Natural Helper Cells. A New Player in the Innate Immune Response against Helminth Infection

Advances in Immunology

Volumn 108, Issue C, 2010, Pages 21-44

  Koyasu, Shigeo ^a   Moro, Kazuyo ^a   Tanabe, Masanobu ^a   Takeuchi, Tsutomu ^a  

^a KEIO UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYTOKINE; INTERLEUKIN 13; INTERLEUKIN 25; INTERLEUKIN 33; INTERLEUKIN 4; INTERLEUKIN 5; THYMIC STROMAL LYMPHOPOIETIN;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; BOOK; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; CYTOKINE RELEASE; HELIGMOSOMOIDES POLYGYRUS; HELMINTH; HELMINTHIASIS; HELPER CELL; HOST PARASITE INTERACTION; HOST RESISTANCE; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INNATE IMMUNITY; LIFE CYCLE; NATURAL KILLER CELL; NIPPOSTRONGYLUS BRASILIENSIS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; STRONGYLOIDES VENEZUELENSIS; TH2 CELL; TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS; TRICHURIS; TRICHURIS MURIS; WORM EXPULSION;

EID: 78149238566     PISSN: 00652776     EISSN: 15578445     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-380995-7.00002-1     Document Type: Chapter

References (107)

1. Albonico M., Crompton D.W.T., Savioli L. Control strategies for human intestinal nematode infections. Adv. Immunol. 1999, 42:277-341.
2. Ali S., Huber M., Kollewe C., Bischoff S.C., Falk W., Martin M.U. IL-1 receptor accessory protein is essential for IL-33-induced activation of T lymphocytes and mast cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2007, 104:18660-18665.
3. Angkasekwinai P., Park H., Wang Y.H., Wang Y.H., Chang S.H., Corry D.B., Liu Y.J., Zhu Z., Dong C. Interleukin 25 promotes the initiation of proallergic type 2 responses. J. Exp. Med. 2007, 204:1509-1517.
4. H 2 cells induce alternatively activated macrophages to mediate protection against nematode parasites. Nat. Med. 2006, 12:955-960.
5. - thymocytes with specific lymphokine secretion. Eur. J. Immunol. 1993, 23:307-310.
6. Artis D., Wang M.L., Keilbaugh S.A., He W., Brenes M., Swain G.P., Knight P.A., Donaldson D.D., Lazar M.A., Miller H.R., Schad G.A., Scott P., et al. RELMb/FIZZ2 is a goblet cell-specific immune-effector molecule in the gastrointestinal tract. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2004, 101:13596-13600.
7. Beagley K.W., Eldridge J.H., Lee F., Kiyono H., Everson M.P., Koopman W.J., Hirano T., Kishimoto T., McGhee J.R. Interleukins and IgA synthesis. Human and murine interleukin 6 induce high rate IgA secretion in IgA-committed B cells. J. Exp. Med. 1989, 169:2133-4218.
8. Bourgeois E., Van L.P., Samson M., Diem S., Barra A., Roga S., Gombert J.M., Schneider E., Dy M., Gourdy P., Girard J.P., Herbelin A. The pro-Th2 cytokine IL-33 directly interacts with invariant NKT and NK cells to induce IFN-γ production. Eur. J. Immunol. 2009, 39:1046-1055.
9. Camberis M., Le Gros G., Urban J. Animal model of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Curr. Protoc. Immunol 2003, Chapter 19, Unit 19.12. 10.1002/0471142735.im1912s55.
10. Capó V., Despommier D.D. Clinical aspects of infection with Trichinella spp. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 1996, 9:47-54.
11. Carrière V., Roussel L., Ortega N., Lacorre D.A., Americh L., Aguilar L., Bouche G., Girard J.P. IL-33, the IL-1-like cytokine ligand for ST2 receptor, is a chromatin-associated nuclear factor in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2007, 104:282-287.
12. Cayrol C., Girard J.P. The IL-1-like cytokine IL-33 is inactivated after maturation by caspase-1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2009, 106:9021-9026.
