메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 47, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 522-557

Examining the Direct and Interactive Effects of Changes in Racial and Ethnic Threat on Sentencing Decisions

Author keywords

change effects; racial ethnic threat; sentencing

Indexed keywords


EID: 77958013494     PISSN: 00224278     EISSN: 1552731X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0022427810375576     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (55)

References (95)
  • 2
    • 84984339204 scopus 로고
    • Criminality, Prosecutorial Screening, and Uncertainty: Toward a Theory of Discretionary Decision Making in Felony Case Processing
    • Albonetti, Celesta A. 1986. "Criminality, Prosecutorial Screening, and Uncertainty: Toward a Theory of Discretionary Decision Making in Felony Case Processing."Criminology 24:623-44.
    • (1986) Criminology , vol.24 , pp. 623-644
    • Albonetti, C.A.1
  • 3
    • 0034339545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple Imputation for Missing Data: A Cautionary Tale
    • Allison, Paul D. 2000. "Multiple Imputation for Missing Data: A Cautionary Tale."Sociological Methods and Research 28:301-9.
    • (2000) Sociological Methods and Research , vol.28 , pp. 301-309
    • Allison, P.D.1
  • 6
    • 0003717201 scopus 로고
    • Blumstein, Alfred, Jacqueline Cohen, Susan E. Martin, and Michael E. Tonry, eds.Vol. 1, Washington, DC: National Academy Press
    • Blumstein, Alfred, Jacqueline Cohen, Susan E. Martin, and Michael E. Tonry, eds. 1983. Research on Sentencing: The Search for Reform. Vol. 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
    • (1983) Research on Sentencing: The Search for Reform
  • 7
    • 25144441009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race, Ethnicity, Threat, and the Labeling of Convicted Felons
    • Bontrager, Stephanie, William Bales, and Ted Chiricos. 2005. "Race, Ethnicity, Threat, and the Labeling of Convicted Felons."Criminology 43:589-622.
    • (2005) Criminology , vol.43 , pp. 589-622
    • Bontrager, S.1    William, B.2    Ted, C.3
  • 8
    • 0242522045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social Context and Racial Disparities in Punishment Decisions
    • Britt, Chester L. 2000. "Social Context and Racial Disparities in Punishment Decisions."Justice Quarterly 17:707-32.
    • (2000) Justice Quarterly , vol.17 , pp. 707-732
    • Britt, C.L.1
  • 10
    • 77957988795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • State Court Processing Statistics, 1990-2002
    • Bureau of Justice Statistics., Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research 2038-v2
    • Bureau of Justice Statistics. 2006. State Court Processing Statistics, 1990-2002. Study 2038-v2. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research.
    • (2006) Study
  • 11
    • 25144451429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Determinants of Jail Use Across Large US Cities: An Assessment of Racial, Ethnic, and Economic Threat Explanations
    • Carmichael, Jason T. 2005. "The Determinants of Jail Use Across Large US Cities: An Assessment of Racial, Ethnic, and Economic Threat Explanations."Social Science Research 34:538-69.
    • (2005) Social Science Research , vol.34 , pp. 538-569
    • Carmichael, J.T.1
  • 12
    • 84984020840 scopus 로고
    • A Macro Social Analysis of Change in Police Force Size, 1972-1982: Controlling for Static and Dynamic Influences
    • Chamlin, Mitchell B. 1989. "A Macro Social Analysis of Change in Police Force Size, 1972-1982: Controlling for Static and Dynamic Influences."The Sociological Quarterly 30:615-24.
    • (1989) The Sociological Quarterly , vol.30 , pp. 615-624
    • Chamlin, M.B.1
  • 13
    • 0010789598 scopus 로고
    • Intergroup Threat and Social Control: Welfare Expansion Among States During the 1960s and 1970s
    • in, edited by Allen E. Liska, Albany, NY: SUNY Press
    • Chamlin, Mitchell B. 1992. "Intergroup Threat and Social Control: Welfare Expansion Among States During the 1960s and 1970s."Pp. 62-74 in Social Threat and Social Control, edited by Allen E. Liska. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
    • (1992) Social Threat and Social Control , pp. 62-74
    • Chamlin, M.B.1
  • 14
    • 51249154330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Welfare Policy as Social Control: A Specific Test of the Piven and Cloward Thesis
    • Chamlin, Mitchell B., Melissa W. Burek, and John K. Cochran. 2007. "Welfare Policy as Social Control: A Specific Test of the Piven and Cloward Thesis."Criminal Justice Policy Review 18:132-52.
