Molecular miscibility of polymer-fullerene blends

Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters

Volumn 1, Issue 21, 2010, Pages 3160-3166

  Collins, Brian A ^a   Gann, Eliot ^a   Guignard, Lewis ^a   He, Xiaoxi ^b   McNeill, Christopher R ^b   Ade, Harald ^a  

^a NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 78149292854     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19487185     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/jz101276h     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Halls, J. J. M.; Walsh, C. A.; Greenham, N. C.; Marseglia, E. A.; Friend, R. H.; Moratti, S. C.; Holmes, A. B. Efficient Photodiodes from Interpenetrating Polymer Networks Nature 1995, 376, 498-500
2. Yu, G.; Gao, J.; Hummelen, J. C.; Wudl, F.; Heeger, A. J. Polymer Photovoltaic Cells: Enhanced Efficiencies via a Network of Internal Donor-Acceptor Heterojunctions Science 1995, 270, 1789-1791
3. Scharber, M. C.; Mühlbacher, D.; Koppe, M.; Denk, P.; Waldauf, C.; Heeger, A. J.; Brabec, C. J. Design Rules for Donors in Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells-Towards 10% Energy-Conversion Efficiency Adv. Mater. 2006, 18, 789-794
4. Gunes, S.; Neugebauer, H.; Sariciftci, N. S. Conjugated Polymer-Based Organic Solar Cells Chem. Rev. 2007, 107, 1324-1338
5. Dennler, G.; Scharber, M. C.; Brabec, C. J. Polymer-Fullerene Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 1323-1338
6. Po, R.; Maggini, M.; Camaioni, N. Polymer Solar Cells: Recent Approaches and Achievements J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 695-706
7. Ma, W.; Gopinathan, A.; Heeger, A. J. Nanostructure of the Interpenetrating Networks in Poly(3-hexylthiophene)/Fullerene Bulk Heterojunction Materials: Implications for Charge Transport Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 3656-3659
8. Chatten, A. J.; Tuladhar, S. M.; Choulis, S. A.; Bradley, D. D. C.; Nelson, J. Monte Carlo Modelling of Hole Transport in MDMO-PPV: PCBM Blends J. Mater. Sci. 2005, 40, 1393-1398
9. Guo, J.; Ohkita, H.; Benten, H.; Ito, S. Charge Generation and Recombination Dynamics in Poly(3-hexylthiophene)/Fullerene Blend Films with Different Regioregularities and Morphologies J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 6154-6164
10. Pensack, R. D.; Asbury, J. B. Beyond the Adiabatic Limit: Charge Photogeneration in Organic Photovoltaic Materials J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2010, 1, 2255-2263
11. Cates, N. C.; Gysel, R.; Beiley, Z.; Miller, C. E.; Toney, M. F.; Heeney, M.; McCulloch, I.; McGehee, M. D. Tuning the Properties of Polymer Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells by Adjusting Fullerene Size to Control Intercalation Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 4153-4157
12. McNeill, C. R.; Watts, B.; Thomsen, L.; Belcher, W. J.; Greenham, N. C.; Dastoor, P. C. Nanoscale Quantitative Chemical Mapping of Conjugated Polymer Blends Nano Lett. 2006, 6, 1202-1206
13. Cates, N. C.; Gysel, R.; Dahl, J. E. P.; Sellinger, A.; McGehee, M. D. Effects of Intercalation on the Hole Mobility of Amorphous Semiconducting Polymer Blends Chem. Mater. 2010, 22, 3543-3548
14. Watts, B.; Belcher, W. J.; Thomsen, L.; Ade, H.; Dastoor, P. C. A Quantitative Study of PCBM Diffusion during Annealing of P3HT:PCBM Blend Films Macromolecules 2009, 42, 8392-8397
15. McNeill, C. R.; Watts, B.; Thomsen, L.; Belcher, W.; Swaraj, S.; Ade, H.; Dastoor, P. C. Evolution of the Nanomorphology of Photovoltaic Polyfluorene Blends: Sub-100 nm Resolution with X-ray Spectromicroscopy Nanotechnology 2008, 19, 424015
16. Swaraj, S.; Wang, C.; Yang, H.; Watts, B.; Lüning, J.; R.McNeill, C.; Ade, H. Nanomorphology of Bulk Heterojunction Photovoltaic Thin Films Probed with Resonant Soft X-ray Scattering Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 2863-2869
17. Brabec, C. J.; Shaheen, S. E.; Winder, C.; Sariciftci, N. S.; Denk, P. Effect of LiF/Metal Electrodes on the Performance of Plastic Solar Cells Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002, 80, 1288-1290
