Efficient bulk heterojunction solar cells based on low band gap bisazo dyes containing anthracene and/or pyrrole units

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Volumn 94, Issue 12, 2010, Pages 2318-2327

  Mikroyannidis, J A ^a   Tsagkournos, D V ^a   Sharma, S S ^d,e   Kumar, Anil ^d   Vijay, Y K ^d   Sharma, G D ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PATRAS   (Greece)

^b JAI NARAIN VYAS UNIVERSITY   (India)

^c Jaipur Engineering College   (India)

^d UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN   (India)

^e GOVT WOMEN ENGINEERING COLLEGE   (India)

Author keywords

Anthracene; Bisazophenylene; Bisazopyrrole; Bulk heterojunction solar cells; Low band gap; Ternary BHJ

Indexed keywords

BISAZOPHENYLENE; BISAZOPYRROLE; BULK HETEROJUNCTION SOLAR CELLS; LOW BAND GAP; TERNARY BHJ;

ABSORPTION; AMORPHOUS FILMS; ANTHRACENE; CONVERSION EFFICIENCY; ENERGY GAP; HOLE MOBILITY; NITROGEN COMPOUNDS; OPEN CIRCUIT VOLTAGE; PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECTS; SOLAR CELLS;

HETEROJUNCTIONS;