13. Cliffe L.J., Humphreys N.E., Lane T.E., Potten C.S., Booth C., Grencis R.K. Accelerated intestinal epithelial cell turnover: A new mechanism of parasite expulsion. Science 2005, 308:1463-1465.
14. Cohen I., Rider P., Carmi Y., Braiman A., Dotan S., White M.R., Voronov E., Martin M.U., Dinarello C.A., Apte R.N. Differential release of chromatin-bound IL-1α discriminates between necrotic and apoptotic cell death by the ability to induce sterile inflammation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2010, 107:2574-2579.
15. Cranshaw M.L., Leak L.V. Milky spots of the omentum: A source of peritoneal cells in the normal and stimulated animal. Arch. Histol. Cytol. 1990, 53(Suppl.):165-177.
16. Dent L.A., Daly C.M., Mayrhofer G., Zimmerman T., Hallett A., Bignold L.P., Creaney J., Parsons J.C. Interleukin-5 transgenic mice show enhanced resistance to primary infections with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis but not primary infections with Toxocara canis. Infect. Immun. 1999, 67:989-993.
17. Dhiman R., Indramohan M., Barnes P.F., Nayak R.C., Paidipally P., Rao L.V., Vankayalapati R. The natural cytotoxicity receptor NKp46 is dispensable for IL-22-mediated innate intestinal immune defense against Citrobacter rodentium. J. Immunol. 2009, 183:6639-6645.
18. Dixon H., Blanchard C., Deschoolmeester M.L., Yuill N.C., Christie J.W., Rothenberg M.E., Else K.J. The role of Th2 cytokines, chemokines and parasite products in eosinophil recruitment to the gastrointestinal mucosa during helminth infection. Eur. J. Immunol. 2006, 36:1753-1763.
19. Eisenbarth S.C., Piggott D.A., Huleatt J.W., Visintin I., Herrick C.A., Bottomly K. Lipopolysaccharide-enhanced, toll-like receptor 4-dependent T helper cell type 2 responses to inhaled antigen. J. Exp. Med. 2002, 196:1645-1651.
20. Erickson L.D., Foy T.M., Waldschmidt T.J. Murine B1 B cells require IL-5 for optimal T cell-dependent activation. J. Immunol. 2001, 166:1531-1539.
21. Fairweather D., Ciháková D. Alternatively activated macrophages in infection and autoimmunity. J. Autoimmun. 2009, 33:222-230.
22. Fallon P.G., Ballantyne S.J., Mangan N.E., Barlow J.L., Dasvarma A., Hewett D.R., McIlgorm A., Jolin H.E., McKenzie A.N. Identification of an interleukin (IL)-25-dependent cell population that provides IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 at the onset of helminth expulsion. J. Exp. Med. 2006, 203:1105-1116.
23. Finkelman F.D., Shea-Donohue T., Morris S.C., Gildea L., Strait R., Madden K.B., Schopf L., Urban J.F. Interleukin-4- and interleukin-13-mediated host protection against intestinal nematode parasites. Immunol. Rev. 2004, 201:139-155.
24. Fort M.M., Cheung J., Yen D., Li J., Zurawski S.M., Lo S., Menon S., Clifford T., Hunte B., Lesley R., Muchamuel T., Hurst S.D., et al. IL-25 induces IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 and Th2-associated pathologies in vivo. Immunity 2001, 15:985-995.
25. Fukao T., Yamada T., Tanabe M., Terauchi Y., Ota T., Takayama T., Asano T., Takeuchi T., Kadowaki T., Hata J.-i., Koyasu S. Selective loss of gastrointestinal mast cells and impaired immunity in PI3K-deficient mice. Nat. Immunol. 2002, 3:295-304.
26. Ghildyal N., McNeil H.P., Stechschulte S., Austen K.F., Silberstein D., Gurish M.F., Somerville L.L., Stevens R.L. IL-10 induces transcription of the gene for mouse mast cell protease-1, a serine protease preferentially expressed in mucosal mast cells of Trichinella spiralis-infected mice. J. Immunol. 1992, 149:2123-2129.
