Prevalence and mechanisms of B12 deficiency

Blood Disorders in the Elderly

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 181-191

  Stabler, Sally P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 78649630993     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511545238.015     Document Type: Chapter

References (101)

1. Stabler SP, Allen RH. Megaloblastic anemias. In Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds, Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 22nd edn (Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 2004), 1050-7.
2. Mudd SH, Levy HL, Kraus JP. Disorders of transsulfuration. In Scriver CS, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, Valle D, eds, The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, 8th edn (New York, NY: McGraw Hill, 2001), Vol. 1: 2007-56.
3. Rosenblatt DS, Fenton WA. Inherited disorders of folate and cobalamin transport and metabolism. In Scriver CS, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, Valle D, eds, The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, 8th edn (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2001), Vol. 1: 3897-934.
4. Lindenbaum J, Savage DG, Stabler SP, Allen RH. Diagnosis of cobalamin deficiency: II. Relative sensitivities of serum cobalamin, methylmalonic acid, and total homocysteine concentrations. Am J Hematol 1990; 34: 99-107.
5. Savage DG, Lindenbaum J, Stabler SP, Allen RH. Sensitivity of serum methylmalonic acid and total homocysteine determinations for diagnosing cobalamin and folate deficiencies. Am J Med 1994; 96: 239-46.
6. Allen RH. Cobalamin (vitamin B12) absorption and malabsorption. View Dig Dis 1982; 14: 17-20.
7. Alpers DH. What is new in vitamin B(12)? Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2005; 21: 183-6.
8. Stabler SP, Allen RH. Vitamin B12 deficiency as a worldwide problem. Ann Rev Nutr 2004; 24: 299-326.
9. Herrmann W, Geisel J. Vegetarian lifestyle and monitoring of vitamin B-12 status. Clin Chim Acta 2002; 326: 47-59.
10. Johnson MA, Hawthorne NA, Brackett WR, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia and vitamin B-12 deficiency in elderly using Title IIIc nutrition services. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77: 211-20.
11. Toh BH, van Driel IR, Gleeson PA. Pernicious anemia. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 1441-8.
12. Eisenbarth GS. Autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes. Adv Exp Med Biol 2004; 552: 204-18.
13. Borch K, Liedberg G. Prevalence and incidence of pernicious anemia. An evaluation for gastric screening. Scand J Gastroenterol 1984; 19: 154-60.
14. Carmel R. Prevalence of undiagnosed pernicious anemia in the elderly. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156: 1097-100.
15. Krasinski SD, Russell RM, Samloff IM, et al. Fundic atrophic gastritis in an elderly population. Effect on hemoglobin and several serum nutritional indicators. J Am Geriatr Soc 1986; 34: 800-6.
16. Annibale B, Lahner E, Negrini R, et al. Lack of specific association between gastric autoimmunity hallmarks and clinical presentations of atrophic body gastritis. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11: 5351-7.
17. Hershko C, Ronson A, Souroujon M, et al. Variable hematological presentation of autoimmune gastritis: age-related progression from iron deficiency to cobalamin depletion. Blood 2006; 107: 1673-9.
18. Carmel R. Cobalamin, the stomach, and aging. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 66: 750-9.
19. Dawson DW, Sawers AH, Sharma RK. Malabsorption of protein bound vitamin B12. Br Med J 1984; 288: 675-8.
20. Scarlett JD, Read H, O’Dea K. Protein-bound cobalamin absorption declines in the elderly. Am J Hematol 1992; 39: 79-83.
21. Mardh E, Mardh S, Mardh B, Borch K. Diagnosis of gastritis by means of a combination of serological analyses. Clin Chim Acta 2002; 320: 17-27.
22. Joosten E, Pelemans W, Devos P, et al. Cobalamin absorption and serum homocysteine and methylmalonic acid in elderly subjects with low serum cobalamin. Eur J Haematol 1993; 51: 25-30.
23. Lindgren A, Swolin B, Nilsson O, et al. Serum methylmalonic acid and total homocysteine in patients with suspected cobalamin deficiency: a clinical study based on gastrointestinal histopathological findings. Am J Hematol 1997; 56: 230-8.
24. Stabler SP, Allen RH, Fried LP, et al. Racial differences in prevalence of cobalamin and folate deficiencies in disabled elderly women. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70: 911-19.
25. Carmel R, Green R, Jacobsen DW, et al. Serum cobalamin, homocysteine, and methylmalonic acid concentrations in a multiethnic elderly population: ethnic and sex differences in cobalamin and metabolite abnormalities. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70: 904-10.
