Physiological properties of the normal lens

Physiological Reviews

Volumn 77, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 21-50

  Mathias, R T ^a   Rae, J L ^a   Baldo, G J ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE (POTASSIUM SODIUM);

ARTICLE; CELL INTERACTION; CHLORIDE CONDUCTANCE; HUMAN; ION CURRENT; LENS; LENS EPITHELIUM; LIGHT SCATTERING; NONHUMAN; POTASSIUM CONDUCTANCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SODIUM CONDUCTANCE; VISION; WATER PERMEABILITY;

EID: 0031014473     PISSN: 00319333     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/physrev.1997.77.1.21     Document Type: Article

References (196)

1. ADRIAN, R. H., W. K. CHANDLER, AND A. L. HODGKIN. The kinetics of mechanical activation in frog muscle. J. Physiol. Lond. 204: 207-230, 1969.
2. AGRE, P., G. M. PRESTON, B. L. SMITH, J. S. JUNG, S. RAINA, C. MOON, W. B. GUGGINO, AND S. NIELSON. Aquaporin CHIP: the archetypal molecular water channel. Am. J. Physiol. 265 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 34): F463-F476, 1993.
3. AKAIKE, N., AND Y. OKAJIMA. Effects of veratrine and tetrodotoxin on the frog lens potential in normal and calcium-free media. Pfluegers Arch. 394: 333-337, 1982.
4. + channels in the rat lens (Abstract). Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 34: 1256, 1993.
5. + ATPase distribution in frog and bovine lenses. Curr. Eye Res. 4: 143-152, 1985.
6. ALVAREZ, L. J., O. A. CANDIA, AND A. C. ZAMUDIO. Acetylcholine modulation of the short-circuit current across the rabbit lens. Exp. Eye Res. 61: 129-140, 1995.
7. + conductance to toad translens short-circuit current. Exp. Eye Res. 52: 283-292, 1991.
8. ARELLANO, R. O., A. RIVERA, AND F. RAMON. Protein phosphorylation and hydrogen ions modulate calcium-induced closure of gap junction channels. Biophys. J. 57: 363-367, 1990.
9. BAGHIERI, S., AND M. H. GARNER. Na,K-ATPase and phospholipid degradation in bovine and human lenses. Curr. Eye Res. 11: 459-467, 1992.
10. BALDO, G. J., AND R. T. MATHIAS. Spatial variations in membrane properties in the intact rat lens. Biophys. J. 63: 518-529, 1992.
11. BASSNETT, S. Intracellular pH regulation in the embryonic chicken lens epithelium. J. Physiol. Lond. 431: 445-464, 1990.
12. BASSNETT, S. Mitochondrial dynamics in differentiating fiber cells of the mammalian lens. Curr. Eye Res. 11: 1227-1232, 1992.
13. BASSNETT, S., AND D. C. BEEBE. Coincident loss of mitochondria and nuclei during lens fiber cell differentiation. Dev. Dynamics 194: 85-93, 1992.
14. BASSNETT, S., AND G. DUNCAN. The influence of pH on membrane conductance and intercellular resistance in the rat lens. J. Physiol. Lond. 398: 507-521, 1988.
15. BASSNETT, S., J. R. KUSZAK, L. REINISCH, H. G. BROWN, AND D. C. BEEBE. Intercellular communication between epithelia and fiber cells of the eye lens. J. Cell Sci. 107: 799-811, 1994.
16. BENTLEY, P. J., AND O. A. CANDIA. Effects of some metabolic inhibitors on the electrical potential difference and short-circuit current across the lens of the toad Bufo marinus. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 10: 672-679, 1971.
17. BERTHOUD, V. M., A. J. COOK, AND E. C. BEYER. Characterization of the gap junction protein connexin56 in the chicken lens by immunofluorescence and immunoblotting. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 35: 4109-4117, 1994.
18. BEYER, E. C., D. A. GOODENOUGH, AND D. L. PAUL. The connexins, a family of related gap junction proteins. In: Gap Junctions, edited by E. L. Hertzberg and R. G. Johnson. New York: Liss, 1988, p. 167-175.
19. BOCKRIS, J. O., AND A. K. N. REDDY. Modern Electrochemisty. New York: Plenum, 1970, p. 826-831.
20. BOK, D., J. DOCKSTADER, AND J. HORWITZ. Immunocytochemical localization of the lens main intrinsic polypeptide (MIP26) in ultrathin frozen sections of rat lens. J. Cell Biol. 92: 213-220, 1982.
21. BOYLE, R., AND E. J. CONWAY. Potassium accumulation in muscle and associated changes. J. Physiol. Lond. 100: 1-63, 1941.
22. BROWN, H. G., G. D. PAPPAS, M. E. IRELAND, AND J. R. KUSZAK. Ultrastructural, biochemical, and immunologic evidence of receptor-mediated endocytosis in the crystalline lens. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 31: 2579-2592, 1990.
23. CANDIA, O. A. Microelectrode and short-circuiting techniques for the study of ion transport in the lens. Exp. Eye Res. 15: 219-223, 1973.
