125. Vinger PF. Understanding Eye Trauma Through Computer Modeling. Archives of Ophthalmology 2005, 123:833-834.