26. Yale CE, Gohdes PN, Schilling RF. Cobalamin absorption and hematologic status after two types of gastric surgery for obesity. Am J Hematol 1993; 42: 63-6.
27. Sumner AE, Chin MM, Abrahm JL, et al. Elevated methylmalonic acid and total homocysteine levels show high prevalence of vitamin B 12 deficiency after gastric surgery. Ann Intern Med 1996; 124: 469-76.
28. Wulffele MG, Kooy A, Lehert P, et al. Effects of shortterm treatment with metformin on serum concentrations of homocysteine, folate and vitamin B 12 in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Intern Med 2003; 254: 455-63.
29. Marcuard SP, Albernaz L, Khazanie PG. Omeprazole therapy causes malabsorption of cyanocobalamin (vitamin B 12). Ann Intern Med 1994; 120: 211-15.
30. Ruscin JM, Page RL 2nd, Valuck RJ. Vitamin B(12) defi-ciency associated with histamine(2)-receptor antagonists and a proton-pump inhibitor. Ann Pharmacother 2002; 36: 812-16.
31. Kinsella LJ, Green R. “Anesthesia paresthetica”: nitrous oxide-induced cobalamin deficiency. Neurology 1995; 45: 1608-10.
32. Marie RM, Le Biez E, Busson P, et al. Nitrous oxide anesthesia-associated myelopathy. Arch Neurol 2000; 57: 380-2.
33. Lindenbaum J, Nath BJ. Megaloblastic anaemia and neutrophil hypersegmentation. Br J Haematol 1980; 44: 511-13.
34. Koury MJ, Ponka P. New insights into erythropoiesis: the roles of folate, vitamin B 12, and iron. Annu Rev Nutr 2004; 24: 105-31.
35. Savage DG, Ogundipe A, Allen RH, et al. Etiology and diagnostic evaluation of macrocytosis. Am J Med Sci 2000; 319: 343-52.
36. Stabler SP, Allen RH, Savage DG, Lindenbaum J. Clinical spectrum and diagnosis of cobalamin deficiency. Blood 1990; 76: 871-81.
37. Lindenbaum J, Healton EB, Savage DG, et al. Neuropsychiatric disorders caused by cobalamin deficiency in the absence of anemia or macrocytosis. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 1720-8.
38. Healton EB, Savage DG, Brust JC, et al. Neurologic aspects of cobalamin deficiency. Medicine 1991; 70: 229-45.
39. Puri V, Chaudhry N, Goel S, et al. Vitamin B 12 deficiency: a clinical and electrophysiological profile. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 2005; 45: 273-84.
40. Tracey JP, Schiffman FJ. Magnetic resonance imaging in cobalamin deficiency. Lancet 1992; 339: 1172-3.
41. Pittock SJ, Payne TA, Harper CM. Reversible myelopathy in a 34-year-old man with vitamin B12 deficiency. Mayo Clin Proc 2002; 77: 291-4.
42. Steijns LS, Braams-Wiatrowska JK, Luiting HJ, van der Weide J. Evaluation of nonisotopic binding assays for measuring vitamin B 12 and folate in serum. Clin Chim Acta 1996; 248: 135-41.
43. Carmel R, Brar S, Agrawal A, Penha PD. Failure of assay to identify low cobalamin concentrations. Clin Chem 2000; 46: 2017-18.
44. Herrmann W, Obeid R, Schorr H, Geisel J. The usefulness of holotranscobalamin in predicting vitamin B12 status in different clinical settings. Curr Drug Metab 2005; 6: 47-53.
45. Hvas AM, Nexo E. Holotranscobalamin: a first choice assay for diagnosing early vitamin B deficiency? J Intern Med 2005; 257: 289-98.
46. Miller JW, Garrod MG, Rockwood AL, et al. Measurement of total vitamin B 12 and holotranscobalamin, singly and in combination, in screening for metabolic vitamin B12 deficiency. Clin Chem 2006; 52: 278-85.
47. Pennypacker LC, Allen RH, Kelly JP, et al. High prevalence of cobalamin deficiency in elderly outpatients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992; 40: 1197-204.
48. Lindenbaum J, Rosenberg IH, Wilson PW, et al. Prevalence of cobalamin deficiency in the Framingham elderly population. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 60: 2-11.
49. Bolann BJ, Solli JD, Schneede J, et al. Evaluation of indicators of cobalamin deficiency defined as cobalamininduced reduction in increased serum methylmalonic acid. Clin Chem 2000; 46: 1744-50.
50. Snow CF. Laboratory diagnosis of vitamin B 12 and folate deficiency: a guide for the primary care physician. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159: 1289-98.
