Familial hemiplegic migraine

Danish Medical Bulletin

Volumn 57, Issue 9, 2010, Pages

  Hansen, Jakob Møller ^a  

^a GLOSTRUP UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CALCITONIN GENE RELATED PEPTIDE; CALCITONIN GENE RELATED PEPTIDE RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; CYCLIC AMP; GLUTAMIC ACID; NITRIC OXIDE; SODIUM CHANNEL NAV1.1; CACNA1A PROTEIN, HUMAN; CALCIUM CHANNEL;

ARTICLE; BRAIN ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; CHANNELOPATHY; FAMILIAL HEMIPLEGIC MIGRAINE; GENE MUTATION; HEADACHE; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMAN; IN VIVO STUDY; MIGRAINE AURA; SUPERFICIAL TEMPORAL ARTERY; ADULT; ANIMAL; BRAIN CIRCULATION; CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE MODEL; ECHOENCEPHALOGRAPHY; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; EVOKED RESPONSE; FEMALE; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETICS; MALE; METABOLISM; MIDDLE AGED; MIGRAINE WITH AURA; MUTATION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHENOTYPE; PHYSIOLOGY;

ADULT; ANIMALS; CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE; CALCIUM CHANNELS; CEREBROVASCULAR CIRCULATION; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; ECHOENCEPHALOGRAPHY; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; EVOKED POTENTIALS; FEMALE; GENETIC ASSOCIATION STUDIES; GLUTAMIC ACID; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MIGRAINE WITH AURA; MUTATION; NITRIC OXIDE; PHENOTYPE;

EID: 77957677153     PISSN: 16039629     EISSN: 16039629     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (189)

1. Hansen JM, Thomsen L, Olesen J, Ashina M. Familial hemiplegic migraine type 1 shows no hypersensitivity to nitric oxide. Cephalalgia. 2008;28:496-505
2. Hansen JM, Thomsen L, Marconi R et al. Familial hemiplegic migraine type 2 does not share hypersensitivity to nitric oxide with common types of migraine. Cephalalgia. 2008;28:367-375
3. Hansen JM, Thomsen L, Olesen J, Ashina M. Calcitonin generelated peptide does not cause the familial hemiplegic migraine phenotype. Neurology. 2008;71:841-847
4. Hansen JM., Bolla M., Magis D. et al. Habituation of evoked responses is greater in patients with familial hemiplegic migraine than in controls: a contrast with the common forms of migraine. European Journal of Neurology - IN PRESS. 2010
5. IHS. The International Classification of Headache Disorders: 2nd edition. Cephalalgia. 2004;24 Suppl 1:9-160
6. Pietrobon D. Familial hemiplegic migraine. Neurotherapeutics. 2007;4:274-284
7. Pietrobon D. Migraine: new molecular mechanisms. Neuroscientist. 2005;11:373-386
8. Thomsen LL, Eriksen MK, Roemer SF et al. A populationbased study of familial hemiplegic migraine suggests revised diagnostic criteria. Brain. 2002;125:1379-1391
9. Lipton RB, Stewart WF. Prevalence and impact of migraine. Neurol Clin. 1997;15:1-13
10. Lipton RB, Stewart WF, Diamond S et al. Prevalence and burden of migraine in the United States: data from the American Migraine Study II. Headache. 2001;41:646-657
11. Menken M, Munsat TL, Toole JF. The global burden of disease study: implications for neurology. Arch Neurol. 2000;57:418-420
12. Pop PH, Gierveld CM, Karis HA, Tiedink HG. Epidemiological aspects of headache in a workplace setting and the impact on the economic loss. Eur J Neurol. 2002;9:171-174
13. RB, Stewart WF, Scher AI. Epidemiology and economic impact of migraine. Curr Med Res Opin. 2001;17 Suppl 1:s4-12
14. Wolff H. Headache and other head pain. New York: Oxford University Press, 1963
15. Cutrer M. Pain-sensitive cranial structures: chemical anatomy. In: Silberstein S, Lipton, RB., Dalessio, DJ., ed. Wolff's Headache and Other Head Pain. 7 th. ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001:57-72
16. Cushing H. The sensory distribution of the fifth cranial nerve. Bull Johns Hopk Hosp. 1904;XV:213-232