24. CANDIA, O. A., P. J. BENTLEY, AND C. D. MILLS. Short-circuit current and active Na transport across isolated lens of the toad. Am. J. Physiol. 220: 539-564, 1971.
25. CANDIA, O. A., P. J. BENTLEY, C. D. MILLS, AND H. TOYOFUKU. Asymmetrical distribution of the potential difference in the toad lens. Nature Lond. 227: 852-853, 1970.
26. CASPAR, D. L., D. A. GOODENOUGH, L. MAKOWSKI, AND W. C. PHILLIPS. Gap junction structures. I. Correlated electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. J. Cell Biol. 74: 605-628, 1977.
27. CHEPELINSKY, A. B. The MIP transmembrane channel gene family. In: Handbook of Membrane Channels. Orlando, FL: Academic, 1994, p. 413-432.
28. COHEN, A. I. The electron microscopy of the normal human lens. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 4: 806-814, 1965.
29. COLE, D. F. Ocular fluids. In: The Eye: Vegetative Physiology and Biochemistry, edited by H. Davson. London: Academic, 1984, vol. 1A, p. 309.
30. COOPER, K., P. GATES, J. L. RAE, AND J. DEWEY. Electrophysiology of cultured human lens epithelial cells. J. Membr. Biol. 117: 285-298, 1990.
31. COOPER, K., R. T. MATHIAS, AND J. L. RAE. The physiology of lens junctions. In: Biophysics of Gap Junction Channels, edited by C. Peracchia. Boca Raton, FL: CRC, 1991, p. 57-74.
32. COOPER, K., J. L. RAE, AND J. DEWEY. Inwardly rectifying potassium current in mammalian lens epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 261 (Cell Physiol. 30): C115-C123, 1991.
33. COOPER, K., J. L. RAE, AND P. GATES. Membrane and junctional properties of dissociated frog lens epithelial cells. J. Membr. Biol. 111: 215-227, 1989.
34. COOPER, K., J. M. TANG, J. L. RAE, AND R. S. EISENBERG. A cation channel in frog lens epithelia responsive to pressure and calcium. J. Membr. Biol. 93: 259-269, 1986.
35. COOPER, K., M. WATSKY, AND J. RAE. Potassium currents from isolated frog lens epithelial cells. Exp. Eye Res. 55: 861-868, 1992.
36. COSTELLO, M. J., T. J. MCINTOSH, AND J. D. ROBERTSON. Membrane specializations in mammalian lens fiber cells: distribution of square arrays. Curr. Eye Res. 4: 1183-1201, 1985.
37. COSTELLO, M. J., T. J. MCINTOSH, AND J. D. ROBERTSON. Distribution of gap junctions and square array junctions in the mammalian lens. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 30: 975-989, 1989.
38. CROW, J. M., M. M. ATKINSON, AND R. G. JOHNSON. Micromolar levels of intracellular calcium reduce gap junctional permeability in lens cultures. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 35: 3332-3341, 1994.
39. DELAMERE, N. A., AND W. L. DEAN. Distribution of lens sodium-potassium-adenosine triphosphatase. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 34: 2159-2163, 1993.
40. DONALDSON, P. J., Y. M. DONG, M. ROOS, C. GREEN, D. A. GOODENOUGH, AND J. KISTLER. Changes in connexin expression lead to increased gap junctional voltage dependence and conductance. Am. J. Physiol. 269 (Cell Physiol. 38): C590-C600, 1995.
41. DONALDSON, P. J., M. ROOS, C. EVANS, E. BEYER, AND J. KISTLER. Electrical properties of mammalian lens epithelial gap junctions channels. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 35: 3422-3427, 1994.
42. DUNCAN. G. The site of the ion restricting membranes in the toad lens. Exp. Eye Res. 8: 406-412, 1969.
43. DUNCAN, G., S. STEWART, A. R. PRESCOTT, AND R. M. WARN. Membrane and junctional properties of the isolated frog lens epithelium. J. Membr. Biol. 102: 195-204, 1988.
44. EBIHARA, L., V. M. BERTHOUD, AND E. C. BEYER. Distinct behavior of connexin56 and connexin46 gap junctional channels can be predicted from the behavior of their hemi-gap-junctional channels. Biophys. J. 68: 1796-1803, 1995.
45. EBIHARA, L., AND E. STEINER. Properties of a nonjunctional current expressed from a rat connexin46 cDNA in Xenopus oocytes. J. Gen. Physiol. 102: 59-74, 1993.
46. EHRING, G. R., G. ZAMPIGHI, J. HORWITZ, D. BOK, AND J. E. HALL. Properties of channels reconstituted from the major intrinsic protein of lens fiber membranes. J. Gen. Physiol. 96: 631-664, 1990.
47. EISENBERG, R. S., V. BARCILON, AND R. T. MATHIAS. Electrical properties of spherical syncytia. Biophys. J. 25: 151-180, 1979.
48. EMPTAGE, N., G. DUNCAN, AND P. C. CROGHAN. Internal acidification modulates membrane and junctional resistance in the isolated lens of the frog Rana pipiens. Exp. Eye Res. 54: 33-39, 1992.