51. Holleland G, Schneede J, Ueland PM, et al. Cobalamin deficiency in general practice. Assessment of the diagnostic utility and cost-benefit analysis of methylmalonic acid determination in relation to current diagnostic strategies. Clin Chem 1999; 45: 189-98.
52. Klee GG. Cobalamin and folate evaluation: measurement of methylmalonic acid and homocysteine vs. vitamin B(12) and folate. Clin Chem 2000; 46: 1277-83.
53. Norman EJ, Martelo OJ, Denton MD. Cobalamin (vitamin B12) deficiency detection by urinary methylmalonic acid quantitation. Blood 1982; 59: 1128-31.
54. Stabler SP, Marcell PD, Podell ER, et al. Assay of methylmalonic acid in the serum of patients with cobalamin deficiency using capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Clin Invest 1986; 77: 1606-12.
55. Stabler SP, Marcell PD, Podell ER, et al. Elevation of total homocysteine in the serum of patients with cobalamin or folate deficiency detected by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Clin Invest 1988; 81: 466-74.
56. Brattstrom L, Israelsson B, Lindgarde F, Hultberg B. Higher total plasma homocysteine in vitamin B12 defi-ciency than in heterozygosity for homocystinuria due to cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency. Metabolism 1988; 37: 175-8.
57. Moelby L, Rasmussen K, Jensen MK, Pedersen KO. The relationship between clinically confirmed cobalamin deficiency and serum methylmalonic acid. J Intern Med 1990; 228: 373-8.
58. Refsum H, Smith AD, Ueland PM, et al. Facts and recommendations about total homocysteine determinations: an expert opinion. Clin Chem 2004; 50: 3-32.
59. Hultberg B, Andersson A, Sterner G. Plasma homocysteine in renal failure. Clin Neph 1993; 40: 230-5.
60. Allen RH, Stabler SP, Savage DG, Lindenbaum J. Elevation of 2-methylcitric acid I and II levels in serum, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with cobalamin deficiency. Metabolism 1993; 42: 978-88.
61. Stabler SP, Lindenbaum J, Savage DG, Allen RH. Elevation of serum cystathionine levels in patients with cobalamin and folate deficiency. Blood 1993; 81: 3404-13.
62. Krynyckyi BR, Zuckier LS. Accuracy of measurement of dual-isotope Schilling test urine samples: a multicenter study. J Nucl Med 1995; 36: 1659-65.
63. Berlin H, Berlin R, Brante G. Oral treatment of pernicious anemia with high doses of vitamin B12 without intrinsic factor. Acta Med Scand 1968; 184: 247-58.
64. Kuzminski AM, Del Giacco EJ, Allen RH, et al. Effective treatment of cobalamin deficiency with oral cobalamin. Blood 1998; 92: 1191-8.
65. Kondo H. Haematological effects of oral cobalamin preparations on patients with megaloblastic anaemia. Acta Haematol 1998; 99: 200-5.
66. Bjorkegren K, Svardsudd K. Elevated serum levels of methylmalonic acid and homocysteine in elderly people. A population-based intervention study. J Intern Med 1999; 246: 317-24.
67. Lederle FA. Oral cobalamin for pernicious anemia. Medicine’s best kept secret? JAMA 1991; 265: 94-5.
68. Hathcock JN, Troendle GJ. Oral cobalamin for treatment of pernicious anemia? JAMA 1991; 265: 96-7.
69. Savage D, Lindenbaum J. Relapses after interruption of cyanocobalamin therapy in patients with pernicious anemia. Am J Med 1983; 74: 765-72.
70. Naurath HJ, Joosten E, Riezler R, et al. Effects of vitamin B12, folate, and vitamin B6 supplements in elderly people with normal serum vitamin concentrations. Lancet 1995; 346: 85-9.
71. Rajan S, Wallace JI, Beresford SA, et al. Screening for cobalamin deficiency in geriatric outpatients: prevalence and influence of synthetic cobalamin intake. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002; 50: 624-30.
72. Howard JM, Azen C, Jacobsen DW, et al. Dietary intake of cobalamin in elderly people who have abnormal serum cobalamin, methylmalonic acid and homocysteine levels. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998; 52: 582-7.
73. Clarke R, Refsum H, Birks J, et al. Screening for vitamin B-12 and folate deficiency in older persons. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77: 1241-7.
74. Wolters M, Hermann S, Hahn A. B vitamin status and concentrations of homocysteine and methylmalonic acid in elderly German women. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78: 765-72.