27. Gurish M.F., Humbles A., Tao H., Finkelstein S., Boyce J.A., Gerard C., Friend D.S., Austen K.F. CCR3 is required for tissue eosinophilia and larval cytotoxicity after infection with Trichinella spiralis. J. Immunol. 2002, 168:5730-5736.
28. Gurish M.F., Bryce P.J., Tao H., Kisselgof A.B., Thornton E.M., Miller H.R., Friend D.S., Oettgen H.C. IgE enhances parasite clearance and regulates mast cell responses in mice infected with Trichinella spiralis. J. Immunol. 2004, 172:1139-1145.
29. Hammad H., Chieppa M., Perros F., Willart M.A., Germain R.N., Lambrecht B.N. House dust mite allergen induces asthma via toll-like receptor 4 triggering of airway structural cells. Nat. Med. 2009, 15:410-416.
30. Hammad H., Plantinga M., Deswarte K., Pouliot P., Willart M.A., Kool M., Muskens F., Lambrecht B.N. Inflammatory dendritic cells-not basophils-are necessary and sufficient for induction of Th2 immunity to inhaled house dust mite allergen. J. Exp. Med. 2010, 207:2097-2111.
31. - secretion and parasite rejection in rat intestine. J. Immunol. 1987, 138:1250-1255.
32. Hotez P.J., Kamath A. Neglected tropical diseases in sub-saharan Africa: Review of their prevalence, distribution, and disease burden. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2009, 3:e412. 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000412.
33. Humphreys N.E., Xu D., Hepworth M.R., Liew F.Y., Grencis R.K. IL-33, a potent inducer of adaptive immunity to intestinal nematodes. J. Immunol. 2008, 180:2443-2449.
34. Hurst S.D., Muchamuel T., Gorman D.M., Gilbert J.M., Clifford T., Kwan S., Menon S., Seymour B., Jackson C., Kung T.T., Brieland J.K., Zurawski S.M., et al. New IL-17 family members promote Th1 or Th2 responses in the lung: In vivo function of the novel cytokine IL-25. J. Immunol. 2002, 169:443-453.
35. Ikeda K., Nakajima H., Suzuki K., Kagami S., Hirose K., Suto A., Saito Y., Iwamoto I. Mast cells produce interleukin-25 upon FcE{open}RI-mediated activation. Blood 2003, 101:3594-3596.
36. Ishikawa N., Horii Y., Nawa Y. Immune-mediated alteration of the terminal sugars of goblet cell mucins in the small intestine of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis-infected rats. Immunology 1993, 78:303-307.
37. v mice. Parasite Immunol. 1994, 16:181-186.
38. Ito T., Wang Y.H., Duramad O., Hori T., Delespesse G.J., Watanabe N., Qin F.X., Yao Z., Cao W., Liu Y.J. TSLP-activated dendritic cells induce an inflammatory T helper type 2 cell response through OX40 ligand. J. Exp. Med. 2005, 202:1213-1223.
39. Khan A.I., Horii Y., Tiuria R., Sato Y., Nawa Y. Mucosal mast cells and the expulsive mechanisms of mice against Strongyloides venezuelensis. Int. J. Parasitol. 1993, 23:551-555.
40. Khan W.I., Richard M., Akiho H., Blennerhasset P.A., Humphreys N.E., Grencis R.K., Van Snick J., Collins S.M. Modulation of intestinal muscle contraction by interleukin-9 (IL-9) or IL-9 neutralization: Correlation with worm expulsion in murine nematode infections. Infect. Immun. 2003, 71:2430-2438.
41. Kim M.R., Manoukian R., Yeh R., Silbiger S.M., Danilenko D.M., Scully S., Sun J., DeRose M.L., Stolina M., Chang D., Van G.Y., Clarkin K., et al. Transgenic overexpression of human IL-17E results in eosinophilia, B-lymphocyte hyperplasia, and altered antibody production. Blood 2002, 100:2330-2340.
