Advances in anterior segment imaging

Current Opinion in Ophthalmology

Volumn 18, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 32-38

  Wolffsohn, James S ^a   Davies, Leon N ^a  

^a ASTON UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Anterior segment; Cataract; Imaging; Optical coherence tomography; Scheimpflug

Indexed keywords

ANTERIOR EYE CHAMBER; ANTERIOR EYE SEGMENT; BIOMICROSCOPY; CATARACT EXTRACTION; CILIARY BODY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; HUMAN; IMAGE ANALYSIS; IRIS; LENS IMPLANT; NON INVASIVE MEASUREMENT; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY; PHAKOMETRY; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SCHEIMPFLUG IMAGING; SLIT LAMP;

ANTERIOR EYE SEGMENT; CATARACT; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MICROSCOPY, ACOUSTIC; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; TOMOGRAPHY, OPTICAL COHERENCE;

EID: 33845674457     PISSN: 10408738     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/ICU.0b013e328011550d     Document Type: Review

References (53)

1. Wolffsohn JS, Peterson RC. Anterior ophthalmic imaging. Clin Exp Optom 2006; 89:205-214. Review on anterior eye imaging techniques.
2. Mukesh BN, Le A, Dimitrov PN, et al. Development of cataract and associated risk factors: the Visual Impairment Project. Arch Ophthalmol 2006; 124:79-85. Photographic assessment of lens opacities subjectively graded on photographs using the Wilmwer cataract grading system in a large sample.
3. Stifter E, Sacu S, Benesch T, Weghaupt H. Impairment of visual acuity and reading performance and the relationship with cataract type and density. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46:2071-2075.
4. Chylack LT, Wolfe JK, Singer DM, et al. The Lens Opacities Classification System III. the Longitudinal Study of Cataract Study Group. Arch Ophthalmol 1993; 111:831-836.
5. McCarty CA, Mukesh BN, Dimitrov PN, Taylor HR. The incidence and progression of cataract in the Melbourne Visual Impairment Project. Am J Ophthalmol 2003; 136:10-17.
6. Jose RMJ, Bender LF, Boyce JF, Heatley C. Correlation between the measurement of posterior capsule opacification severity and visual function testing. J Cataract Refract Surg 2005; 31:534-542. Develop software to measure the severity of posterior capsule opacification using analysis of the variance in intensity of retroillumination images. The computer generated severity scores showed a good correlation with clinical scores (r=0.81-0.86) and with visual function measures such as low-contrast visual acuity (r=0.87).
7. Stachs O, Schneider H, Stave J, et al. Three-dimensional ultrasound biomicroscopic examinations for haptic differentiation of potentially accommodative intraocular lenses. Ophthalmology 2005; 102:265-271. Discusses the potential of three-dimensional UBM to image axial shift and changes in haptic angulation with new accommodative IOL designs.
8. Pavlin CJ, Sherar MD, Foster FS. Subsurface ultrasound microscopic imaging of the intact eye. Ophthalmology 1990; 97:244-250.
9. Doro D, Manfre A, Deligianni V, Secchi AG. Combined 50- and 20-MHz frequency ultrasound imaging in intermediate uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol 2006; 141:953-955. Showed in an observational case series that 50 MHz UBM imaging was superior for visualization of angle structures and details of pars planitis, whereas the anterior vitreous involvement and cyclitic bands in intermediate uveitis were better shown with the 20 MHz probe. Both wavelengths could detect the typical snowbank of intermediate uveitis and could be used despite small pupil or a dense vitreitis before pars plana vitrectomy or cataract surgery.
10. Ben-nun J, Alio JL. Feasibility and development of a high-power real accommodating intraocular lens. J Cataract Refract Surg 2005; 31:1802-1808. UBM imaging was used to view changes in flexible IOL curvature in a monkey eye with pharmacological inducement of the ciliary muscle.
11. Stachs O, Schneider H, Beck R, Guthoff R. Pharmacological-induced haptic changes and the accommodative performance in patients with the AT-45 accommodative IOL. J Refract Surg 2006; 22:145-150. Investigated the forward lens movement and haptic of a new accommodating IOL on pharmacological ciliary muscle stimulation using in-house three-dimensional UBM. UBM images presented visualizing IOL haptic geometry obscured on direct observation by the iris diaphragm.