75. Russell RM, Rasmussen H, Lichtenstein AH. Modified food guide pyramid for people over seventy years of age. J Nutr 1999; 129: 751-3.
76. Rajan S, Wallace JI, Brodkin KI, et al. Response of elevated methylmalonic acid to three dose levels of oral cobalamin in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002; 50: 1789-95.
77. Seal EC, Metz J, Flicker L, Melny J. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of oral vitamin B 12 supplementation in older patients with subnormal or borderline serum vitamin B12 concentrations. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002; 50: 146-51.
78. Stabler SP, Lindenbaum J, Allen RH. The use of homocysteine and other metabolites in the specific diagnosis of vitamin B-12 deficiency. J Nutr 1996; 126: 1266S-1272S.
79. Ray JG, Cole DE, Boss SC. An Ontario-wide study of vitamin B12, serum folate, and red cell folate levels in relation to plasma homocysteine: is a preventable public health issue on the rise? Clin Biochem 2000; 33: 337-43.
80. Liaugaudas G, Jacques PF, Selhub J, et al. Renal insufficiency, vitamin B(12) status, and population attributable risk for mild hyperhomocysteinemia among coronary artery disease patients in the era of folic acidfortified cereal grain flour. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21: 849-51.
81. Ganji V, Kafai MR. Trends in serum folate, RBC folate, and circulating total homocysteine concentrations in the United States: analysis of data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1988-1994, 1999-2000, and 2001-2002. J Nutr 2006; 136: 153-8.
82. Jacques PF, Selhub J, Bostom AG, Wilson PW, Rosenberg IH. The effect of folic acid fortification on plasma folate and total homocysteine concentrations. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 1449-54.
83. Rader JI. Folic acid fortification, folate status and plasma homocysteine. J Nutr 2002; 132: 2466S-2470S.
84. Spence JD, Bang H, Chambless LE, Stampfer MJ. Vitamin Intervention for Stroke Prevention trial: an efficacy analysis. Stroke 2005; 36: 2404-9.
85. Nygard O, Nordrehaug JE, Refsum H, et al. Plasma homocysteine levels and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 230-6.
86. Refsum H, Ueland PM, Nygard O, Vollset SE. Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease. Ann Rev Med 1998; 49: 31-62.
87. Ueland PM, Refsum H, Beresford SA, Vollset SE. The controversy over homocysteine and cardiovascular risk. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72: 324-32.
88. Vollset SE, Refsum H, Tverdal A, et al. Plasma total homocysteine and cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality: the Hordaland Homocysteine Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 74: 130-6.
89. Moat SJ, Lang D, McDowell IF, et al. Folate, homocysteine, endothelial function and cardiovascular disease. J Nutr Biochem 2004; 15: 64-79.
90. Gradman WS, Daniel J, Miller B, Haji-Aghaii M. Homocysteine-associated acute mesenteric artery occlusion treated with thrombectomy and bowel resection. Ann Vasc Surg 2001; 15: 247-50.
91. Schnyder G, Rouvinez G. Total plasma homocysteine and restenosis after percutaneous coronary angioplasty: current evidence. Ann Med 2003; 35: 156-63.
92. Lange H, Suryapranata H, De Luca G, et al. Folate therapy and in-stent restenosis after coronary stenting. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 2673-81.
93. B-Vitamin Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration. Homocysteine-lowering trials for prevention of cardiovascular events: a review of the design and power of the large randomized trials. Am Heart J 2006; 151: 282-7.
94. Bottiglieri T. Folate, vitamin B 12, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Nutr Rev 1996; 54: 382-90.
95. Stabler SP. Vitamins, homocysteine, and cognition. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78: 359-60.
96. Nurk E, Refsum H, Tell GS, et al. Plasma total homocysteine and memory in the elderly: the Hordaland Homocysteine Study. Ann Neurol 2005; 58: 847-57.
97. Seshadri S, Beiser A, Selhub J, et al. Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 476-83.
98. van Asselt DZ, Pasman JW, van Lier HJ, et al. Cobalamin supplementation improves cognitive and cerebral function in older, cobalamin-deficient persons. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2001; 56: M775-M779.
99. McLean RR, Jacques PF, Selhub J, et al. Homocysteine as a predictive factor for hip fracture in older persons. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 2042-9.
100. van Meurs JB, Dhonukshe-Rutten RA, Pluijm SM, et al. Homocysteine levels and the risk of osteoporotic fracture. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 2033-41.
101. Sato Y, Honda Y, Iwamoto J, et al. Effect of folate and mecobalamin on hip fractures in patients with stroke: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005; 293: 1082-8.