    • (2007) Criminal Justice Policy Review , vol.18 , pp. 132-152
    • Chamlin, M.B.1    Melissa, W.B.2    Cochran, J.K.3
  • 15
    • 3142679359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial Typification of Crime and Support for Punitive Measures
    • Chiricos, Ted, Kelly Welch, and Marc Gertz. 2004. "Racial Typification of Crime and Support for Punitive Measures."Criminology 42:359-89.
    • (2004) Criminology , vol.42 , pp. 359-389
    • Chiricos, T.1    Welch, K.2    Gertz, M.3
  • 16
    • 0039449609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race, Racial Threat, and Sentencing of Habitual Offenders
    • Crawford, Charles, Ted Chiricos, and Gary Kleck. 1998. "Race, Racial Threat, and Sentencing of Habitual Offenders."Criminology 36:481-511.
    • (1998) Criminology , vol.36 , pp. 481-511
    • Crawford, C.1    Chiricos, T.2    Kleck, G.3
  • 17
    • 0001839316 scopus 로고
    • Is Incarceration Really Worse? Analysis of Offenders' Preferences for Prison Over Probation
    • Crouch, Ben M. 1993. "Is Incarceration Really Worse? Analysis of Offenders' Preferences for Prison Over Probation."Justice Quarterly 10:67-88.
    • (1993) Justice Quarterly , vol.10 , pp. 67-88
    • Crouch, B.M.1
  • 18
    • 0001327752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Racial Context of White Mobility: An Individual-Level Assessment of the White Flight Hypothesis
    • Crowder, Kyle. 2000. "The Racial Context of White Mobility: An Individual-Level Assessment of the White Flight Hypothesis. "Social Science Research 29:223-57.
    • (2000) Social Science Research , vol.29 , pp. 223-257
    • Crowder, K.1
  • 19
    • 0031498287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Effect of Available Capacity on Jail Incarceration: An Empirical Test of Parkinson's Law
    • D'Alessio, Stewart and Lisa Stolzenberg. 1997. "The Effect of Available Capacity on Jail Incarceration: An Empirical Test of Parkinson's Law."Journal of Criminal Justice 25:279-88.
    • (1997) Journal of Criminal Justice , vol.25 , pp. 279-288
    • DâAlessio, S.1    Lisa, S.2
  • 20
    • 1642418520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial and Ethnic Differences in Pretrial Release Decisions and Outcomes: A Comparison of Hispanic, Black, and White Felony Arrestees
    • Demuth, Stephen. 2003. "Racial and Ethnic Differences in Pretrial Release Decisions and Outcomes: A Comparison of Hispanic, Black, and White Felony Arrestees."Criminology 41:873-908.
    • (2003) Criminology , vol.41 , pp. 873-908
    • Demuth, S.1
  • 21
    • 10444223096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethnicity Effects on Sentence Outcomes in Large Urban Courts: Comparisons Among White, Black, and Hispanic Defendants
    • Demuth, Stephen and Darrell Steffensmeier. 2004. "Ethnicity Effects on Sentence Outcomes in Large Urban Courts: Comparisons Among White, Black, and Hispanic Defendants."Social Science Quarterly 85:994-1011.
    • (2004) Social Science Quarterly , vol.85 , pp. 994-1011
    • Demuth, S.1    Darrell, S.2
  • 23
    • 0036967675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial Threat and Social Control: A Test of the Political, Economic, and Threat of Black Crime Hypotheses
    • Eitle, David, Stewart J. D'Alessio, and Lisa Stolzenberg. 2002. "Racial Threat and Social Control: A Test of the Political, Economic, and Threat of Black Crime Hypotheses."Social Forces 81:557-76.