12. Muftuoglu O, Flosal BM, Karel F, Zilefioglu G. Drug-induced intraocular lens movement and near visual acuity after AcrySof intraocular lens implantation. J Cataract Refract Surg 2005; 31:1298-1305. It was found using UBM that a single-piece IOL (AcrySof, Alcon Laboratories, Fort Worth, Texas, USA) moved posteriorly in 74% of eyes with instillation of Pilocarpine 2%, although near acuity improved in all patients. There was a moderate correlation between IOL movement and accommodation amplitude, but not with near visual acuity, patient age, time postsurgery, preoperative axial length, capsulorhexis diameter, anterior chamber depth during cycloplegia, IOL diameter, and the presence of posterior subcapsular opacification.
13. Torres VLL, Allemann N, Erwenne CM. Ultrasound biomicroscopy features of iris and ciliary body melanomas before and after brachytherapy. Ophthal Surg Las Im 2005; 36:129-138. UBM was used to assess features and complications of iris and ciliary body melanomas before and after brachytherapy.
14. Urbak SF. Ultrasound biomicroscopy. I: precision of measurements. Acta Ophthalmologica Scand 1998; 76:447-455.
15. Urbak SF, Pedersen JK, Thorsen TT. Ultrasound biomicroscopy. II: intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility of measurements. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 1998; 76:546-549.
16. Gale RP, Saha N, Johnston RL. National biometry audit II. Eye 2006; 20:25-28. Identified ocular biometry is most often carried out by nurses alone and partial coherence interferometry use has increased to three-fifths of UK ophthalmology departments.
17. Santodomingo-Rubido J, Mallen EAH, Gilmartin B, Wolffsohn JS. A new noncontact optical device for ocular biometry. Br J Ophthalmol 2002; 86:458-462.
18. Freeman G, Pesudovs K. The impact of cataract severity on measurement acquisition with the IOLMaster. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2005; 83:439-442. Showed that partial coherence interferometry fails to measure around 20% of UK public hospital patients, principally eyes with mature cataract or posterior subcapsular cataract with a Lens Opacities Classification System III score (P>3.5). All cases could be measured with UBM.
19. Sacu S, Findl O, Buehl W, et al. Optical biometry of the anterior eye segment: interexaminer and intraexaminer reliability of ACMaster. J Cataract Refract Surg 2005; 31:2334-2339. A prototype partial coherence interferometry device (ACMaster, Carl Zeiss Meditec AG) was found to give reliable measures of corneal thickness, anterior chamber depth and lens thickness, but it was more difficult to measure lens thickness in eyes with cataract.
20. Dietlein TS, Roessler G, Luke C, et al. Signal quality of biometry in silicone oil-filled eyes using partial coherence laser interferometry. J Cataract Refract Surg 2005; 31:1006-1010.
21. Fink W. Refractive correction method for digital charge-coupled device-recorded Scheimpflug photographs by means of ray tracing. J Biomed Opt 2005; 10: Art. No. 024003. Corrected Scheimpflug video photographs by applying Snell's law in a ray-tracing algorithm. Due to the optical/refractive correction, the digital Scheimpflug photograph decreases in size perpendicular to the direction of the optical axis, reducing the curvature radii and increasing depths/thicknesses along this axis as compared with the original photograph.
22. Rabsilber TM, Khoramnia R, Auffarth GU. Anterior chamber measurements using Pentacam rotating Scheimpflug camera. J Cataract Refract Surg 2006; 32:456-459. Assessed a range of anterior chamber parameters, such as anterior chamber depth, angle (average and minimum) and volume, which can be measured by a new clinical 360° rotating Scheimpflug device (Pentacam, Oculus, Germany).
23. O'Donnell C, Maldonado-Codina C. Agreement and repeatability of central thickness measurement in normal corneas using ultrasound pachymetry and the OCULUS pentacam. Cornea 2005; 24:920-924. Showed the accuracy and repeatability of a rotating Scheimpflug device (Pentacam) to be similar to UBM pachymetry in the measurement of central corneal thickness.