49. ERNST, S. A. Transport adenosine triphosphatase cytochemistry. II. Cytochemical localization of ouabin-sensitive, potassium-dependent phosphatase activity in the secretory epithelium of the avian salt gland. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 20: 23-38, 1972.
50. + transport in normal rat lens by the short-circuiting technique. Curr. Eye Res. 11: 189-193, 1992.
51. EVANS, C. W., S. EASTWOOD, J. RAINS, W. T. GRUIJTERS, S. BULLIVANT, AND J. KISTLER. Gap junction formation during development of the mouse lens. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 60: 243-249, 1993.
52. FALK, G., AND P. FATT. Linear electrical properties of striated muscle fibers observed with intracellular electrodes. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 160: 69-129, 1964.
53. FITZGERALD, P. G., D. BOK, AND J. HORWITZ. Immunocytochemical localization of the main intrinsic polypeptide (MIP26) in ultrathin frozen sections of rat lens. J. Cell Biol. 97: 1491-1499, 1983.
54. GADSBY, D. C., AND M. NAKAO. Steady-state current-voltage relationship of the Na/K pump in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. J. Gen. Physiol. 94: 511-537, 1989.
55. GALVAN, A., P. D. LAMPE, K. C. HUR, J. B. HOWARD, E. D. ECCLESTON, M. ARNESON, AND C. F. LOUIS. Structural organization of the lens fiber cell plasma membrane protein MP18. J. Biol. Chem. 264: 19974-19978, 1989.
56. GANDOLFI, S. A., G. DUNCAN, J. TOMLINSON, AND G. MARAINI. Mammalian lens inter-fiber resistance is modulated by calcium and calmodulin. Curr. Eye Res. 9: 533-541, 1990.
57. GAO, J., R. T. MATHIAS, I. S. COHEN, AND G. J. BALDO. Two functionally different Na/K pumps in cardiac ventricular myocytes. J. Gen. Physiol. 106: 995-1030, 1995.
58. + exchange. Exp. Eye Res. 58: 704-718, 1994.
59. GARNER, M. H., AND J. HORWITZ. Catalytic subunit isoforms of mammalian lens Na,K-ATPase. Curr. Eye Res. 13: 65-77, 1994.
60. GICK, G. G., M. A. HATALA, D. CHON, AND F. ISMAIL-BEIGI. Na,K-ATPase in several tissues of the rat: tissue-specific expression of subunit mRNAs and enzyme activity. J. Membr. Biol. 131: 229-236, 1993.
61. GOODENOUGH, D. A. Lens gap junctions: a structural hypothesis for nonregulated low-resistance intercellular pathways. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 18: 1104-1122, 1979.
62. GOODENOUGH, D. A. The crystalline lens. A system networked by gap junctional intercellular communication. Semin. Cell Biol. 3: 49-58, 1992.
63. GOODENOUGH, D. A., J. S. DICK, AND J. E. LYONS. Lens metabolic cooperation: a study of mouse lens transport and permeability visualized with freeze-substitution autoradiography and electron microscopy. J. Cell Biol. 86: 576-589, 1980.
64. GORIN, M. B., S. B. YANCEY, J. CLINE, J. P. REVEL, AND J. HORWITZ. The major intrinsic protein (MIP) of the bovine lens fiber membrane: characterization and structure based on cDNA cloning. Cell 39: 49-59, 1984.
65. GORTHY, W. C., AND J. W. ANDERSON. Special characteristics of the polar regions of the rat lens: morphology and phosphatase histochemistry. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 19: 1038-1052, 1980.
66. GUPTA, N., S. M. DRANCE, R. MCALLISTER, S. PRASAD, J. ROOTMAN, AND M. S. CYNADER. Localization of M3 muscarinic receptor subtype and mRNA in the human eye. Ophthalmol. Res. 26: 207-213, 1994.
67. GUPTA, V. K., V. M. BERTHOUD, N. ATAL, J. A. JARILLO, L. C. BARRIO, AND E. C. BEYER. Bovine connexin44, a lens gap junction protein: molecular cloning, immunologic characterization, and functional expression. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 35: 3747-3758, 1994.
68. GUTEKUNST, K. A., G. N. RAO, AND R. L. CHURCH. Molecular cloning and complete nucleotide sequence of the cDNA encoding a bovine lens intrinsic membrane protein (MP19). Curr. Eye Res. 9: 955-961, 1990.
69. HASEGAWA, H., S. C. LIAN, W. E. FINKBEINER, AND A. S. VERKMAN. Extrarenal tissue distribution of CHIP 28 water channels by in situ hybridization and antibody staining. Am. J. Physiol. 266 (Cell Physiol. 35): C893-C903, 1994.
70. HEATHCOTE, J., AND M. GRANT. The macromolecular composition of the embryonic chick lens capsule. Preliminary biosynthetic studies on the collagenous and non-collagenous glycoproteins. Exp. Eye Res. 34: 985-1000, 1982.