17. Ray B, Wolff H. Experimental studies on headache. Pain sensitive structures of the head and their significance in headache. Arch Surg. 1940;41:813-856
18. Moskowitz MA, Reinhard JF, Jr., Romero J et al. Neurotransmitters and the fifth cranial nerve: is there a relation to the headache phase of migraine? Lancet. 1979;2:883-885
19. Edvinsson L, Goadsby PJ. Neuropeptides in the cerebral circulation: relevance to headache. Cephalalgia. 1995;15:272-276
20. Liu-Chen LY, Mayberg MR, Moskowitz MA. Immunohistochemical evidence for a substance P-containing trigeminovascular pathway to pial arteries in cats. Brain Res. 1983;268:162-166
21. Hansen JM, Sitarz J, Birk S et al. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide evokes only a minimal headache in healthy volunteers. Cephalalgia. 2006;26:992-1003
22. Rahmann A, Wienecke T, Hansen JM et al. Vasoactive intestinal peptide causes marked cephalic vasodilation, but does not induce migraine. Cephalalgia. 2008;28:226-236
23. Lassen LH, Jacobsen VB, Haderslev PA et al. Involvement of calcitonin gene-related peptide in migraine: regional cerebral blood flow and blood flow velocity in migraine patients. J Headache Pain. 2008;9:151-157
24. Schoonman GG, van der Grond J, Kortmann C et al. Migraine headache is not associated with cerebral or meningeal vasodilatation-- a 3T magnetic resonance angiography study. Brain. 2008;131:2192-2200
25. Weiller C, May A, Limmroth V et al. Brain stem activation inspontaneous human migraine attacks. Nat Med. 1995;1:658-660
26. Afridi SK, Giffin NJ, Kaube H et al. A positron emission tomographic study in spontaneous migraine. Arch Neurol. 2005;62:1270-1275
27. May A, Goadsby PJ. The trigeminovascular system in humans: pathophysiologic implications for primary headache syndromes of the neural influences on the cerebral circulation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1999;19:115-127
28. Goadsby PJ, Edvinsson L, Ekman R. Vasoactive peptide release in the extracerebral circulation of humans during migraine headache. Ann Neurol. 1990;28:183-187
29. Goadsby PJ, Edvinsson L, Ekman R. Release of vasoactive peptides in the extracerebral circulation of humans and the cat during activation of the trigeminovascular system. Ann Neurol. 1988;23:193-196
30. Ebers GC, George AL, Barchi RL et al. Paramyotonia congenital and hyperkalemic periodic paralysis are linked to the adult muscle sodium channel gene. Ann Neurol. 1991;30:810-816
31. Fontaine B, Khurana TS, Hoffman EP et al. Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis and the adult muscle sodium channel alpha-subunit gene. Science. 1990;250:1000-1002
32. Browne DL, Gancher ST, Nutt JG et al. Episodic ataxia/myokymia syndrome is associated with point mutations in the human potassium channel gene, KCNA1. Nat Genet. 1994;8:136-140
33. Steinlein OK, Mulley JC, Propping P et al. A missense mutation in the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha 4 subunit is associated with autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. Nat Genet. 1995;11:201-203
34. Pietrobon D. Calcium channels and channelopathies of the central nervous system. Mol Neurobiol. 2002;25:31-50
35. Lauritzen M. Pathophysiology of the migraine aura. The spreading depression theory. Brain. 1994;117 (Pt 1):199-210
36. Hadjikhani N, Sanchez Del Rio M, Wu O et al. Mechanisms of migraine aura revealed by functional MRI in human visual cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98:4687-4692
37. Liveing E. On megrim, sick headache, and some allied disorders: a contribution to the pathology of nerve storms. London: Churchill, 1873
38. Whitty CW. Familial hemiplegic migraine. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1953;16:172-177
39. Blau JN, Whitty CW. Familial hemiplegic migraine. Lancet. 1955;269:1115-1116