42. 6 is essential for nematode-induced mucosal mast cell hyperplasia and expression of the granule chymase, mouse mast cell protease-1. Am. J. Pathol. 2002, 161:771-779.
43. Knight P.A., Brown J.K., Pemberton A.D. Innate immune response mechanisms in the intestinal epithelium: Potential roles for mast cells and goblet cells in the expulsion of adult Trichinella spiralis. Parasitology 2008, 135:655-670.
44. Korbel D.S., Finney O.C., Riley E.M. Natural killer cells and innate immunity to protozoan pathogens. Int. J. Parasitol. 2004, 34:1517-1528.
45. Korenaga M., Hitoshi Y., Takatsu K., Tada I. Regulatory effect of anti-interleukin-5 monoclonal antibody on intestinal worm burden in a primary infection with Strongyloides venezuelensis in mice. Int. J. Parasitol. 1994, 24:951-957.
46. Little M.C., Bell L.V., Cliffe L.J., Else K.J. The characterization of intraepithelial lymphocytes, lamina propria leukocytes, and isolated lymphoid follicles in the large intestine of mice infected with the intestinal nematode parasite Trichuris muris. J. Immunol. 2005, 175:6713-6722.
47. Liu Y.J. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin: Master switch for allergic inflammation. J. Exp. Med. 2006, 203:269-273.
48. Lüthi A.U., Cullen S.P., McNeela E.A., Duriez P.J., Afonina I.S., Sheridan C., Brumatti G., Taylor R.C., Kersse K., Vandenabeele P., Lavelle E.C., Martin S.J. Suppression of interleukin-33 bioactivity through proteolysis by apoptotic caspases. Immunity 2009, 31:84-98.
49. Mahida Y.R. Host-parasite interactions in rodent nematode infections. J. Helminthol. 2003, 77:125-131.
50. Martin F., Kearney J.F. B-cell subsets and the mature preimmune repertoire. Marginal zone and B1 B cells as part of a "natural immune memory". Immunol. Rev. 2000, 175:70-79.
51. Maruyama H., Yabu Y., Yoshida A., Nawa Y., Ohta N. A role of mast cell glycosaminoglycans for the immunological expulsion of intestinal nematode, Strongyloides venezuelensis. J. Immunol. 2000, 164:3749-3754.
52. McDermott J.R., Bartram R.E., Knight P.A., Miller H.R., Garrod D.R., Grencis R.K. Mast cells disrupt epithelial barrier function during enteric nematode infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003, 100:7761-7766.
53. McKenzie G.J., Bancroft A., Grencis R.K., McKenzie A.N. A distinct role for interleukin-13 in Th2-cell-mediated immune responses. Curr. Biol. 1998, 8:339-342.
54. Min B., Prout M., Hu-Li J., Zhu J., Jankovic D., Morgan E.S., Urban J.F., Dvorak A.M., Finkelman F.D., LeGros G., Paul W.E. Basophils produce IL-4 and accumulate in tissues after infection with a Th2-inducing parasite. J. Exp. Med. 2004, 200:507-517.
55. Morimoto M., Morimoto M., Whitmire J., Xiao S., Anthony R.M., Mirakami H., Star R.A., Urban J.F., Gause W.C. Peripheral CD4 T cells rapidly accumulate at the host:parasite interface during an inflammatory Th2 memory response. J. Immunol. 2004, 172:2424-2430.
56. + lymphoid cells. Nature 2010, 463:540-544.
57. Moussion C., Ortega N., Girard J.P. The IL-1-like cytokine IL-33 is constitutively expressed in the nucleus of endothelial cells and epithelial cells in vivo: A novel 'alarmin'?. PLoS ONE 2008, 3:e3331. 10.1371/journal.pone.0003331.
58. h 2 balance is dependent on the intracellular thiol redox status of macrophages due to the distinctive cytokine production. Int. Immunol. 2002, 14:201-212.