24. Koretz JF, Strenk SA, Strenk LM, Semmlow JL. Scheimpflug and highresolution magnetic resonance imaging of the anterior segment: a comparative study. J Opt Soc Am A 2004; 21:346-354.
25. Coppens JE, van den Berg TJTP, Budo CJ. Biometry of phakic intraocular lens using Scheimpflug photography. J Cat Refract Surg 2005; 31:1904-1914. Examined decentration, tilt and distance from the crystalline lens of phakic iris fixation IOLs using Scheimpflug video photography along four meridians of the eyes over 2 years.
26. Cazal J, Lavin-Dapena C, Marin J, Verges C. Accommodative intraocular lens tilting. Am J Ophthalmol 2005; 140:341-344. Case report of a tilted accommodative IOL observed using Scheimpflug video photography.
27. Baumeister M, Neidhardt B, Strobel J, Kohnen T. Tilt and decentration of three-piece foldable high-refractive silicone and hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lenses with 6-mm optics in an intraindividual comparison. Am J Ophthalmol 2005; 140:1051-1058. Used Scheimpflug video photography over 12 months to compare the tilt and decentration of three-piece foldable IOLs with 6mm optics. No difference was found between rounded and sharp optic-edged (both silicone) IOLs or between silicone and acrylic material (both sharp optic-edged) IOLs.
28. Taketani F, Yukawa E, Ueda T, et al. Effect of tilt of 2 acrylic intraocular lenses on high-order aberrations. J Cataract Refract Surg 2005; 31:1182-1186. Compared higher order aberrations in eyes implanted with single-piece IOLs to IOL tilt and decentration using Scheimpflug video photography.
29. Oshika T, Kawana K, Hiraoka T, et al. Ocular higher-order wavefront aberration caused by major tilting of intraocular lens. Am J Ophthalmol 2005; 140:744-746. Case report describing how the tilt and decentration of an IOL imaged by Scheimpflug video photography resulted in large amounts of coma-like aberration.
30. Hayashi K, Hayashi H. Comparison of the stability of 1-piece and 3-piece acrylic intraocular lenses in the lens capsule. J Cataract Refract Surg 2005; 337-342. Showed the degree of IOL decentration and tilt, and percentage of anterior capsule contraction was similar over 6 months in eyes implanted with a one-piece or three-piece acrylic IOL, using Scheimpflug video photography. Longitudinal movement of the one-piece IOL, however, was less than that of the three-piece IOL, resulting in less postoperative myopic shift.
31. Hayashi K, Hayashi H. Intraocular lens factors that may affect anterior capsule contraction. Ophthalmology 2005; 112:286-292. The area of the anterior capsule opening was measured using Scheimpflug video photography over 6 months after surgery in a randomized controlled trial assessing the effect of IOL design and material. The mean percentage reduction of the anterior capsule opening area (contraction) was significantly greater in eyes with silicone than acrylic optic IOLs. The results were similar between round and sharp optic-edged IOLs, between polymethyl methacrylate and polyvinylidene fluoride loop IOLs, and between single-piece acrylic and three-piece polymethyl methacrylate haptic IOLs.
32. Tehrani M, Dick HB. Scheimpflug biometry of the anterior segment after implantation of foldable iris-fixated lenses. J Refract Surg 2006; 22:243-246. Used three-dimensional Scheimpflug images (Pentacam) to determine the minimum distance between implanted foldable iris-fixated lenses and the corneal endothelium and the crystalline lens 3 months postoperatively.
33. Koivula A, Petrelius A, Zetterstrom C. Clinical outcomes of phakic refractive lens in myopic and hyperopic eyes: 1-year results. J Cataract Refract Surg 2005; 31:1145-1152. Examined the safety, efficacy, and predictability of surgical refractive correction with a phakic refractive IOL over 1 year using retroillumination photography to assess IOL rotation and Scheimpflug video photography to evaluate the distance between the IOL and the crystalline lens.