40. Ophoff RA, Terwindt GM, Vergouwe MN et al. Familial hemiplegic migraine and episodic ataxia type-2 are caused by mutations in the Ca2+ channel gene CACNL1A4. Cell. 1996;87:543-552
41. Uchitel OD, Protti DA, Sanchez V et al. P-type voltagedependent calcium channel mediates presynaptic calcium influx and transmitter release in mammalian synapses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992;89:3330-3333
42. Westenbroek RE, Sakurai T, Elliott EM et al. Immunochemical identification and subcellular distribution of the alpha 1A subunits of brain calcium channels. J Neurosci. 1995;15:6403-6418
43. Mintz IM, Sabatini BL, Regehr WG. Calcium control of transmitter release at a cerebellar synapse. Neuron. 1995;15:675-688
44. De Fusco M, Marconi R, Silvestri L et al. Haploinsufficiency of ATP1A2 encoding the Na+/K+ pump alpha2 subunit associated with familial hemiplegic migraine type 2. Nat Genet. 2003;33:192-196
45. Marconi R, De Fusco M, Aridon P et al. Familial hemiplegic migraine type 2 is linked to 0.9Mb region on chromosome 1q23. Ann Neurol. 2003;53:376-381
46. Dichgans M, Freilinger T, Eckstein G et al. Mutation in the neuronal voltage-gated sodium channel SCN1A in familial hemiplegic migraine. Lancet. 2005;366:371-377
47. Vanmolkot KR, Babini E, de Vries B et al. The novel p.L1649Q mutation in the SCN1A epilepsy gene is associated with familial hemiplegic migraine: genetic and functional studies. Hum Mutat. 2007;28:522
48. Thomsen LL, Kirchmann M, Bjornsson A et al. The genetic spectrum of a population-based sample of familial hemiplegic migraine. Brain. 2007;130:346-356
49. Ducros A, Joutel A, Vahedi K et al. Mapping of a second locus for familial hemiplegic migraine to 1q21-q23 and evidence of further heterogeneity. Ann Neurol. 1997;42:885-890
50. Thomsen LL, Olesen J, Russell MB. Increased risk of migraine with typical aura in probands with familial hemiplegic migraine and their relatives. Eur J Neurol. 2003;10:421-427
51. Kirchmann M, Thomsen LL, Olesen J. The CACNA1A and ATP1A2 genes are not involved in dominantly inherited migraine with aura. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2006;141:250-256
52. Netzer C, Todt U, Heinze A et al. Haplotype-based systematic association studies of ATP1A2 in migraine with aura. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2006;141:257-260
53. Jen JC, Kim GW, Dudding KA, Baloh RW. No mutations in CACNA1A and ATP1A2 in probands with common types of migraine. Arch Neurol. 2004;61:926-928
54. Wieser T, Mueller C, Evers S et al. Absence of known familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) mutations in the CACNA1A gene in patients with common migraine: implications for genetic testing. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2003;41:272-275
55. van de Ven RC, Kaja S, Plomp JJ et al. Genetic models of migraine. Arch Neurol. 2007;64:643-646
56. Terwindt GM, Ophoff RA, Haan J et al. Migraine, ataxia and epilepsy: a challenging spectrum of genetically determined calcium channelopathies. Dutch Migraine Genetics Research Group. Eur J Hum Genet. 1998;6:297-307
57. Hillman D, Chen S, Aung TT et al. Localization of P-type calcium channels in the central nervous system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991;88:7076-7080
58. Starr TV, Prystay W, Snutch TP. Primary structure of a calcium channel that is highly expressed in the rat cerebellum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991;88:5621-5625
59. Wu LG, Westenbroek RE, Borst JG et al. Calcium channel types with distinct presynaptic localization couple differentially to transmitter release in single calyx-type synapses. J Neurosci. 1999;19:726-736
60. Hans M, Luvisetto S, Williams ME et al. Functional consequences of mutations in the human alpha1A calcium channel subunit linked to familial hemiplegic migraine. J Neurosci. 1999;19:1610-1619