    • (2002) Social Forces , vol.81 , pp. 557-576
    • Eitle, D.1    Stewart, J.D.2    Lisa, S.3
  • 24
    • 42149148666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Effects of Ethnicity, SES, and Crime Status on Juror Decision Making: A Cross-cultural Examination of European American and Mexican American Mock Jurors
    • Esqueda, Cynthia, Russ Espinoza, and Scott Culhane. 2008. "The Effects of Ethnicity, SES, and Crime Status on Juror Decision Making: A Cross-cultural Examination of European American and Mexican American mock jurors."Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 30:181-99.
    • (2008) Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences , vol.30 , pp. 181-199
    • Esqueda, C.1    Russ, E.2    Scott, C.3
  • 25
    • 30444439568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Multilevel Analysis of Community Effects on Criminal Sentencing
    • Fearn, Noelle. 2005. "A Multilevel Analysis of Community Effects on Criminal Sentencing."Justice Quarterly 22:452-87.
    • (2005) Justice Quarterly , vol.22 , pp. 452-487
    • Fearn, N.1
  • 27
    • 0040003502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Just and Painful: Attitudes Toward Sentencing Criminals
    • in, edited by Timothy J. Flanagan and Dennis R. Longmire, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
    • Gerber, Jurg and Simone Engelhardt-Greer. 1996. "Just and Painful: Attitudes Toward Sentencing Criminals."Pp. 62-74 in American View Crime and Justice: A National Public Opinion Survey, edited by Timothy J. Flanagan and Dennis R. Longmire. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    • (1996) American View Crime and Justice: A National Public Opinion Survey , pp. 62-74
    • Gerber, J.1    Simone, E.-G.2
  • 28
    • 84925891157 scopus 로고
    • White Flight and Percent Black: The tipping Pin Re-examined
    • Giles, Michael W., Everett F. Cataldo, and Douglas S. Gatlin. 1975. "White Flight and Percent Black: The tipping Pin Re-examined."Social Science Quarterly 56:85-92.
    • (1975) Social Science Quarterly , vol.56 , pp. 85-92
    • Giles, M.W.1    Everett, F.C.2    Douglas, S.G.3
  • 29
    • 0032286773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defended Neighborhoods, Integration, and Racially Motivated Crime
    • Green, Donald P., Dara Z. Strolovitch, and Janelle S. Wong. 1998. "Defended Neighborhoods, Integration, and Racially Motivated Crime."American Journal of Sociology 104:372-403.
    • (1998) American Journal of Sociology , vol.104 , pp. 372-403
    • Green, D.P.1    Dara, Z.S.2    Janelle, S.W.3
  • 30
    • 0040374527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • State Prison Populations and Their Growth, 1971-1991
    • Greenberg, David F. and Valerie West. 2001. "State Prison Populations and Their Growth, 1971-1991."Criminology 39:615-54.
    • (2001) Criminology , vol.39 , pp. 615-654
    • Greenberg, D.F.1    Valerie, W.2
  • 33
    • 33845967477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defining Sentence Type: Further Evidence Against Use of the Total Incarceration Variable
    • Harrington, Michael P. and Cassia Spohn. 2007. "Defining Sentence Type: Further Evidence Against Use of the Total Incarceration Variable."Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 44:36-63.
    • (2007) Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , vol.44 , pp. 36-63
    • Harrington, M.P.1    Cassia, S.2
  • 34
    • 34547468354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prosecutorial Discretion: An Examination of Substantial Assistance Departures in Federal Crack-Cocaine and Powder-Cocaine Cases
    • Hartley, Richard D., Sean Maddan, and Cassia Spohn. 2007. "Prosecutorial Discretion: An Examination of Substantial Assistance Departures in Federal Crack-Cocaine and Powder-Cocaine Cases."Justice Quarterly 24:382-407.
    • (2007) Justice Quarterly , vol.24 , pp. 382-407
    • Hartley, R.D.1    Sean, M.2    Cassia, S.3
  • 35
    • 0036970724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Political Context of Sentencing: An Analysis of Community and Individual Determinants
    • Helms, Ronald and David Jacobs. 2002. "The Political Context of Sentencing: An Analysis of Community and Individual Determinants."Social Forces 81:577-604.