71. HEATHCOTE, J., C. SEAR, AND M. GRANT. Studies on the assembly of the rat lens capsule. Synthesis and partial characterization of the collagenous components. Biochem. J. 176: 283-294, 1978.
72. HORWITZ, J. α-Crystallin can function as a molecular chaperone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 10449-10453, 1992.
73. HORWITZ, J. The function of α-crystallin. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 34: 10-22, 1993.
74. HORWITZ, J., AND M. M. WONG. Peptide mapping by limited proteolysis in sodium dodecyl sulfate of the main intrinsic polypeptides isolated from human and bovine lens plasma membranes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 622: 134-143, 1980.
75. IRELAND, M. E., D. M. RICHIER, AND K. TRAN. Regulation of lens beta-adrenergic receptors by receptor occupancy and dexamethasone. J. Ocul. Pharmacol. 10: 543-551, 1994.
76. IRELAND, M. E., AND S. SHANBOM. Lens beta-adrenergic receptors. Functional coupling to adenylate cyclase and photoaffinity labeling. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 32: 541-548, 1991.
77. ITOI, M., R. KODAMA, S. TAKAYAMA, M. ITOI, AND G. EGUCHI. Ultrastructural observations of typical gap junctions in human foetal lens nucleus. Curr. Eye Res. 10: 1-9, 1991.
78. JACOBS, D. B., M. IRELAND, T. PICKETT, H. MAISEL, AND G. GRUNBERGER. Functional characterization of insulin and IGF-I receptors in chicken lens epithelial and fiber cells. Curr. Eye Res. 11: 1137-1145, 1992.
79. JAFFEE, L. F., AND R. NUCCITELLI. An ultrasensitive vibrating probe for measuring steady extracellular currents. J. Cell Biol. 63: 614-628, 1974.
80. JARVIS, L. J., AND C. F. LOUIS. The permeability of reconstituted liposomes containing the purified lens fiber cell integral membrane proteins MP20, MP26 and MP70. J. Membr. Biol. 130: 251-263, 1992.
81. JIANG, J. X., D. L. PAUL, AND D. A. GOODENOUGH. Posttranslational phosphorylation of lens fiber connexin46: a slow occurrence. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 34: 3558-3565, 1993.
82. JOHNSON, M. C., AND D. C. BEEBE. Growth, synthesis and regional specialization of the embryonic chicken lens capsule. Exp. Eye Res. 38: 579-592, 1984.
83. KEELING, P., K. JOHNSON, D. SAS, K. KLUKAS, P. DONAHUE, AND R. JOHNSON. Arrangement of MP26 in lens junctional membranes: analysis with proteases and antibodies. J. Membr. Biol. 74: 217-228, 1983.
84. KINSEY, V. E., AND D. V. N. REDDY. Studies of the crystalline lens. XI. The relative role of the epithelium and capsule in transport. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 4: 104-116, 1965.
85. KISTLER, J., AND S. BULLIVANT. Protein processing in lens intercellular junctions: cleavage of MP70 to MP38. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 28: 1687-1692, 1987.
86. KISTLER, J., J. KIRKLAND, AND S. BULLIVANT. Identification of a 70,000-Da protein in lens membrane junctional domains. J. Cell Biol. 101: 28-35, 1985.
87. KUMAR, N. M., L. J. JARVIS, E. TENBROEK, AND C. F. LOUIS. Cloning and expression of a major rat lens membrane protein, MP20. Exp. Eye Res. 56: 35-43, 1993.
88. + channels. Am. J. Physiol. 268 (Cell Physiol. 37): C535-C556, 1995.
89. KUSHMERICK, C., S. J. RICE, G. J. BALDO, H. C. HASPEL, AND R. T. MATHIAS. Ion, water and neutral solute transport in Xenopus oocytes expressing frog lens MIP. Exp. Eye Res. 61: 351-362, 1995.
90. KUSZAK, J. R. The ultrastructure of epithelial and fiber cells in the crystalline lens. Int. Rev. Cytol. 163: 305-350, 1995.
91. KUSZAK, J. R., B. A. BERTRAM, M. S. MACSAI, AND J. L. RAE. Sutures of the crystalline lens: a review. In: Scanning Electron Microscopy. Chicago, IL: SEM, 1984, p 1369-1378.
92. KUSZAK, J. R., M. S. MACSAI, K. L. BLOOM, J. L. RAE, AND R. S. WEINSTEIN. Cell-to-cell fusion of lens fiber cells in situ: correlative light, scanning electron microscopic, and freeze-fracture studies. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 93: 144-160, 1985.
93. KUSZAK, J. R., L. A. NOVAK, AND H. G. BROWN. An ultrastructural analysis of the epithelial-fiber interface (EFI) in primate lenses. Exp. Eye Res. 61: 1-19, 1995.
94. KUSZAK, J. R., AND J. L. RAE. Scanning electron microscopy of the frog lens. Exp. Eye Res. 35: 499-519, 1982.
95. KUSZAK, J. R., Y. H. SHEK, K. C. CARNEY, AND J. L. RAE. A correlative freeze-etch and electrophysiological study of communicating junctions in crystalline lenses. Curr. Eye Res. 4: 1145-1153, 1985.