61. Tottene A, Fellin T, Pagnutti S et al. Familial hemiplegic migraine mutations increase Ca(2+) influx through single human CaV2.1 channels and decrease maximal CaV2.1 current density in neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99:13284-13289
62. Moskowitz MA, Bolay H, Dalkara T. Deciphering migraine mechanisms: clues from familial hemiplegic migraine genotypes. Ann Neurol. 2004;55:276-280
63. Koenderink JB, Zifarelli G, Qiu LY et al. Na,K-ATPase mutations in familial hemiplegic migraine lead to functional inactivation. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005;1669:61-68
64. Capendeguy O, Horisberger JD. Functional effects of Na+,K+- ATPase gene mutations linked to familial hemiplegic migraine. Neuromolecular Med. 2004;6:105-116
65. Vanmolkot KR, Stroink H, Koenderink JB et al. Severe episodic neurological deficits and permanent mental retardation in a child with a novel FHM2 ATP1A2 mutation. Ann Neurol. 2006;59:310-314
66. Jen JC, Klein A, Boltshauser E et al. Prolonged hemiplegic episodes in children due to mutations in ATP1A2. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78:523-526
67. Bassi MT, Bresolin N, Tonelli A et al. A novel mutation in the ATP1A2 gene causes alternating hemiplegia of childhood. J Med Genet. 2004;41:621-628
68. Vanmolkot KR, Kors EE, Turk U et al. Two de novo mutations in the Na,K-ATPase gene ATP1A2 associated with pure familial hemiplegic migraine. Eur J Hum Genet. 2006;14:555-560
69. Segall L, Mezzetti A, Scanzano R et al. Alterations in the alpha2 isoform of Na,K-ATPase associated with familial hemiplegic migraine type 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102:11106-11111
70. Segall L, Scanzano R, Kaunisto MA et al. Kinetic alterations due to a missense mutation in the Na,K-ATPase alpha2 subunit cause familial hemiplegic migraine type 2. J Biol Chem. 2004;279:43692-43696
71. Whitaker WR, Clare JJ, Powell AJ et al. Distribution of voltage-gated sodium channel alpha-subunit and beta-subunit mRNAs in human hippocampal formation, cortex, and cerebellum. J Comp Neurol. 2000;422:123-139
72. Escayg A, MacDonald BT, Meisler MH et al. Mutations of SCN1A, encoding a neuronal sodium channel, in two families with GEFS+2. Nat Genet. 2000;24:343-345
73. Meisler MH, Kearney JA. Sodium channel mutations in epilepsy and other neurological disorders. J Clin Invest. 2005;115:2010-2017
74. Cestele S, Scalmani P, Rusconi R et al. Self-limited hyperexcitability: functional effect of a familial hemiplegic migraine mutation of the Nav1.1 (SCN1A) Na+ channel. J Neurosci. 2008;28:7273-7283
75. Kahlig KM, Rhodes TH, Pusch M et al. Divergent sodium channel defects in familial hemiplegic migraine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105:9799-9804
76. Friberg L, Olsen TS, Roland PE, Lassen NA. Focal ischaemia caused by instability of cerebrovascular tone during attacks of hemiplegic migraine. A regional cerebral blood flow study. Brain. 1987;110 (Pt 4):917-934
77. Sanchez del Rio M, Bakker D, Wu O et al. Perfusion weighted imaging during migraine: spontaneous visual aura and headache. Cephalalgia. 1999;19:701-707
78. Olesen J, Larsen B, Lauritzen M. Focal hyperemia followed by spreading oligemia and impaired activation of rCBF in classic migraine. Ann Neurol. 1981;9:344-352
79. Lauritzen M, Olesen J. Regional cerebral blood flow during migraine attacks by Xenon-133 inhalation and emission tomography. Brain. 1984;107 (Pt 2):447-461
80. Moskowitz MA, Nozaki K, Kraig RP. Neocortical spreading depression provokes the expression of c-fos protein-like immunoreactivity within trigeminal nucleus caudalis via trigeminovascular mechanisms. J Neurosci. 1993;13:1167-1177
81. Kunkler PE, Kraig RP. Hippocampal spreading depression bilaterally activates the caudal trigeminal nucleus in rodents. Hippocampus. 2003;13:835-844
82. Bolay H, Reuter U, Dunn AK et al. Intrinsic brain activity triggers trigeminal meningeal afferents in a migraine model. Nat Med. 2002;8:136-142