EID: 77957682227     PISSN: 09270248     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2010.08.001     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. H. Hoppe, and N.S. Sariciftci Morphology of polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells J. Mater. Chem. 16 2006 45 61
2. S. Gnes, H. Neugebauer, and N.S. Sariciftci Conjugated polymer-based organic solar cells Chem. Rev. 107 2007 1324 1338
3. B.C. Thompson, and J.M. Frchet Polymerfullerene composite solar cells Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 47 2008 58 77
4. R. Po, M. Maggini, and N. Camaioni Polymer solar cells: recent approaches and achievements J. Phys. Chem. C 114 2010 695 706
5. F.C. Krebs Fabrication and processing of polymer solar cells: a review of printing and coating techniques Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 93 2009 394 412
6. F.C. Krebs, S.A. Gevorgyan, and J. Alstrup A roll-to-roll process to flexible polymer solar cells: model studies, manufacture and operational stability studies J. Mater. Chem. 19 2009 5442 5451
7. F.C. Krebs Polymer solar cell modules prepared using roll-to-roll methods: knife-over-edge coating, slot-die coating and screen printing Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 93 2009 465 475
8. F.C. Krebs, M. Jrgensen, K. Norrman, O. Hagemann, J. Alstrup, T.D. Nielsen, J. Fyenbo, K. Larsen, and J. Kristensen A complete process for production of flexible large area polymer solar cells entirely using screen printingfirst public demonstration Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 93 2009 422 441
9. G. Li, V. Shrotriya, J. Huang, Y. Yao, T. Moriarty, K. Emery, and Y. Yang Single-quantum-dot-based DNA nanosensor Nat. Mater. 4 2005 826 831
10. Y. Kim, S. Cook, S.M. Tuladhar, S.A. Choulis, J. Nelson, J.R. Durrant, D.D.C. Bradley, M. Giles, I. Mcculloch, C.S. Ha, and M. Ree A strong regioregularity effect in self-organizing conjugated polymer films and high-efficiency polythiophene:fullerene solar cells Nat. Mater. 5 2006 197 203
11. J. Hou, H.Y. Chen, S. Zhang, G. Li, and Y. Yang Synthesis, characterization, and photovoltaic properties of a low band gap polymer based on silole-containing polythiophenes and 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130 2008 16144 16145
12. Y. Liang, D. Feng, Y. Wu, S. Tsai, G. Li, C. Ray, and L. Yu Highly efficient solar cell polymers developed via fine-tuning of structural and electronic properties J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 2009 7792 7799
13. Y. Liang, Y. Wu, D. Feng, S. Tsai, H. Son, G. Li, and L. Yu Development of new semiconducting polymers for high performance solar cells J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 2009 56 57
14. S.H. Park, A. Roy, S. Beaupre, S. Cho, N. Coates, J.S. Moon, D. Moses, M. Leclerc, K. Lee, and A.J. Heeger Bulk heterojunction solar cells with internal quantum efficiency approaching 100% Nat. Photonics 3 2009 297 303
15. M. Jrgensen, K. Norrman, and F.C. Krebs Stability/degradation of polymer solar cells Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 92 2008 686 714
16. J. Lu, P.F. Xia, P.K. Lo, Y. Tao, and M.S. Wong Synthesis and properties of multi-triarylamine-substituted carbazole-based dendrimers with an oligothiophene core for potential applications in organic solar cells and light-emitting diodes Chem. Mater. 18 2006 6194 6203
17. S. Roquet, A. Cravino, P. Leriche, O. Alvêque, P. Frre, and J. Roncali Triphenylamine-thienylenevinylene hybrid systems with internal charge transfer as donor materials for heterojunction solar cells J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128 2006 3459 3466
18. A. Cravino, S. Roquet, P. Leriche, O. Alvêque, P. Frre, and J. Roncali A star-shaped triphenylamine π-conjugated system with internal charge-transfer as donor material for hetero-junction solar cells Chem. Commun. 2006 1416 1418
19. K. Schulze, C. Uhrich, R. Schppel, K. Leo, M. Pfeiffer, E. Brier, E. Reinold, and P. Buerle Efficient vacuum-deposited organic solar cells based on a new low-bandgap oligothiophene and fullerene C60 Adv. Mater. 18 2006 2872 2875