    • (2002) Social Forces , vol.81 , pp. 577-604
    • Helms, R.1    David, J.2
  • 37
    • 1642587114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the Use of the Total Incarceration Variable in Sentencing Research
    • Holleran, David and Cassia Spohn. 2004. "On the Use of the Total Incarceration Variable in Sentencing Research."Criminology 42:211-40.
    • (2004) Criminology , vol.42 , pp. 211-240
    • Holleran, D.1    Cassia, S.2
  • 39
    • 84936526885 scopus 로고
    • Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
    • Horowitz, Donald L. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
    • (1985) Ethnic Groups in Conflict
    • Horowitz, D.L.1
  • 40
    • 33846873244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Much Ado About Nothing: A Comparison of Missing Data Methods and Software to Fit Incomplete Data Regression Models
    • Horton, Nicholas J. and Ken P. Kleinman. 2007. "Much Ado About Nothing: A Comparison of Missing Data Methods and Software to Fit Incomplete Data Regression Models."The American Statistician 61:79-90.
    • (2007) The American Statistician , vol.61 , pp. 79-90
    • Horton, N.J.1    Ken, P.K.2
  • 42
    • 1142277621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Sentencing Departures Across Modes of Conviction
    • Johnson, Brian D. 2003. "Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Sentencing Departures Across Modes of Conviction."Criminology, 41:449-90.
    • (2003) Criminology , vol.41 , pp. 449-490
    • Johnson, B.D.1
  • 43
    • 25144439046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contextual Disparities in Guideline Departures: Court-room Social Contexts, Guidelines Compliance, and Extralegal Disparities in Criminal Sentencing
    • Johnson, Brian D. 2005. "Contextual Disparities in Guideline Departures: Court-room Social Contexts, Guidelines Compliance, and Extralegal Disparities in Criminal Sentencing."Criminology 43:761-96.
    • (2005) Criminology , vol.43 , pp. 761-796
    • Johnson, B.D.1
  • 44
    • 33745289353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Multilevel Context of Criminal Sentencing: Integrating Judge- and County-level Influences
    • Johnson, Brian D. 2006. "The Multilevel Context of Criminal Sentencing: Integrating Judge- and County-level Influences."Criminology 44:259-98.
    • (2006) Criminology , vol.44 , pp. 259-298
    • Johnson, B.D.1
  • 45
    • 51849087178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Social Context of Guidelines Circumvention: The Case of Federal District Courts
    • Johnson, Brian D., Jeffery T. Ulmer, and John H. Kramer. 2008. "The Social Context of Guidelines Circumvention: The Case of Federal District Courts."Criminology 46:737-84.
    • (2008) Criminology , vol.46 , pp. 737-784
    • Johnson, B.D.1    Jeffery, T.U.2    John, H.K.3
  • 46
    • 0347616377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Location, Location, Location: Interdistrict and Intercircuit Variation in Sentencing Outcomes for Federal Drug-trafficking Offenses
    • Kautt, Paula. 2002. "Location, Location, Location: Interdistrict and Intercircuit Variation in Sentencing Outcomes for Federal Drug-trafficking Offenses. Justice Quarterly 19:633-71.
    • (2002) Justice Quarterly , vol.19 , pp. 633-671
    • Kautt, P.1
  • 47
    • 25144497552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minority Threat and Police Strength From 1980 to 2000: A Fixed-effects Analysis of Non-linear and Interactive Effects in Large U.S. Cities
    • Kent, Stephanie L. and David Jacobs. 2005. "Minority Threat and Police Strength From 1980 to 2000: A Fixed-effects Analysis of Non-linear and Interactive Effects in Large U.S. Cities."Criminology 43:731-60.
    • (2005) Criminology , vol.43 , pp. 731-760
    • Kent, S.L.1    David, J.2
  • 48
    • 34247325424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Group Threat and Social Control: Race, Perceptions of Minorities and the Desire to Punish
    • King, Ryan D. and Darren Wheelock. 2007. "Group Threat and Social Control: Race, Perceptions of Minorities and the Desire to Punish."Social Forces 85:1255-80.