34. Hayashi K, Hayashi H. Posterior capsule opacification in the presence of an intraocular lens with a sharp versus rounded optic edge. Ophthalmology 2005; 112:1550-1556. Randomized controlled trial examining the degree of posterior capsule opacification measured using Scheimpflug videophotography and visual function in eyes implanted with a sharp compared with a rounded posterior optic edge, acrylic IOL, over 2 years. The degree of posterior capsule opacification was significantly less with a sharp posterior optic-edged IOL and contrast sensitivity was better with and without glare, than that in eyes with a rounded-edged IOL.
35. Hayashi K, Yoshida M, Hayashi H. Posterior capsule opacification in myopic eyes. J Cat Refract Surg 2006; 32:634-638. Scheimpflug video photography was used to assess posterior capsule opacification in eyes with high (≥8 D), medium or low (←3 D) myopia implanted with a sharp optic-edged acrylic IOL, followed over 2 years. Myopia and axial length were not related to posterior capsular opacification or neodymium :YAG laser posterior capsulotomy (EAS-1000, Nidek).
36. Wolffsohn JS, Naroo SA, Motwani NK, et al. Subjective and objective performance of the Lenstec KH-3500 'accommodative' intraocular lens. Br J Ophthalmol 2006; 90:693-696. Scheimpflug video photography of a new accommodating IOL, assessing light scatter at the posterior capsule.
37. Dunne MCM, Davies LN, Mallen EAH, et al. Noninvasive phakometric measurement of corneal and crystalline lens alignment in human eyes. Ophthal Physiol Opt 2005; 25:143-152.
38. Tscherning M. Physiologic optics. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Keystone Publishing Co; 1924. pp. 150-154.
39. Rosales P, Marcos S. Phakometry and lens tilt and decentration using a custom-developed Purkinje imaging apparatus: validation and measurements. J Opt Soc Am A 2006; 23:509-520. Demonstrates a Purkinje imaging system for phakometry to measure the tilt and decentration of the crystalline lens and IOLs.
40. Linnola RJ, Findl O, Hermann B, et al. Intraocular lens-capsular bag imaging with ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography: pseudophakic human autopsy eyes. J Cataract Refract Surg 2005; 31:818-823. In-vitro study comparing ultrahigh (1.4 μm axial x 3.0 μm transverse) resolution OCT (800 nm wavelength) of the pseudophakic human autopsy eye. The cross-sectional tomograms corresponded to the histologic sections. The anterior and posterior capsules, area of lens epithelial cell growth, area of extracellular matrix proliferation, posterior capsular opacification and any adhesions to the capsular bag were clearly visible.
41. Hirano K, Ito Y, Suzuki T, et al. Optical coherence tomography for the noninvasive evaluation of the cornea. Cornea 2001; 20:281-289.
42. Goldsmith JA, Li Y, Chalita MR, et al. Anterior chamber width measurement by high speed optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology 2005; 112:238-244. Assessed OCT prototype developed for anterior segment scanning. Good reproducibility from image to image for anterior chamber width (SD = 0.134 mm), anterior chamber depth (SD = 0.001 mm) and crystalline lens vault (SD = 0.023 mm) was shown. White-to-white corneal diameter as measured by computer calibres was unable to accurately predict anterior chamber width (sulcus to sulcus) for sizing of phakic IOLs. Image processing software was developed to correct for image warping resulting from index transitions.
43. Radhakrishnan S, Goldsmith J, Huang D, et al. Comparison of optical coherence tomography and ultrasound biomicroscopy for detection of narrow anterior chamber angles. Arch Ophthalmol 2005; 123:1053-1059. Assessed the accuracy of classification of narrow anterior chamber angles using OCT and UBM, showing them both to have similar mean values, reproducibility and sensitivity-specificity profiles.
44. Wirbelauer C, Gochmann R, Pham DT. Imaging of the anterior eye chamber with optical coherence tomography. Klin Monatsbl Augenh 2005; 222:856-862. An in-house OCT system was shown to allow high-resolution imaging of a cross-section of the anterior chamber. Compared with 10 MHz ultrasound, OCT anterior chamber depth measures were similar, but more reproducible.