20. F. Silvestri, M.D. Irwin, L. Beverina, A. Facchetti, G.A. Pagani, and T.J. Marks Efficient squaraine-based solution processable bulk-heterojunction solar cells J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130 2008 17640 17641
21. P.F. Xia, J.P. Lu, C.H. Kwok, H. Fukutani, M.S. Wong, and Y. Tao Synthesis and properties of monodisperse multi-triarylamine-substituted oligothiophenes and 4,7-bis(2′-oligothienyl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazoles for organic solar cell applications J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 47 2008 137 148
22. M. Velusamy, J.-H. Huang, Y.C. Hsu, H.H. Chou, K.C. Ho, P.L. Wu, W.H. Chang, J.T. Lin, and C.W. Chu Dibenzo[f,h]thieno[3,4-b]quinoxaline-based small molecules for efficient bulk-heterojunction solar cells Org. Lett. 11 2009 4898 4901
23. J.A. Mikroyannidis, M.M. Stylianakis, P. Suresh, P. Balraju, and G.D. Sharma Low band gap vinylene compounds with triphenylamine and benzothiadiazole segments for use in photovoltaic cells Org. Electron. 10 2009 1320 1333
24. Y. Liu, X. Wan, B. Yin, J. Zhou, G. Long, S. Yin, and Y. Chen Efficient solution-processed bulk heterojunction solar cells based on donoracceptor oligothiophene J. Mater. Chem. 20 2010 2464 2468
25. W. Zhang, S.C. Tse, J. Lu, Y. Tao, and M.S. Wong Solution processable donoracceptor oligothiophenes for bulk heterojunction solar cells J. Mater. Chem. 20 2010 2182 2189
26. Y. Yang, J. Zhang, Y. Zhou, G. Zhao, C. He, Y. Li, M. Andersson, O. Inganas, F. Zhang, Solution-processable organic molecule with triphenylamine core and two benzothiadiazole-thiophene arms for photovoltaic application, J. Phys. Chem. C 114 (2010) 37013706
27. X. Zhao, C. Piliego, B.S. Kim, D.A. Poulsen, B. Ma, D.A. Unruh, J.M.J. Frechet, Solution-processable crystalline platinum-acetylide oligomers with broadband absorption for photovoltaic cells, Chem. Mater. 22 (2010) 23252332.
28. J. Roncali, P. Leriche, and A. Cravino From one- to three-dimensional organic semiconductors: in search of the organic silicon? Adv. Mater. 19 2007 2045 2060
29. M.T. Lloyd, J.E. Anthony, and G. Malliaras Photovoltaics from soluble small molecules Mater. Today 10 2007 34 41
30. J. Roncali Molecular bulk heterojunctions: an emerging approach to organic solar cells Acc. Chem. Res. 42 2009 1719 1730
31. S. Roquet, R. de Bettignies, P. Leriche, and J. Roncali Three-dimensional tetra(oligothienyl)silanes as donor material for organic solar cells J. Mater. Chem. 16 2006 3040 3045
32. M.T. Lloyd, A.C. Mayer, S. Subramanian, D.A. Mourey, D.J. Herman, A.V. Bapat, J.E. Anthony, A.V. Bapat, J.E. Anthony, and G.G. Malliaras Efficient solution-processed photovoltaic cells based on an anthradithiophene/fullerene blend J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129 2007 9144 9149
33. C. He, Q. He, Y. Yi, G. Wu, C. Yang, F. Bai, Z. Shuai, L. Wang, and Y. Li Improving the efficiency of solution processable organic photovoltaic devices by a star-shaped molecular geometry J. Mater. Chem. 18 2008 4085 4090
34. F. Lincker, N. Delbosc, S. Bailly, R. De Bettignies, M. Billon, A. Ron, and R. Demadrille Fluorenone-based molecules for bulk-heterojunction solar cells: synthesis, characterization, and photovoltaic properties Adv. Funct. Mater. 18 2008 3444 3453
35. N.M. Kronenberg, M. Deppish, F. Wrthner, H.W.A. Ledemann, K. Deing, and K. Meerholz Bulk heterojunction organic solar cells based on merocyanine colorants Chem. Commun. 48 2008 6489 6491
36. B. Walker, A.B. Tamayo, X.-D. Dang, P. Zalar, J.H. Seo, A. Garcia, M. Tantiwiwat, and T.-Q. Nguyen Nanoscale phase separation and high photovoltaic efficiency in solution-processed, small-molecule bulk heterojunction solar cells Adv. Funct. Mater. 19 2009 3063 3069
37. A.B. Tamayo, B. Walker, and T.-Q. Nguyen A low band gap, solution processable oligothiophene with a diketopyrrolopyrrole core for use in organic solar cells J. Phys. Chem. C 112 2008 11545 11551
38. H. Brckstmmer, N.M. Kronenberg, M. Gsnger, M. Stolte, K. Meerholz, and F. Wrthner Tailored merocyanine dyes for solution-processed BHJ solar cells J. Mater. Chem. 20 2010 240 243
39. T. Rousseau, A. Cravino, T. Bura, G. Ulrich, R. Ziessel, and J. Roncali BODIPY derivatives as donor materials for bulk heterojunction solar cells Chem. Commun. 13 2009 1673 1675