    • (2007) Social Forces , vol.85 , pp. 1255-1280
    • King, R.D.1    Darren, W.2
  • 49
    • 0003814980 scopus 로고
    • Liska, Allen E., ed, Albany, NY: SUNY Press
    • Liska, Allen E., ed. 1992. Social Threat and Social Control. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
    • (1992) Social Threat and Social Control
  • 51
    • 44649167019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social Disorganization, Drug Market Activity, and Neighborhood Violent Crime
    • Martinez, Ramiro Jr., Richard Rosenfeld, and Dennis Mares. 2008. "Social Disorganization, Drug Market Activity, and Neighborhood Violent Crime."Urban Affairs Review 43:846-74.
    • (2008) Urban Affairs Review , vol.43 , pp. 846-874
    • Rami Jr., M.1    Richard, R.2    Dennis, M.3
  • 52
    • 0032271654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Sociology of Sentencing: Reconceptualizing Decision-making Processes and Outcomes
    • Mears, Daniel P. 1998. "The Sociology of Sentencing: Reconceptualizing Decision-making Processes and Outcomes."Law and Society Review 32:667-724.
    • (1998) Law and Society Review , vol.32 , pp. 667-724
    • Mears, D.P.1
  • 53
    • 0039785246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Immigration-Crime Nexus: Toward an Analytic Framework for Assessing and Guiding Theory, Research, and Policy
    • Mears, Daniel P. 2001. "The Immigration-Crime Nexus: Toward an Analytic Framework for Assessing and Guiding Theory, Research, and Policy."Sociological Perspectives 44:1-19.
    • (2001) Sociological Perspectives , vol.44 , pp. 1-19
    • Mears, D.P.1
  • 54
    • 26444438067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Meta-Analysis of Race and Sentencing Research: Explaining the Inconsistencies
    • Mitchell, Ojmarrh. 2005. "A Meta-Analysis of Race and Sentencing Research: Explaining the Inconsistencies."Journal of Quantitative Criminology 21:439-66.
    • (2005) Journal of Quantitative Criminology , vol.21 , pp. 439-466
    • Mitchell, O.1
  • 55
    • 84935322436 scopus 로고
    • Symbolic Policy and the Sentencing of Drug Offenders
    • Myers, Martha A. 1989. "Symbolic Policy and the Sentencing of Drug Offenders."Law and Society Review 23:295-315.
    • (1989) Law and Society Review , vol.23 , pp. 295-315
    • Myers, M.A.1
  • 57
    • 0038522428 scopus 로고
    • When Probation Becomes More Dreaded Than Prison
    • Petersilia, Joan. 1990. "When Probation Becomes More Dreaded Than Prison."Federal Probation 54:23-7.
    • (1990) Federal Probation , vol.54 , pp. 23-27
    • Petersilia, J.1
  • 58
    • 34248394090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Probation in the United States
    • Petersilia, Joan. 1997. "Probation in the United States. "Crime and Justice 22: 149-200.
    • (1997) Crime and Justice , vol.22 , pp. 149-200
    • Petersilia, J.1
  • 59
    • 21344498164 scopus 로고
    • What Punishes? Inmates Rank the Severity of Prison vs. Intermediate Sanctions?
    • Petersilia, Joan and Elizabeth Piper Deschenes. 1994. "What Punishes? Inmates Rank the Severity of Prison vs. Intermediate Sanctions?"Federal Probation 58:3-8.
    • (1994) Federal Probation , vol.58 , pp. 3-8
    • Petersilia, J.1    Elizabeth, P.D.2
  • 61
  • 62
    • 0036025777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing "Neighborhood Effects": Social Process and New Directions in Research
    • Sampson, Robert J., Jeffrey D. Morenoff, and Thomas Gannon-Rowley. 2002. "Assessing "Neighborhood Effects": Social Process and New Directions in Research."Annual Review of Sociology 28:443-78.