83. van den Maagdenberg AM, Pietrobon D, Pizzorusso T et al. A Cacna1a knockin migraine mouse model with increased susceptibility to cortical spreading depression. Neuron. 2004;41:701-710
84. Abe K, Saito H. Involvement of Na+-K+ pump in L-glutamate clearance by cultured rat cortical astrocytes. Biol Pharm Bull. 2000;23:1051-1054
85. Cholet N, Pellerin L, Magistretti PJ, Hamel E. Similar perisynaptic glial localization for the Na+,K+-ATPase alpha 2 subunit and the glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT-1 in the rat somatosensory cortex. Cereb Cortex. 2002;12:515-525
86. Wessman M, Terwindt GM, Kaunisto MA et al. Migraine: Am complex genetic disorder. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6:521-532
87. Wessman M, Kaunisto MA, Kallela M, Palotie A. The molecular genetics of migraine. Ann Med. 2004;36:462-473
88. Arulmani U, Gupta S, Maassenvandenbrink A et al. Experimental migraine models and their relevance in migraine therapy. Cephalalgia. 2006;26:642-659
89. Iversen HK. Human migraine models. Cephalalgia. 2001;21:781-785
90. Olesen J, Thomsen LL, Lassen LH, Olesen IJ. The nitric oxide hypothesis of migraine and other vascular headaches. Cephalalgia. 1995;15:94-100
91. Edvinsson L, Fredholm BB, Hamel E et al. Perivascular peptides relax cerebral arteries concomitant with stimulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate accumulation or release of an endothelium-derived relaxing factor in the cat. Neurosci Lett. 1985;58:213-217
92. Lassen LH, Ashina M, Christiansen I et al. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition in migraine. Lancet. 1997;349:401-402
93. Ho TW, Ferrari MD, Dodick DW et al. Efficacy and tolerability of MK-0974 (telcagepant), a new oral antagonist of calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor, compared with zolmitriptan for acute migraine: a randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel-treatment trial. Lancet. 2008;372:2115-2123
94. Olesen J, Iversen HK, Thomsen LL. Nitric oxide supersensitivity: a possible molecular mechanism of migraine pain. Neuroreport. 1993;4:1027-1030
95. Thomsen LL KC, Iversen HK, Olesen J. A nitric oxide donor (nitroglycerin) triggers genuine migraine attacks. European Journal of Neurology. 1994;1:73-80
96. Iversen HK, Olesen J. Nitroglycerin-induced headache is not dependent on histamine release: support for a direct nociceptive action of nitric oxide. Cephalalgia. 1994;14:437-442
97. Kruuse C, Thomsen LL, Birk S, Olesen J. Migraine can be induced by sildenafil without changes in middle cerebral artery diameter. Brain. 2003;126:241-247
98. Rosenfeld MG, Mermod JJ, Amara SG et al. Production of a novel neuropeptide encoded by the calcitonin gene via tissue-specific RNA processing. Nature. 1983;304:129-135
99. Jansen I, Mortensen A, Edvinsson L. Characterization of calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors in human cerebral vessels. Vasomotor responses and cAMP accumulation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1992;657:435-440
100. Jansen-Olesen I, Mortensen A, Edvinsson L. Calcitonin generelated peptide is released from capsaicin-sensitive nerve fibres and induces vasodilatation of human cerebral arteries concomitant with activation of adenylyl cyclase. Cephalalgia. 1996;16:310-316
101. Lassen LH, Haderslev PA, Jacobsen VB et al. CGRP may play a causative role in migraine. Cephalalgia. 2002;22:54-61
102. Tvedskov JF, Lipka K, Ashina M et al. No increase of calcitonin gene-related peptide in jugular blood during migraine. Ann Neurol. 2005;58:561-568
103. Birk S, Kruuse C, Petersen KA et al. The headache-inducing effect of cilostazol in human volunteers. Cephalalgia. 2006;26:1304-1309
104. Lykke Thomsen L, Kirchmann Eriksen M, Faerch Romer S et al. An epidemiological survey of hemiplegic migraine. Cephalalgia. 2002;22:361-375