40. T. Rousseau, A. Cravino, T. Bura, G. Ulrich, R. Ziessel, and J. Roncali Multi-donor molecular bulk heterojunction solar cells: improving conversion efficiency by synergistic dye combinations J. Mater. Chem. 19 2009 2298 2300
41. J.A. Mikroyannidis, A.N. Kabanakis, A. Kumar, S.S. Sharma, Y.K. Vijay, and G.D. Sharma Synthesis of a low-band-gap small molecule based on acenaphthoquinoxaline for efficient bulk heterojunction solar cells Langmuir 26 2010 12909 12916
42. J.A. Mikroyannidis, P. Suresh, and G.D. Sharma Synthesis of a perylene bisimide with acetonaphthopyrazine dicarbonitrile terminal moieties for photovoltaic applications Synth. Met. 160 2010 932 938
43. J.A. Mikroyannidis, P. Suresh, and G.D. Sharma Synthesis of benzoselenadiazole-based small molecule and phenylenevinylene copolymer and their application for efficient bulk heterojunction solar cells Org. Electron. 11 2010 311 321
44. G.D. Sharma, P. Suresh, J.A. Mikroyannidis, and M.M. Stylianakis Efficient bulk heterojunction devices based on phenylenevinylene small molecule and perylene-pyrene bisimide J. Mater. Chem. 20 2010 561 567
45. J.A. Mikroyannidis, M.M. Stylianakis, P. Suresh, P. Balraju, and G.D. Sharma Low band gap vinylene compounds with triphenylamine and benzothiadiazole segments for use in photovoltaic cells Org. Electron. 10 2009 1320 1333
46. G.D. Sharma, P. Balraju, J.A. Mikroyannidis, and M.M. Stylianakis Bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic devices based on low band gap small molecule BTD-TNP and perylene-anthracene diimide Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 93 2009 2025 2028
47. A. Vig, K. Sirbiladze, H.J. Nagy, P. Aranyosi, I. Rusznk, and P. Sallay The light stability of azo dyes and dyeings V. The impact of the atmosphere on the light stability of dyeings with heterobifunctional reactive azo dyes Dyes Pigm. 71 2006 199 205
48. M.M.M. Raposo, A.M.R.C. Sousa, A.M.C. Fonseca, and G. Kirsch Thienylpyrrole azo dyes: synthesis, solvatochromic and electrochemical properties Tetrahedron 61 2005 8249 8256
49. A.T. Slark, and P.M. Hadgett The effect of specific interactions on dye transport in polymers above the glass transition Polymer 40 1999 4001 4011
50. G. Hallas, and J.H. Choi Synthesis and properties of novel aziridinyl azo dyes from 2-aminothiophenesPart 2: application of some disperse dyes to polyester fibers Dyes Pigm. 40 1998 119 129
51. M.S. Ho, A. Natansohn, and P. Rochon Azo polymers for reversible optical storage. 7. The effect of the size of the photochromic groups Macromolecules 28 1995 6124 6127
52. Y. Nabeshima, A. Shishido, A. Kanazawa, T. Shiono, T. Ikeda, and T. Hiyama Synthesis of novel liquid-crystalline thiophene derivatives and evaluation of their photoresponsive behavior Chem. Mater. 9 1997 1480 1487
53. G. Iftime, F.L. Labarthet, A. Natansohn, P. Rochon, and K. Murti Main chain-containing azo-tetraphenyldiaminobiphenyl photorefractive polymers Chem. Mater. 14 2002 168 174
54. P. Gregory, Aromatic disazo infrared-absorbing dyes, EP 280434, 1988, CAN 110:116654
55. H. Umehara, M. Yanagimachi, Y. Taniguchi, S. Hirose, Optical recording medium using azo compound, JP 08108625, 1996, CAN 125:127897
56. T. Misawa, H. Takuma, Optical recording medium using azo compound, JP 08108625, 1996, CAN 125:127897
57. A.T. Slark, and J.E. Fox The permeability of a diazothiophene dye solute in polymer matrixes above the glass transition Polymer 38 1997 2989 2995
58. S. Matsumoto, T. Yagisawa, S. Matsumoto, K. Shimabukuro, Near-infrared radiation-absorbing polyazo compounds, JP 11269136, 1999, CAN 131:272843
59. R. Hattori, Presensitized lithographic plate containing azo compound giving visible images, JP 11119415, 1999, CAN 130:345070
60. S. Yoshida, Y. Nakamura, S. Takesawa, Electrophotographic toner with improved photofixability containing polyazo compound, developer therefrom, and image-forming method, JP 2005099419, 2005, CAN 142:400497
61. K.R. Millington, K.W. Fincher, and A.L. King Mordant dyes as sensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 91 2007 1618 1630
62. H. Dincalp, S. Yanuz, O. Hakli, C. Zafer, C. zsoy, I. Durucasu, and S. Icli Optical and photovoltaic properties of salicylaldimine-based azo ligands J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 210 2010 8 16