    • (2002) Annual Review of Sociology , vol.28 , pp. 443-478
    • Sampson, R.J.1    Jeffrey, D.M.2    Thomas, G.-R.3
  • 63
    • 85055295935 scopus 로고
    • Structural Variations in Juvenile Court Processing: Inequality, the Underclass, and Social Control
    • Sampson, Robert J. and John Laub. 1993. "Structural Variations in Juvenile Court Processing: Inequality, the Underclass, and Social Control."Law and Society Review 27:285-312.
    • (1993) Law and Society Review , vol.27 , pp. 285-312
    • Sampson, R.J.1    John, L.2
  • 64
    • 12344260546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seeing Disorder: Neighborhood Stigma and the Social Construction of Broken windows
    • Sampson, Robert J. and Stephen Raudenbush. 2004. "Seeing Disorder: Neighborhood Stigma and the Social Construction of "Broken windows."Social Psychology Quarterly 67:319-42.
    • (2004) Social Psychology Quarterly , vol.67 , pp. 319-342
    • Sampson, R.J.1    Stephen, R.2
  • 65
    • 0002387331 scopus 로고
    • Toward a Theory of Race, Crime, and Urban Inequality
    • in, edited by John Hagan and Ruth Peterson, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
    • Sampson, Robert J. and William J. Wilson. 1995. "Toward a Theory of Race, Crime, and Urban Inequality."Pp. 37-56 in Crime and Inequality, edited by John Hagan and Ruth Peterson. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
    • (1995) Crime and Inequality , pp. 37-56
    • Sampson, R.J.1    William, J.W.2
  • 66
    • 77955204408 scopus 로고
    • Law That Does Not Fit Society: Sentencing Guidelines as a Neoclassical Reaction to the Dilemmas of Substantivized Law
    • Savelsberg, Joachim J. 1992. "Law That Does Not Fit Society: Sentencing Guidelines as a Neoclassical Reaction to the Dilemmas of Substantivized Law."American Journal of Sociology 97:1346-81.
    • (1992) American Journal of Sociology , vol.97 , pp. 1346-1381
    • Savelsberg, J.J.1
  • 69
    • 84965630314 scopus 로고
    • Correlates of Jail Overcrowding: A Case Study of a County Detention Center
    • Shelden, Randall G. and William B. Brown. 1991. "Correlates of Jail Overcrowding: A Case Study of a County Detention Center."Crime and Delinquency 37:347-62.
    • (1991) Crime and Delinquency , vol.37 , pp. 347-362
    • Shelden, R.G.1    William, B.B.2
  • 70
    • 84935603316 scopus 로고
    • The Sentencing Decision of Black and White Judges: Some Expected and Unexpected Similarities
    • Spohn, Cassia. 1990a. "The Sentencing Decision of Black and White Judges: Some Expected and Unexpected Similarities. "Law and Society Review 24:1197-216.
    • (1990) Law and Society Review , vol.24 , pp. 1197-1216
    • Spohn, C.1
  • 71
    • 84953066370 scopus 로고
    • Decision Making in Sexual Assault Cases: Do Black and Female Judges Make a Difference?
    • Spohn, Cassia. 1990b. "Decision Making in Sexual Assault Cases: Do Black and Female Judges Make a Difference?"Women and Criminal Justice 2:83-105.
    • (1990) Women and Criminal Justice , vol.2 , pp. 83-105
    • Spohn, C.1
  • 72
    • 0012100155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thirty Years of Sentencing Reform: The Quest for a Racially Neutral Sentencing Process
    • in, edited by J. Horney. Vol. 3, Washington, DC: Office of Justice Programs
    • Spohn, Cassia. 2000. "Thirty Years of Sentencing Reform: The Quest for a Racially Neutral Sentencing Process."Pp. 427-501 in Criminal Justice 2000, Policies, Processes and Decisions of the Criminal Justice System, edited by J. Horney. Vol. 3. Washington, DC: Office of Justice Programs.
    • (2000) Criminal Justice 2000, Policies, Processes and Decisions of the Criminal Justice System , pp. 427-501
    • Spohn, C.1
  • 73
    • 34250651626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Deterrent Effect of Imprisonment and Offenders' Stakes in Conformity
    • Spohn, Cassia. 2007. "The Deterrent Effect of Imprisonment and Offenders' Stakes in Conformity."Criminal Justice Policy Review 18:31-50.