45. Baikoff G, Jodai HJ, Bourgeon G. Measurement of the internal diameter and depth of the anterior chamber: IOLMaster versus anterior chamber optical coherence tomographer. J Cataract Refract Surg 2005; 31:1722-1728. Assessed anterior chamber depth and width with a prototype OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany) compared with anterior chamber depth image section photography analysis (IOLMaster, Carl Zeiss Meditec AG). OCT was found to be more reproducible than image section photography analysis.
46. Sacu S, Findl O, Linnola RJ. Optical coherence tomography assessment of capsule closure after cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg 2005; 31:330-336. Used OCT to document and quantify capsule bend formation in pseudophakic eyes and evaluate when the anterior and posterior lens capsules come in contact with the IOL optic after cataract surgery. The posterior capsule was in contact with the IOL on the same day or earlier than the anterior capsule in 28 patients (85%), with complete contraction to the IOL surfaces occurring within about 1-2 weeks regardless of IOL material. Capsule bend formation, thought to reduce posterior capsular opacification, occurred on average between 10 and 15 days.
47. Moreno-Montanes J, Alvarez A, Maldonado MJ. Objective quantification of posterior capsule opacification after cataract surgery, with optical coherence tomography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46:3999-4006. Evaluated posterior capsule opacification using OCT investigating the peak intensity and posterior capsule thickening. The authors showed that visual acuity was only correlated to posterior capsular thickening and that OCT could quantify and differentiate between different types of posterior capsular opacification.
48. Baikoff G, Bourgeon G, Jodai HJ, et al. Pigment dispersion and Artisan phakic intraocular lenses: crystalline lens rise as a safety criterion. J Cat Refract Surg 2005; 31:674-680. OCT identified crystalline lens rise as a safety criterion to prevent pigment dispersion in eyes implanted with a phakic IOL (Artisan, Ophtec BV, Groningen, The Netherlands). Two-thirds of eyes with a rise of 600 mm or more developed pupillary pigment dispersion. The authors suggested the distance remaining between the crystalline lens rises and a 600 μm theoretical safety level allows one to calculate how long the IOL can safely remain in the eye.
49. Rozot P, Baikoff G, Lutun E, Wei J. Evaluation of capsular block syndrome with an anterior segment OCT. J Fr Ophthalmol 2005; 28:309-311. OCT was used to explain a one-dimensional myopic shift in refractive error a year after routine phacoemulsification and IOL implantation due to late capsular block resulting in a backward IOL shift.
50. Leung CKS, Chan WM, Ko CY, et al. Visualization of anterior chamber angle dynamics using optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology 2005; 112:980-984. Used OCT to determine the angle configuration of three cases of angle closure glaucoma with different underlying pathophysiology, to inform appropriate management.
51. Lovisolo CR, Reinstein DZ. Phakic intraocular lenses. Survey Ophthalmol 2005; 50:549-587. Review which touches on the use of anterior chamber imaging techniques to appropriately size IOLs, such as UBM, Scheimpflug and OCT. Describes an instrument (Ledsizer, Ioltech, La Rochelle, France) which can measure the anterior chamber angle-to-angle distance using contrast changes of the images produced by a visible electroluminescent diode.
52. Fea AM, Annetta F, Cirillo S, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging and Orbscan assessment of the anterior chamber. J Cataract Refract Surg 2005; 31:1713-1718. Found white-to-white distance as assessed by Orbscan II (Bausch & Lomb, Rochester, New York, USA) was not correlated to sulcus-to-sulcus measures as assessed using high-resolution MRI. Intersession repeatability was good for both techniques and they gave similar values of anterior chamber depth.
53. Freddo TF, Patz S, Arshanskiy Y. Pilocarpine's effects on the blood-aqueous barrier of the human eye as assessed by high-resolution, contrast magnetic resonance imaging. Exp Eye Res 2006; 82:458-464. Assessed the effects of topical pilocarpine on the integrity of the blood-aqueous barrier, using high-resolution MRI, and an intravenous contrast agent. The finding of protein 'flare' in the anterior, but not in the posterior, chamber opposed current theories.