96. LIESKA, N., K. KROTZER, AND H. Y. YANG. A reassessment of protein synthesis by lens nuclear fiber cells (Letter). Exp. Eye Res. 54: 807-811, 1992.
97. LO, W. K., AND C. V. HARDING. Square arrays and their role in ridge formation in human lens fibers. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 86: 228-254, 1984.
98. LO, W. K., AND C. V. HARDING. Structure and distribution of gap junctions in lens epithelium and fiber cells. Cell Tissue Res. 244: 253-263, 1986.
99. LO, W. K., AND T. S. REESE. Multiple structural types of gap junctions in mouse lens. J. Cell Sci. 106: 227-235, 1993.
100. LO, W. K., A. P. SHAW, L. J. TAKEMOTO, H. E. GROSSNIKLAUS, AND M. TIGGES. Gap junction structures and distribution patterns of immunoreactive connexins 46 and 50 in lens regrowths of Rhesus monkeys. Exp. Eye Res. 62: 171-180, 1996.
101. LOPATIN, A. N., E. N. MAKHINA, AND C. G. NICHOLS. Potassium channel block by cytoplasmic polyamines as the mechanism of intrinsic rectification. Nature Lond. 372: 366-369, 1994.
102. LOUIS, C. F., K. C. HUR, A. C. GALVAN, E. M. TEN BROEK, L. J. JARVIS, E. D. ECCLESTON, AND J. B. HOWARD. Identification of an 18,000-dalton protein in mammalian lens fiber cell membranes. J. Biol. Chem. 264: 19967-19973, 1989.
103. MAGID, A. D., A. K. KENWORTHY, AND T. J. MCINTOSH. Colloid osmotic pressure of steer crystallins: implications for the origin of the refractive index gradient and transparenty of the lens. Exp. Eye Res. 55: 615-627, 1992.
104. MAISEL, H., C. V. HARDING, J. R. ALCALA, AND R. BRADLEY. The morphology of the lens. In: Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Eye Lens, edited by H. Bloemendal. New York: Wiley, 1981, p. 49-83.
105. MAKOWSKI, L., D. L. CASPAR, W. C. PHILLIPS, AND D. A. GOODENOUGH. Gap junction structures. II. Analysis of the X-ray diffraction data. J. Cell Biol. 74: 629-645, 1977.
106. MANIVANNAN, K., S. V. RAMANAN, R. T. MATHIAS, AND P. R. BRINK. Multichannel recordings from membranes which contain gap junctions. Biophys. J. 61: 216-227, 1992.
107. MATHIAS, R. T. Epithelial water transport in a balanced gradient system. Biophys. J. 47: 823-836, 1985.
108. MATHIAS, R. T. Steady-state voltages, ion fluxes, and volume regulation in syncytial tissues. Biophys. J. 48: 435-448, 1985.
109. MATHIAS, R. T., R. S. EISENBERG, AND R. VALDIOSERA. Electrical properties of frog skeletal muscle fibers interpreted with a mesh model of the tubular system. Biophys. J. 17: 57-93, 1977.
110. MATHIAS, R. T., AND J. L. RAE. Transport properties of the lens. Am. J. Physiol. 249 (Cell Physiol. 18): C181-C190, 1985.
111. MATHIAS, R. T., AND J. L. RAE. Steady-state voltages in the frog lens. Curr. Eye Res. 4: 421-430, 1985.
112. MATHIAS, R. T., AND J. L. RAE. Cell to cell communication in the lens. In: Cell Interactions and Gap Junctions, edited by N. Sperelakis and W. Cole. Boca Raton, FL: CRC, 1989, p. 29-50.
113. MATHIAS, R. T., J. L. RAE, G. J. BALDO, AND J. SHI. Electrical properties of structural components of the lens. A comparison of frog and rat lenses (Abstract). Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 30: 87, 1989.
114. MATHIAS, R. T., J. L. RAE, L. EBIHARA, AND R. T. MCCARTHY. The localization of transport properties in the frog lens. Biophys. J. 48: 423-434, 1985.
115. MATHIAS, R. T., J. L. RAE, AND R. S. EISENBERG. Electrical properties of structural components of the crystalline lens. Biophys. J. 25: 181-201, 1979.
116. MATHIAS, R. T., J. L. RAE, AND R. S. EISENBERG. The lens as a nonuniform spherical syncytium. Biophys. J. 34: 61-83, 1981.
117. MATHIAS, R. T., G. RIQUELME, AND J. L. RAE. Cell to cell communication and pH in the frog lens. J. Gen. Physiol. 98: 1085-1103, 1991.
118. MCLAUGHLIN, S., AND R. T. MATHIAS. Electro-osmosis and the reabsorption of fluid in renal proximal tubules. J. Gen. Physiol. 85: 699-728, 1985.
119. MICHEA, L. F., M. DE LA FUENTE, AND N. LAGOS. Lens major intrinsic protein (MIP) promotes adhesion when reconstituted into large unilamellar liposomes. Biochemistry 33: 7663-7669, 1994.