    • (2007) Criminal Justice Policy Review , vol.18 , pp. 31-50
    • Spohn, C.1
  • 74
    • 0346444710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Imprisonment Penalty Paid by Young, Unemployed Black and Hispanic Male Offenders
    • Spohn, Cassia and David Holleran. 2000. "The Imprisonment Penalty Paid by Young, Unemployed Black and Hispanic Male Offenders."Criminology 38:281-306.
    • (2000) Criminology , vol.38 , pp. 281-306
    • Spohn, C.1    David, H.2
  • 75
    • 0033713962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethnicity and Sentencing Outcomes in U.S. Federal Courts: Who is Punished More Harshly?
    • Steffensmeier, Darrell and Stephen Demuth. 2000. "Ethnicity and Sentencing Outcomes in U.S. Federal Courts: Who is Punished More Harshly?"American Sociological Review 65:705-29.
    • (2000) American Sociological Review , vol.65 , pp. 705-729
    • Steffensmeier, D.1    Stephen, D.2
  • 76
    • 0041075817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethnicity and Judges' Sentencing Decisions: Hispanic-Black-White Comparison
    • Steffensmeier, Darrell and Stephen Demuth. 2001. "Ethnicity and Judges' Sentencing Decisions: Hispanic-Black-White Comparison."Criminology 39:145-78.
    • (2001) Criminology , vol.39 , pp. 145-178
    • Steffensmeier, D.1    Stephen, D.2
  • 77
    • 33747660210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does Gender Modify the Effects of Race-Ethnicity on Criminal Sanctioning? Sentences for Male and Female White, Black, and Hispanic Defendants
    • Steffensmeier, Darrell and Stephen Demuth. 2006. "Does Gender Modify the Effects of Race-Ethnicity on Criminal Sanctioning? Sentences for Male and Female White, Black, and Hispanic Defendants."Journal of Quantitative Criminology 22:241-61.
    • (2006) Journal of Quantitative Criminology , vol.22 , pp. 241-261
    • Steffensmeier, D.1    Stephen, D.2
  • 78
    • 0041181131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Interaction of Race, Gender, and Age in Criminal Sentencing: The Punishment Cost of Being Young, Black, and Male
    • Steffensmeier, Darrell, Jeffery Ulmer, and John Kramer. 1998. "The Interaction of Race, Gender, and Age in Criminal Sentencing: The Punishment Cost of Being Young, Black, and Male."Criminology 36:763-98.
    • (1998) Criminology , vol.36 , pp. 763-798
    • Steffensmeier, D.1    Jeffery, U.2    John, K.3
  • 80
    • 35348906051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial Context and Police Force Size: Evaluating the Empirical Validity of the Minority Threat Perspective
    • Stults, Brian J. and Eric P. Baumer. 2007. "Racial Context and Police Force Size: Evaluating the Empirical Validity of the Minority Threat Perspective."American Journal of Sociology 113:507-46.
    • (2007) American Journal of Sociology , vol.113 , pp. 507-546
    • Stults, B.J.1    Eric, P.B.2
  • 81
    • 31644437066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-Destructing Prophecies: Long-Term Forecasting of Municipal Correctional Bed Need
    • Surette, Ray, Brandon Applegate, Bernard McCarthy, and Patrick Jablonski. 2006. "Self-Destructing Prophecies: Long-Term Forecasting of Municipal Correctional Bed Need."Journal of Criminal Justice 34:57-72.
    • (2006) Journal of Criminal Justice , vol.34 , pp. 57-72
    • Surette, R.1    Brandon, A.2    McCarthy, B.3    Patrick, J.4
  • 85
    • 1642633944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sentencing in Context: A Multilevel Analysis
    • Ulmer, Jeffery T. and Brian Johnson. 2004. "Sentencing in Context: A Multilevel Analysis."Criminology 42:137-77.