63. J.A. Mikroyannidis, A. Kabanakis, D. Tsagkournos, P. Balraju, and G.D. Sharma Bulk heterojunction solar cells based on a low band gap soluble bisazopyrrole and the corresponding BF2-azopyrrole complex J. Mater. Chem. 20 2010 6464 6471
64. C. Pozo-Gonzalo, J.A. Pomposo, J. Rodriguez, E.Y. Schmidt, A.M. Vasiltsov, N.Y. Zorina, A.V. Ivanov, B.A. Trofimov, A.I. Mikhaleva, and A.B. Zaitsev Synthesis and electrochemical study of narrow band gap conducting polymers based on 2,2′-dipyrroles linked with conjugated aza-spacers Synth. Met. 157 2007 60 65
65. L. Valentini, D. Bagnis, A. Marrocchi, M. Seri, A. Taticchi, and J.M. Kenny Novel anthracene-core molecule for the development of efficient pcbm-based solar cells Chem. Mater. 20 2008 32 34
66. G.D. Sharma, P. Balraju, J.A. Mikroyannidis, and M.M. Stylianakis Bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic devices based on low band gap small molecule BTD-TNP and perylene-anthracene diimide Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 93 2009 2025 2028
67. P.D. Vellis, J.A. Mikroyannidis, D. Bagnis, and L. Valentini New anthracene-containing phenylene- or thienylene-vinylene copolymers: synthesis, characterization, photophysics and photovoltaics J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 113 2009 1173 1181
68. A. Marrocchi, F. Silvestri, M. Seri, A. Facchetti, A. Tatticchia, and T.J. Marks Conjugated anthracene derivatives as donor materials for bulk heterojunction solar cells: olefinic versus acetylenic spacers Chem. Commun. 2009 1380 1382
69. S. Gunes, A. Wild, E. Cevik, A. Pivrikas, U.S. Schubert, and D.A.M. Egbe Effect of shifting of aromatic rings on charge carrier mobility and photovoltaic response of anthracene and thiophene-containing MEH-PPE-PPVs Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 94 2010 484 491
70. D.A.M. Egbe, S. Turk, S. Rathgeber, F. Kuhnlenz, R. Jadhav, A. Wild, E. Birckner, G. Adam, A. Pivrikas, V. Cimrova, G. Knor, N.S. Sariciftci, and H. Hoppe Anthracene based conjugated polymers: correlation between π-π-stacking ability, photophysical properties, charge carrier mobility, and photovoltaic performance Macromolecules 43 2010 1261 1269
71. J.A. Mikroyannidis, P.D. Vellis, S.H. Yang, and C.S. Hsu Synthesis, electroluminescence, and photovoltaic cells of new vinylene-copolymers with 4-(anthracene-10-yl)-2,6-diphenylpyridine segments J Appl. Polym. Sci. 115 2010 731 739
72. H. Adams, R.A. Bawa, K.G. McMillan, and S. Jones Asymmetric control in DielsAlder cycloadditions of chiral 9-aminoanthracenes by relay of stereochemical information Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 18 2007 1003 10012
73. T. Yokomichi, S. Tada, K. Seki, Bis(pyrrolyldiazo)phenylene compounds and their manufacture, Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho (1995) JP 07076572A 19950320.
74. T. Yokomichi, Field-effect transistor containing azo-containing conjugated polymer, Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho (1995) JP 07022670 A 19950124.
75. H. Nishino, Organic electroluminescent device having azo-containing polymer charge-transporting layer, Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho (1994) JP 06346051 A 19941220.
76. S. Tada, Azo-containing photoconducting polymer and electrophotographic photoreceptor using it, Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho (1994) JP 06329792 A 19941129.
77. T. Yokomichi, Nonlinear optical material consisting of azo group-having polymer with high third harmonic generation, Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho (1995) JP 07020514 A 19950124.
78. L.J. Bellamy The infra-red spectra of complex molecules 1975 Chapman and Hall (London), John Wiley & Sons New York p.304
79. H. Rau, in: Photochemistry and Photophysics, J. F. Rabek (Ed.), (Chemical Rubber, Boca Raton) (1990) vol. II, pp. 119141.
80. Q.J. Sun, H.Q. Wang, C.H. Yang, and Y.F. Li Synthesis and electroluminescence of novel copolymers containing crown ether spacers J. Mater. Chem. 13 2003 800 806
81. L. Huo, J. Hou, H.Y. Chen, S. Zhang, Y. Jiang, T.L. Chen, and Y. Yang Bandgap and molecular level control of the low band gap polymers based on 3,6-dithiophen-2yl-2,5-dihydropyrrolo [3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione toward highly efficient polymer solar cells Macromolecules 42 2009 6564 6571