120. MILLER, A. G., AND J. E. HALL. Junctional permeability measurements in the embryonic chick lens. Exp. Eye Res. 62: 339-349, 1996.
121. MILLER, A. G., G. A. ZAMPIGHI, AND J. E. HALL. Single-membrane and cell-to-cell permeability properties of dissociated embryonic chick lens cells. J. Membr. Biol. 128: 91-102, 1992.
122. MILLER, T. M., AND D. A. GOODENOUGH. Evidence for two physiologically distinct gap junctions expressed by the chick lens epithelial cell. J. Cell Biol. 102: 194-199, 1986.
123. MULDERS, S. M., G. M. PRESTON, P. M. T. DEEN, W. G. GUGGINO, C. H. AN OS, AND P. AGRE. Water channel properties of major intrinsic protein (MIP) of lens. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 9010-9016, 1995.
124. MUSIL, L. S., E. C. BEYER, AND D. A. GOODENOUGH. Expression of the gap junction protein connexin43 in embryonic chick lens: molecular cloning, ultrastructural localization, and post-translational phosphorylation. J. Membr. Biol. 116: 163-175, 1990.
125. MUSIL, L. S., B. A. CUNNINGHAM, G. M. EDELMAN, AND D. A. GOODENOUGH. Differential phosphorylation of the gap junction protein connexin43 in junctional communication-competent and deficient cell lines. J. Cell Biol. 111: 2077-2088, 1990.
126. MUSIL, L. S., AND D. A. GOODENOUGH. Biochemical analysis of connexin 43 intracellular transport, phosphorylation, and assembly into gap junctional plaques. J. Cell Biol. 115: 1357-1374, 1991.
127. NAKAO, M., AND D. C. GADSBY. Steady-state current-voltage relationship of the Na/K pump in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. J. Gen. Physiol. 94: 511-538, 1989.
128. NEVILLE, M. C., C. A. PATERSON, AND P. M. HAMILTON. Evidence for two sodium pumps in the crystalline lens of the rabbit eye. Exp. Eye Res. 27: 1-12, 1978.
129. OSBORNE, N. N. Agonist-induced stimulation of cAMP in the lens: presence of functional beta-receptors (Letter). Exp. Eye Res. 52: 105-106, 1991.
130. PALVA, M., AND A. PALKAMA. Histochemically demonstrable sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase (Na-K-ATPase) activity in the rat lens. Exp. Eye Res. 19: 117-123, 1974.
131. PARMELEE, J. T. Measurement of steady currents around the frog lens. Exp. Eye Res. 42: 433-441, 1986.
132. PARMELEE, J. T., K. R. ROBINSON, AND J. W. PATTERSON. Effects of calcium on the steady outward currents at the equator of the rat lens. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 26: 1343-1348, 1985.
133. PASQUALE, L. R., R. T. MATHIAS, L. R. AUSTIN, P. R. BRINK, AND M. CIUNGA. Electrostatic properties of fiber cell membranes from the frog lens. Biophys. J. 58: 939-945, 1990.
134. PATERSON, C. A. Distribution and movement of ions in the ocular lens. Documenta Ophthalmol. 31: 1-28, 1972.
135. PATERSON, C. A., AND B. A. ECK. Chloride concentration and exchange in rabbit lens. Exp. Eye Res. 11: 207-213, 1971.
136. PATERSON, C. A., M. C. NEVILLE, R. M. JENKINS II, AND J. P. CULLEN. An electrogenic component of the potential difference in the rabbit lens. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 375: 309-316, 1975.
137. PATERSON, C. A., M. C. NEVILLE, R. M. JENKINS II, AND D. K. NORDSTROM. Intracellular potassium activity in frog lens determined using ion specific liquid ion-exchanger filled microelectrodes. Exp. Eye Res. 19: 43-48, 1974.
138. PATTERSON, J. W. Characterization of the equatorial current of the lens. Ophthalmol. Res. 20: 139-142, 1988.
139. 2+ depletion on lens equatorial currents in frog lenses. Lens & Eye Toxicity Res. 6: 845-852, 1989.
140. PAUL, D. L., L. EBIHARA, L. J. TAKEMOTO, K. I. SWENSON, AND D. A. GOODENOUGH. Connexin46, a novel lens gap junction protein, induces voltage-gated currents in non-junctional plasma membrane of Xenopus oocytes. J. Cell Biol. 115: 1077-1089, 1991.
141. PAZ SOLDAN, M. M., AND K. E. COOPER. Ionic basis of rabbit lens resting voltage (Abstract). Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 36, Suppl.: S264, 1995.
142. PIATIGORSKY, J. Lens crystallins: innovation associated with changes in gene regulation. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 4277-4280, 1992.
143. PLATSCH, K. D., AND M. WIEDERHOLT. Effect of ion substitution and ouabain on short circuit current in the isolated human and rabbit lens. Exp. Eye Res. 32: 615-624, 1981.
144. PLATSCH, K. D., AND M. WIEDERHOLT. Intracellular potassium activity and cell membrane potential of the isolated human rabbit lens. Exp. Eye Res. 33: 467-478, 1981.