    • (2004) Criminology , vol.42 , pp. 137-177
    • Ulmer, J.T.1    Brian, J.2
  • 86
    • 0039864018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Court Communities Under Sentencing Guidelines: Dilemmas of Formal Rationality and Sentencing Disparity
    • Ulmer, Jeffery T. and John H. Kramer. 1996. "Court Communities Under Sentencing Guidelines: Dilemmas of Formal Rationality and Sentencing Disparity."Criminology 34:383-408.
    • (1996) Criminology , vol.34 , pp. 383-408
    • Ulmer, J.T.1    John, H.K.2
  • 87
    • 34948837815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prosecutorial Discretion and the Imposition of Mandatory Minimum Sentences
    • Ulmer, Jeffery T., Megan C. Kurlychek, and John H. Kramer. 2007. "Prosecutorial Discretion and the Imposition of Mandatory Minimum Sentences."Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 44:427-58.
    • (2007) Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , vol.44 , pp. 427-458
    • Ulmer, J.T.1    Megan, C.K.2    John, H.K.3
  • 88
    • 33748307613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variation in Trial Penalties Among Serious Violent Offenses
    • Ulmer, Jeffery T. and Mindy S. Bradley. 2006. "Variation in Trial Penalties Among Serious Violent Offenses."Criminology 44:631-70.
    • (2006) Criminology , vol.44 , pp. 631-670
    • Ulmer, J.T.1    Mindy, S.B.2
  • 89
    • 3242800575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Threshold for Tolerance: The Impact of Racial and Ethnic Population Composition on the Vote for California Propositions 187 and 209
    • Valenty, Linda O. and Ronald D. Sylvia. 2004. "Threshold for Tolerance: The Impact of Racial and Ethnic Population Composition on the Vote for California Propositions 187 and 209."Social Science Journal 41:433-46.
    • (2004) Social Science Journal , vol.41 , pp. 433-446
    • Valenty, L.O.1    Ronald, D.S.2
  • 90
    • 2642546538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Explaining Sentence Severity in Large Urban Counties: A Multilevel Analysis of Contextual and Case-Level Factors
    • Weidner, Robert R., Richard S. Frase, and Iain Pardoe. 2004. "Explaining Sentence Severity in Large Urban Counties: A Multilevel Analysis of Contextual and Case-Level Factors."The Prison Journal 84:184-207.
    • (2004) The Prison Journal , vol.84 , pp. 184-207
    • Weidner, R.R.1    Richard, S.F.2    Iain, P.3
  • 91
    • 20744437093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Impact of Contextual Factors on the Decision to Imprison in Large Urban Jurisdictions: A Multilevel Analysis
    • Weidner, Robert R., Richard S. Frase, and Jennifer S. Schultz. 2005. "The Impact of Contextual Factors on the Decision to Imprison in Large Urban Jurisdictions: A Multilevel Analysis."Crime and Delinquency 51:400-24.
    • (2005) Crime and Delinquency , vol.51 , pp. 400-424
    • Weidner, R.R.1    Richard, S.F.2    Jennifer, S.S.3
  • 92
    • 0007105750 scopus 로고
    • The Role of Sentencing Guideline Amendments in Reducing Unwarranted Sentencing Disparity
    • Wilkins, William and John Steer. 1993. "The Role of Sentencing Guideline Amendments in Reducing Unwarranted Sentencing Disparity."Washington and Lee Law Review 50:63-88.
    • (1993) Washington and Lee Law Review , vol.50 , pp. 63-88
    • Wilkins, W.1    John, S.2
  • 94
    • 3142739402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bilevel Disparities in Court Dispositions for Intimate Assault
    • Wooldredge, John and Amy Thistlethwaite. 2004. "Bilevel Disparities in Court Dispositions for Intimate Assault."Criminology 42:417-56.
    • (2004) Criminology , vol.42 , pp. 417-456
    • Wooldredge, J.1    Amy, T.2
  • 95
    • 0012069380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Convergence of Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Class on Court Decision Making: Looking Toward the 21st Century
    • Zatz, Marjorie. 2000. "The Convergence of Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Class on Court Decision Making: Looking Toward the 21st Century. "Criminal Justice: The National Institute of Justice Journal 3:503-52.
    • (2000) Criminal Justice: The National Institute of Justice Journal , vol.3 , pp. 503-552
    • Zatz, M.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.