82. A.R. Murphy, and J.M.J. Frechet Organic semiconducting oligomers for use in thin film transistors Chem. Rev. 107 2007 1066 1096
83. C. Kanimozhi, P. Balraju, G.D. Sharma, and S. Patil Synthesis of diketopyrrolopyrrole-containing copolymers: a study of their optical and photovoltaic properties J. Phys. Chem. B 114 2010 3095 3103
84. N.S. Baek, S.K. Hau, H.L. Yip, O. Acton, K.S. Cehn, and A.K.Y. Jen High performance amorphous metalated π-conjugated polymers for field-effect transistors and polymer solar cells Chem. Mater. 20 2008 5734 5736
85. V.D. Mihailetchi, P.W.M. Blom, J.C. Hummelen, and M.T. Rispens Cathode dependence of the open-circuit voltage of polymer:fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells J. Appl. Phys. 94 2003 6849 6854
86. G.G. Malliaras, J.R. Salem, P.J. Brock, and J.C. Scott Photovoltaic measurement of the built-in potential in organic light emitting diodes and photodiodes J. Appl. Phys. 84 1998 1583 1587
87. Y.D. Park, J.H. Cho, D.H. Kim, Y. Jang, H.S. Lee, K. Ihm, T.H. Kang, and K. Cho Energy-level alignment at interfaces between gold and poly(3-hexylthiophene) films with two different molecular structures Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 9 2006 G317 G319
88. K. Vandewal, A. Gadisa, W.D. Oosterbaan, S. Bertho, F. Banishoeib, I. Van Serven, L. Lutsen, T.J. Cleji, D. Vanderzande, and J.V. Manca The relation between open-circuit voltage and the onset of photocurrent generation by charge-transfer absorption in polymer:fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells Adv. Funct. Mater. 18 2008 2064 2070
89. C. He, Q. He, X. Yang, G. Wu, C. Yang, F. Bai, Z. Shuai, L. Wang, and Y. Li Synthesis and photovoltaic properties of a solution-processable organic molecule containing triphenylamine and DCM moieties J. Phys. Chem. C 111 2007 8661 8666
90. K. Li, J. Qu, B. Xu, Y. Zhou, L. Liu, P. Peng, and W. Tian Synthesis and photovoltaic properties of novel solution-processable triphenylamine-based dendrimers with sulfonyldibenzene cores New J. Chem. 33 2009 2120 2127
91. N.S. Sariciflci, L. Smilowitz, A.J. Heeger, and W. Wudl Photoinduced electron transfer from a conducting polymer to buckminsterfullerene Science 258 1992 1474 1476
92. M. Chikamatsu, S. Nagamatsu, Y. Yoshida, K. Satio, and K. Yase Solution processed n-type organic thin film transistors with high field mobility Appl. Phys. Lett. 87 2005 203504/1 203504/3
93. S. Sista, Y. Yao, Y. Yang, M.L. Tang, and Z. Bao Enhancement in open circuit voltage through a cascade-type energy band structure Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 2007 223508/1 223508/3
94. J. Dai, X. Jiang, H. Wang, and D. Yan. Organic photovoltaic cells with near infrared absorption spectrum Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 2007 253503/1 253503/3
95. C. Zhang, S.W. Tong, C. Jiang, E.T. Kang, D.S.H. Chan, and C. Zhu Simple tandem organic photovoltaic cells for improved energy conversion efficiency Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 2008 083310/1 083310/3
96. A.C. Morteani, A.S. Dhoot, J.S. Kim, C. Silva, N.C. Greenham, C. Murphy, E. Moons, S. Cina, J.H. Burroughes, and R.H. Friend Barrier-free electronhole capture in polymer blend heterojunction light-emitting diodes Adv. Mater. 15 2003 1708 1712
97. J. Huang, G. Li, E. Wu, Q. Wu, and Y. Yang Achieving high-efficiency polymer white-light-emitting devices Adv. Mater. 18 2006 114 117
98. H. Kim, M. Shin, and Y. Kim Distinct annealing temperature in polymer:fullerene:polymer ternary blend solar cells J. Phys. Chem. C 113 2009 1620 1623
99. M. Koppe, H.J. Egelhaaf, G. Dennler, M.C. Scharber, C.J. Brabec, P. Schilinsky, C.N. Hoth, Adv. Funct. Mater. 10.1002/afm.200901473.
100. J. Dai, X. Jiang, H. Wang, and D. Yan Organic photovoltaic cells with near infrared absorption spectrum Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 2007 253503/1 253503/3
101. T. Tominaga, K. Hayashi, and N. Toshima Accelerated hole transfer by double-layered metallophthalocyanine thin film for effective electroluminescence Appl. Phys. Lett. 70 1997 762 763