59. Murrell K.D. Trichinella spiralis: Acquired immunity in swine. Exp. Parasitol. 1985, 59:347-354.
60. Negrão-Corrêa D. Importance of immunoglobulin E (IgE) in the protective mechanism against gastrointestinal nematode infection: Looking at the intestinal mucosae. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. São Paulo 2001, 43:291-299.
61. Neill D.R., Wong S.H., Bellosi A., Flynn R.J., Daly M., Langford T.K., Bucks C., Kane C.M., Fallon P.G., Pannell R., Jolin H.E., McKenzie A.N. Nuocytes represent a new innate effector leukocyte that mediates type-2 immunity. Nature 2010, 464:1367-1370.
62. Nishikawa S., Honda K., Vieira P., Yoshida H. Organogenesis of peripheral lymphoid organs. Immunol. Rev. 2003, 195:72-80.
63. Novak N., Koch S., Allam J.P., Bieber T. Dendritic cells: Bridging innate and adaptive immunity in atopic dermatitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2010, 125:50-59.
64. Ohnmacht C., Schwartz C., Panzer M., Schiedewitz I., Naumann R., Voehringer D. Basophils orchestrate chronic allergic dermatitis and protective immunity against helminths. Immunity 2010, 33:364-374.
65. Owyang A.M., Zaph C., Wilson E.H., Guild K.J., McClanahan T., Miller H.R., Cua D.J., Goldschmidt M., Hunter C.A., Kastelein R.A., Artis D. Interleukin 25 regulates type 2 cytokine-dependent immunity and limits chronic inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. J. Exp. Med. 2006, 203:843-849.
66. Pan G., French D., Mao W., Maruoka M., Risser P., Lee J., Foster J., Aggarwal S., Nicholes K., Guillet S., Schow P., Gurney A.L. Forced expression of murine IL-17E induces growth retardation, jaundice, a Th2-biased response, and multiorgan inflammation in mice. J. Immunol. 2001, 167:6559-6567.
67. Patel N., Kreider T., Urban J.F., Gause W.C. Characterisation of effector mechanisms at the host:parasite interface during the immune response to tissue-dwelling intestinal nematode parasites. Int. J. Parasitol. 2009, 39:13-21.
68. H 2 cytokine-dependent immunity. Nat. Immunol. 2009, 10:697-705.
69. Phythian-Adams A.T., Cook P.C., Lundie R.J., Jones L.H., Smith K.A., Barr T.A., Hochweller K., Anderton S.M., Hämmerling G.J., Maizels R.M., MacDonald A.S. CD11c depletion severely disrupts Th2 induction and development. in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 2010, 207:2089-2096.
70. Piccinni M.P., Macchia D., Parronchi P., Giudizi M.G., Bani D., Alterini R., Grossi A., Ricci M., Maggi E., Romagnani S. Human bone marrow non-B, non-T cells produce interleukin 4 in response to cross-linkage of FcE{open} and Fcγ receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1991, 88:8656-8660.
71. Plaut M., Pierce J.H., Watson C.J., Hanley-Hyde J., Nordan R.P., Paul W.E. Mast cell lines produce lymphokines in response to cross-linkage of FcE{open}RI or to calcium ionophores. Nature 1989, 339:64-67.
72. Price A.E., Liang H.E., Sullivan B.M., Reinhardt R.L., Eisley C.J., Erle D.J., Locksley R.M. (2010). Systemically dispersed innate IL-13-expressing cells in type 2 immunity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2009, 107:11489-11494.
73. Rangel-Moreno J., Moyron-Quiroz J.E., Carragher D.M., Kusser K., Hartson L., Moquin A., Randall T.D. Omental milky spots develop in the absence of lymphoid tissue-inducer cells and support B and T cell responses to peritoneal antigens. Immunity 2009, 30:731-743.
74. Richard M., Grencis R.K., Humphreys N.E., Renauld J.C., Van Snick J. Anti-IL-9 vaccination prevents worm expulsion and blood eosinophilia in Trichuris muris-infected mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000, 97:767-772.