18. Ma, W.; Yang, C.; Gong, X.; Lee, K.; Heeger, A. J. Thermally Stable, Efficient Polymer Solar Cells with Nanoscale Control of the Interpenetrating Network Morphology Adv. Funct. Mater. 2005, 15, 1617-1622
19. 61 Blends Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 87, 083506
20. Kilcoyne, A. L. D.; Tyliszczak, T.; Steele, W. F.; Fakra, S.; Hitchcock, P.; Franck, K.; Anderson, E.; Harteneck, B.; Rightor, E. G.; Mitchell, G. E. Interferometer-Controlled Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopes at the Advanced Light Source J. Synchrotron Radiat. 2003, 10, 125-136
21. Warwick, T.; Ade, H.; Kilcoyne, A. L. D.; Kritscher, M.; Tylisczcak, T.; Fakra, S.; Hitchcock, P.; Hitchcock, A. P.; Padmore, H. A. A New Bend-Magnet Beamline for Scanning Transmission X-Ray Microscopy at the Advanced Light Source J. Synchrotron Radiat. 2002, 9, 254-257
22. Ade, H.; Zhang, X.; Cameron, S.; Costello, C.; Kirz, J.; Williams, S. Chemical Contrast in X-ray Microscopy and Spatially Resolved XANES Spectroscopy of Organic Specimens Science 1992, 258, 972-975
23. Ade, H.; Hitchcock, A. P. NEXAFS Microscopy, Resonant Scattering and Resonant Reflectivity: Composition and Orientation Probed in Real and Reciprocal Space Polymer 2008, 49, 643-675
24. Ho, P. K.-H.; Chua, L.-L.; Dipankar, M.; Gao, X. Y.; Qi, D. C.; Wee, A. T.-S.; Chang, J.-F.; Friend, R. H. Solvent Effects on Chain Orientation and Interchain - Interaction in Conjugated Polymer Thin Films: Direct Measurements of the Air and Substrate Interfaces by Near-Edge X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 215-221
25. Henke, B. L.; Gullikson, E. M.; Davis, J. C. X-ray Interactions: Photoabsorption, Scattering, Transmission, and Reflection at E = 50-30-000 eV, Z = 1-92 At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 1993, 54, 181-342
26. Watts, B.; Swaraj, S.; Nordlund, D.; Luning, J.; Ade, H., Calibrated NEXAFS Spectra of Common Conjugated Polymers. J. Chem. Phys., in press.
27. Kim, J. Y.; Frisbie, C. D. Correlation of Phase Behavior and Charge Transport in Conjugated Polymer/Fullerene Blends J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 17726-17736
28. Erb, T.; Zhokhavets, U.; Gobsch, G.; Raleva, S.; Stühn, B.; Schilinsky, P.; Waldauf, C.; Brabec, C. J. Correlation Between Structural and Optical Properties of Composite Polymer/Fullerene Films for Organic Solar Cells Adv. Funct. Mater. 2005, 15, 1193-1196
29. Woo, C. H.; Thompson, B. C.; Kim, B. J.; Toney, M. F.; Fréchet, J. M. J. The Influence of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Regioregularity on Fullerene-Composite Solar Cell Performance J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 16324-16329
30. Sirringhaus, H.; Brown, P. J.; Friend, R. H.; Nielsen, M. M.; Bechgaard, K.; Langeveld-Voss, B. M. W.; Spiering, A. J. H.; Janssen, R. A. J.; Meijer, E. W.; Herwig, P. Two-Dimensional Charge Transport in Self-Organized, High-Mobility Conjugated Polymers Nature 1999, 401, 685-688
31. Warren, B. X-ray Diffraction; Dover: Mineola, NY, 1990.
32. Clark, J.; Chang, J.-F.; Spano, F. C.; Friend, R. H.; Silva, C. Determining Exciton Bandwidth and Film Microstructure in Polythiophene Films Using Linear Absorption Spectroscopy Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009, 94, 163306
33. Bavel, S. S. v.; Sourty, E.; With, G. d.; Loos, J. Three-Dimensional Nanoscale Organization of Bulk Heterojunction Polymer Solar Cells Nano Lett. 2008, 9, 507-513
34. Ayzner, A. L.; Tassone, C. J.; Tolbert, S. H.; Schwartz, B. J. Reappraising the Need for Bulk Heterojunctions in Polymer-Fullerene Photovoltaics: The Role of Carrier Transport in All-Solution-Processed P3HT/PCBM Bilayer Solar Cells J Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 20050-20060
35. Tuladhar, S. M.; Poplavskyy, D.; Choulis, S. A.; Durrant, J. R.; Bradley, D. D. C.; Nelson, J. Ambipolar Charge Transport in Films of Methanofullerene and Poly(phenylenevinylene)/Methanofullerene Blends Adv. Funct. Mater. 2005, 15, 1171-1182
36. McNeill, C. R.; Watts, B.; Thomsen, L.; Belcher, W. J.; Kilcoyne, A. L. D.; Greenham, N. C.; Dastoor, P. C. X-ray Spectromicroscopy of Polymer/Fullerene Composites: Quantitative Chemical Mapping Small 2006, 2, 1432-1435