145. PRESCOTT, A., G. DUNCAN, J. VAN MARLE, AND G. VRESEN. The correlated study of metabolic cell communication and gap junction distribution in adult frog lens. Exp. Eye Res. 58: 737-746, 1994.
146. PRESTON, G. M., AND P. AGRE. Isolation of the cDNA for erythrocyte integral membrane protein of 28 kilodaltons: member of an ancient channel family. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 11110-11114, 1991.
147. PRESTON, G. M., T. P. CARROLL, W. B. GUGGINO, AND P. AGRE. Appearance of water channels in Xenopus oocytes expressing red cell CHIP28 protein. Science Wash. DC 256: 385-387, 1992.
148. RAE, J. L. The movement of procion dye in the crystalline lens. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 13: 147-150, 1974.
149. RAE, J. L. Potassium channels from chick lens epithelium. Federation Proc. 45: 2718-2722, 1986.
150. RAE, J. L. Outwardly rectifying potassium currents in lens epithelial cell membranes. Curr. Eye Res. 13: 679-686, 1994.
151. RAE, J. L., C. BARTLING, J. RAE, AND R. T. MATHIAS. Dye transfer between cells of the lens. J. Membr. Biol. 150: 89-103, 1996.
152. RAE, J. L., AND K. COOPER. New techniques for the study of lens electrophysiology. Exp. Eye Res. 50: 603-614, 1990.
153. RAE, J. L., J. DEWEY, J. S. RAE, AND K. A. COOPER. A maxi calcium-activated potassium channel from chick lens epithelium. Curr. Eye Res. 9: 847-861, 1990.
154. RAE, J. L., AND J. R. KUSZAK. The electrical coupling of epithelium and fibers in the frog lens. Exp. Eye Res. 36: 317-326, 1983.
155. RAE, J. L., R. T. MATHIAS, K. COOPER, AND G. BALDO. Divalent cation effects on lens conductance and stretch-activated cation channels. Exp. Eye Res. 55: 135-144, 1992.
156. RAE, J. L., R. T. MATHIAS, AND R. S. EISENBERG. Physiological role of the membranes and extracellular space within the ocular lens. Exp. Eye Res. 35: 471-489, 1982.
157. RAE, J. L., AND J. S. RAE. Whole-cell currents from noncultured human lens epithelium. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 33: 2262-2268, 1992.
158. RAE, J. L., AND T. STACEY. Intracellular markers in the crystalline lens of the rat. Prog. Lens Biochem. Res. 233-239, 1976.
159. RAE, J. L., R. O. THOMPSON, AND R. S. EISENBERG. The effect of 2,4-dinitrophenol on cell to cell communication in the frog lens. Exp. Eye Res. 35: 597-609, 1982.
160. RESZELBACH, R., AND J. W. PATTERSON. Localization of potassium and sodium fluxes in the rat lens. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 26: 945-952, 1985.
161. REYNHOUT, J. K., P. D. LAMPE, AND R. G. JOHNSON. An activator of protein kinase C inhibits gap junction communication between cultured bovine lens cells. Exp. Cell Res. 198: 337-342, 1992.
162. ROBINSON, K. R., AND J. W. PATTERSON. Localization of steady currents in the lens. Curr. Eye Res. 2: 843-847, 1983.
163. RUP, D. M., R. D. VEENSTRA, H. Z. WANG, P. R. BRINK, AND E. C. BEYER. Chick connexin-56, a novel lens gap junction protein. Molecular cloning and functional expression. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 706-712, 1993.
164. SAEZ, J. C., D. C. SPRAY, A. C. NAIRN, E. HERTZBERG, P. GREENGARD, AND M. V. L. BENNETT. cAMP increases junctional conductance and stimulates phosphorylation of the 27-kDa principal gap junction polypeptide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 2473-2477, 1986.
165. SCHNEIDER, M. F. Linear electrical properties of the transverse tubules and surface membrane of skeletal muscle fibers. J. Gen. Physiol. 56: 640-671, 1970.
166. 2 treatment with development. J. Cell Biol. 92: 694-705, 1982.
167. SEN, P. C., R. J. KREBSBACH, AND D. R. PFEIFFER. Persistent stimulation of lens fiber cell Na,K-ATPase by sodium thiocyanate. Exp. Eye Res. 43: 315-327, 1986.
168. +-ATPase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 988: 185-220, 1989.
169. SWENSON, K. I., J. R. JORDAN, E. C. BEYER, AND D. L. PAUL. Formation of gap junctions by expression of connexins in Xenopus oocyte pairs. Cell 57: 145-155, 1989.
170. TAKEMOTO, L., AND M. TAKEHANA. Major intrinsic polypeptide (MIP26K) from human lens membrane: characterization of low-molecular-weight forms in the aging human lens. Exp. Eye Res. 43: 661-667, 1986.
171. TAKEMOTO, L., M. TAKEHANA, AND J. HORWITZ. Covalent changes in MIP26K during aging of the human lens membrane. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 27: 443-446, 1986.