75. Robinson M., Wahid F., Behnke J.M., Gilbert F.S. Immunological relationships during primary infection with Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Nematospiroides dubius): Dose-dependent expulsion of adult worms. Parasitology 1989, 98:115-124.
76. H 2 cytokine responses. Nature 2010, 464:1362-1366.
77. Sanada S., Hakuno D., Higgins L.J., Schreiter E.R., McKenzie A.N., Lee R.T. IL-33 and ST2 comprise a critical biomechanically induced and cardioprotective signaling system. J. Clin. Invest. 2007, 117:1538-1549.
78. Satoh-Takayama N., Dumoutier L., Lesjean-Pottier S., Ribeiro V.S., Mandelboim O., Renauld J.C., Vosshenrich C.A., Di Santo J.P. IL-22 produced by human NK cells inhibits growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by enhancing phagolysosomal fusion. J. Immunol. 2009, 183:6579-6587.
79. Savioli L. A letter from the director. WHO report http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/director/en/index.html.
80. Scaffidi P., Misteli T., Bianchi M.E. Release of chromatin protein HMGB1 by necrotic cells triggers inflammation. Nature 2002, 418:191-195.
81. Schmitz J., Owyang A., Oldham E., Song Y., Murphy E., McClanahan T.K., Zurawski G., Moshrefi M., Qin J., Li X., Gorman D.M., Bazan J.F., et al. IL-33, an interleukin-1-like cytokine that signals via the IL-1 receptor-related protein ST2 and induces T helper type 2-associated cytokine. Immunity 2005, 23:479-490.
82. Seder R.A., Paul W.E., Ben-Sasson S.Z., LeGros G.S., Kagey-Sobotka A., Finkelman F.D., Pierce J.H., Plaut M. Production of interleukin-4 and other cytokines following stimulation of mast cell lines and in vivo mast cells/basophils. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 1991, 94:137-140.
83. Shan L., Redhu N.S., Saleh A., Halayko A.J., Chakir J., Gounni A.S. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin receptor-mediated IL-6 and CC/CXC chemokines expression in human airway smooth muscle cells: Role of MAPKs (ERK1/2, p38, and JNK) and STAT3 pathways. J. Immunol. 2010, 184:7134-7143.
84. + dendritic cell subset. Immunol. Rev. 2010, 234:18-31.
85. Smithgall M.D., Comeau M.R., Yoon B.R., Kaufman D., Armitage R., Smith D.E. IL-33 amplifies both Th1- and Th2-type responses through its activity on human basophils, allergen-reactive Th2 cells, iNKT and NK cells. Int. Immunol. 2008, 20:1019-1030.
86. Sokol C.L., Barton G.M., Farr A.G., Medzhitov R. A mechanism for the initiation of allergen-induced T helper type 2 responses. Nat. Immunol. 2008, 9:310-318.
87. Sokol C.L., Chu N.Q., Yu S., Nish S.A., Laufer T.M., Medzhitov R. Basophils function as antigen-presenting cells for an allergen-induced T helper type 2 response. Nat. Immunol. 2009, 10:713-720.
88. Sonoda E., Matsumoto R., Hitoshi Y., Ishii T., Sugimoto M., Araki S., Tominaga A., Yamaguchi N., Takatsu K. Transforming growth factor β induces IgA production and acts additively with interleukin 5 for IgA production. J. Exp. Med. 1989, 170:1415-1420.
89. Soumelis V., Reche P.A., Kanzler H., Yuan W., Edward G., Homey B., Gilliet M., Ho S., Antonenko S., Lauerma A., Smith K., Gorman D., et al. Human epithelial cells trigger dendritic cell mediated allergic inflammation by producing TSLP. Nat. Immunol. 2002, 3:673-678.
90. Steinman R.M., Hemmi H. Dendritic cells: Translating innate to adaptive immunity. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 2006, 311:17-58.
91. Suzukawa M., Iikura M., Koketsu R., Nagase H., Tamura C., Komiya A., Nakae S., Matsushima K., Ohta K., Yamamoto K., Yamaguchi M. An IL-1 cytokine member, IL-33, induces human basophil activation via its ST2 receptor. J. Immunol. 2008, 181:5981-5989.
92. Terashima A., Watarai H., Inoue S., Sekine E., Nakagawa R., Hase K., Iwamura C., Nakajima H., Nakayama T., Taniguchi M. A novel subset of mouse NKT cells bearing the IL-17 receptor B responds to IL-25 and contributes to airway hyperreactivity. J. Exp. Med. 2008, 205:2727-2733.
93. Urban J.F., Steenhard N.R., Solano-Aguilar G.I., Dawson H.D., Iweala O.I., Nagler C.R., Noland G.S., Kumar N., Anthony R.M., Shea-Donohue T., Weinstock J., Gause W.C. Infection with parasitic nematodes confounds vaccination efficacy. Vet. Parasitol. 2007, 148:14-20.
94. Vadlamudi R.S., Chi D.S., Krishnaswamy G. Intestinal strongyloidiasis and hyperinfection syndrome. Clin. Mol. Allergy 2006, 4:8. 10.1186/1476-7961-4-8.
95. Vermillion D.L., Collins S.M. Increased responsiveness of jejunal longitudinal muscle in Trichinella-infected rats. Am. J. Physiol. 1988, 254:G124-G129.
96. Voehringer D., Reese T.A., Huang X., Shinkai K., Locksley R.M. Type 2 immunity is controlled by IL-4/IL-13 expression in hematopoietic non-eosinophil cells of the innate immune system. J. Exp. Med. 2006, 203:1435-1446.
97. Willyard C. Large trial to examine parasites' influence on global killers. Nat. Med. 2009, 15:1097.
98. Wood I.S., Wang B., Trayhurn P. IL-33, a recently identified interleukin-1 gene family member, is expressed in human adipocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2009, 384:105-109.
99. Xu D., Chan W.L., Leung B.P., Huang F., Wheeler R., Piedrafita D., Robinson J.H., Liew F.Y. Selective expression of a stable cell surface molecule on type 2 but not type 1 helper T cells. J. Exp. Med. 1998, 187:787-794.
100. Yamasaki S., Ishikawa E., Sakuma M., Hara H., Ogata K., Saito T. Mincle is an ITAM-coupled activating receptor that senses damaged cells. Nat. Immunol. 2008, 9:1179-1188.
101. Ying S., O'Connor B., Ratoff J., Meng Q., Mallett K., Cousins D., Robinson D., Zhang G., Zhao J., Lee T.H., Corrigan C. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin expression is increased in asthmatic airways and correlates with expression of Th2-attracting chemokines and disease severity. J. Immunol. 2005, 174:8183-8189.
102. pos T cells promptly produce interleukin 4 in response to in vivo challenge with anti-CD3. J. Exp. Med. 1994, 179:1285-1289.
103. + T cells. Nat. Immunol. 2009, 10:706-712.
104. Zaph C., Troy A.E., Taylor B.C., Berman-Booty L.D., Guild K.J., Du Y., Yost E.A., Gruber A.D., May M.J., Greten F.R., Eckmann L., Karin M., et al. Epithelial-cell-intrinsic IKK-β expression regulates intestinal immune homeostasis. Nature 2007, 446:552-556.
105. Zhang D.H., Cohn L., Ray P., Bottomly K., Ray A. Transcription factor GATA-3 is differentially expressed in murine Th1 and Th2 cells and controls Th2-specific expression of the interleukin-5 gene. J. Biol. Chem. 1997, 272:21597-21603.
106. Zheng W., Flavell R.A. The transcription factor GATA-3 is necessary and sufficient for Th2 cytokine gene expression in CD4 T cells. Cell 1997, 89:587-596.
107. Zhu J., Yamane H., Paul W.E. Differentiation of effector CD4 T cell populations. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2010, 28:445-489.