172. TEN BROEK, E. M., R. JOHNSON, AND C. F. LOUIS. Cell-to-cell communication in a differentiating ovine lens culture system. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 35: 215-228, 1994.
173. TSUIJI, T., L. LIN, Y. MURATA, AND V. N. REDDY. Immunohistochemical localization of Na,K-ATPase in the in situ lens, cultured human lens epithelium and lentoid. Exp. Eye Res. 55: 469-478, 1992.
174. UNAKAR, N. J., AND J. Y. TSUI. Sodium-potassium-dependent ATPase. I. Cytochemical localization in normal and cataractous rat lenses. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 19: 630-641, 1980.
175. UNWIN, P. N., AND G. ZAMPIGHI. Structure of the junction between communicating cells. Nature Lond. 283: 545-549, 1980.
176. VALDIOSERA, R., C. CLAUSEN, AND R. S. EISENBERG. Impedance of frog skeletal muscle fibers in various solutions. J. Gen. Physiol. 63: 460-491, 1974.
177. +-ATPase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1154: 201-222, 1993.
178. VOORTER, C. E., AND J. KISTLER. cAMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylates gap junction protein in lens cortex but not in lens nucleus. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 986: 8-10, 1989.
179. VOORTER, C. E., J. KISTLER, W. T. GRUIJTERS, J. W. MULDERS, D. CHRISTIE, AND W. W. DE JONG. Distribution of MP17 in isolated lens fibre membranes. Curr. Eye Res. 8: 697-706, 1989.
180. WALSH, S., AND J. W. PATTERSON. EGTA modulates equatorial currents in frog lenses. Exp. Eye Res. 49: 705-715, 1989.
181. WALSH, S., AND J. W. PATTERSON. D600 increases the resistance associated with the equatorial potassium current of the lens. Exp. Eye Res. 55: 81-85, 1992.
182. WALSH, S., AND J. W. PATTERSON. Effects of hydrogen peroxide oxidation and calcium channel blockers on the equatorial potassium current of the frog lens. Exp. Eye Res. 58: 257-265, 1994.
183. WATSKY, M. A., K. COOPER, AND J. L. RAE. Sodium channels in ocular epithelia. Pfluegers Arch. 419: 454-459, 1991.
184. WEIDMANN, S., AND A. L. HODGKIN. The diffusion of radiopotassium across intercalated disks of mammalian cardiac muscle. J. Physiol. Lond. 187: 323-342, 1966.
185. WHITE, T. W., R. BRUZZONE, D. A. GOODENOUGH, AND D. L. PAUL. Mouse Cx50, a functional member of the connexin family of gap junction proteins, is the lens fiber protein MP70. Mol. Biol. Cell 3: 711-720, 1992.
186. WHITE, T. W., R. BRUZZONE, S. WOLFRAM, D. L. PAUL, AND D. A. GOODENOUGH. Selective interactions among the multiple connexin proteins expressed in the vertebrate lens: the second extracellular domain is a determinant of compatibility between connexins. J. Cell Biol. 125: 879-892, 1994.
187. WILLIAMS, M. R., G. DUNCAN, R. A. RIACH, AND S. F. WEBB. Acetylcholine receptors are coupled to mobilization of intracellular calcium in cultured human lens cells (Letter). Exp. Eye Res. 57: 381-384, 1993.
188. WIND, B. E., S. WALSH, AND J. W. PATTERSON. Equatorial potassium currents in lenses. Exp. Eye Res. 46: 117-130, 1988.
189. WIND, B. E., S. WALSH, AND J. W. PATTERSON. Effect of ouabain on lens equatorial current. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 29: 1753-1754, 1988.
190. WISTOW, G. Lens crystallins: gene recruitment and evolutionary dynamism. Trends Biochem. Sci. 18: 301-306, 1993.
191. + exchange activity in lens epithelium of Bufo marinus toad. Am. J. Physiol. 255 (Cell Physiol. 24): C595-C602, 1988.
192. YANG, D.-I., AND C. F. LOUIS. Molecular cloning of sheep connexin-49 and its identity with MP70. Curr. Eye Res. 15: 307-314, 1996.
193. ZAMPIGHI, G. A., J. E. HALL, G. R. EHRING, AND S. A. SIMON. The structural organization and protein composition of lens fiber junctions. J. Cell Biol. 108: 2255-2275, 1989.
194. ZAMPIGHI, G. A., M. KREMAN, K. J. BOORER, D. D. F. LOO, F. BEZANILLA, G. CHANDY, J. E. HALL, AND E. M. WRIGHT. A method for determining the unitary functional capacity of cloned channels and transporters expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. J. Membr. Biol. 148: 65-78, 1995.
195. ZAMPIGHI, G. A., S. A. SIMON, AND J. E. HALL. The specialized junctions of the lens. Int. Rev. Cytol. 136: 185-225, 1992.
196. ZHANG, J. J., AND T. J. C. JACOB. Chloride channel in posterior lens fiber cells: analysis of the multiple conductance states (Abstract). Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 35: 1452, 1994.