105. Kors EE, Haan J, Giffin NJ et al. Expanding the phenotypic spectrum of the CACNA1A gene T666M mutation: a description of 5 families with familial hemiplegic migraine. Arch Neurol. 2003;60:684-688
106. Ducros A, Denier C, Joutel A et al. Recurrence of the T666M calcium channel CACNA1A gene mutation in familial hemiplegic migraine with progressive cerebellar ataxia. Am J Hum Genet. 1999;64:89-98
107. Ducros A, Denier C, Joutel A et al. The clinical spectrum of familial hemiplegic migraine associated with mutations in a neuronal calcium channel. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:17-24
108. Terwindt G, Kors E, Haan J et al. Mutation analysis of the CACNA1A calcium channel subunit gene in 27 patients with sporadic hemiplegic migraine. Arch Neurol. 2002;59:1016-1018
109. Battistini S, Stenirri S, Piatti M et al. A new CACNA1A gene mutation in acetazolamide-responsive familial hemiplegic migraine and ataxia. Neurology. 1999;53:38-43
110. Iversen HK, Holm S, Friberg L, Tfelt-Hansen P. Intracranial hemodynamics during intravenous infusion of glyceryl trinitrate. J Headache Pain. 2008;9:177-180
111. Lassen LH, Jacobsen VB, Haderslev PA et al. Involvement of calcitonin gene-related peptide in migraine: regional cerebral blood flow and blood flow velocity in migraine patients. J Headache Pain. 2008
112. Thomsen LL AM, Iversen HK, Olesen J, ed. Middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity increases during experimental pressure pain in the head. New York: Raven Press, 1995
113. Thomsen LL, Iversen HK. Experimental and biological variation of three-dimensional transcranial Doppler measurements. J Appl Physiol. 1993;75:2805-2810
114. Hansen J, Pedersen D, Larsen VA et al. Magnetic resonance angiography shows dilatation of the middle cerebral artery after infusion of glyceryl trinitrate in healthy volunteers. Cephalalgia. 2007;27:118-127
115. Iversen HK, Nielsen TH, Olesen J, Tfelt-Hansen P. Arterial responses during migraine headache. Lancet. 1990;336:837-839
116. Matthews JN, Altman DG, Campbell MJ, Royston P. Analysis of serial measurements in medical research. Bmj. 1990;300:230-235
117. Afridi SK, Kaube H, Goadsby PJ. Glyceryl trinitrate triggers premonitory symptoms in migraineurs. Pain. 2004;110:675-680
118. Afridi SK, Matharu MS, Lee L et al. A PET study exploring the laterality of brainstem activation in migraine using glyceryl trinitrate. Brain. 2005;128:932-939
119. Christiansen I, Thomsen LL, Daugaard D et al. Glyceryl trinitrate induces attacks of migraine without aura in sufferers of migraine with aura. Cephalalgia. 1999;19:660-667; discussion 626
120. Altman DG. Statistics in practice. London: British Medical Journal, 1982:6-8
121. Petersen KA, Lassen LH, Birk S et al. BIBN4096BS antagonizes human alpha-calcitonin gene related peptide-induced headache and extracerebral artery dilatation. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2005;77:202-213
122. Schoenen J, Ambrosini A, Sandor PS, Maertens de Noordhout A. Evoked potentials and transcranial magnetic stimulation in migraine: published data and viewpoint on their pathophysiologic significance. Clin Neurophysiol. 2003;114:955-972
123. Katsarava Z, Giffin N, Diener HC, Kaube H. Abnormal habituation of 'nociceptive' blink reflex in migraine--evidence for increased excitability of trigeminal nociception. Cephalalgia. 2003;23:814-819
124. Di Clemente L, Coppola G, Magis D et al. Interictal habituation deficit of the nociceptive blink reflex: an endophenotypic marker for presymptomatic migraine? Brain. 2007;130:765-770
125. Esteban A. A neurophysiological approach to brainstem reflexes. Blink reflex. Neurophysiol Clin. 1999;29:7-38
126. Di Clemente L, Coppola G, Magis D et al. Nociceptive blink reflex and visual evoked potential habituations are correlated in migraine. Headache. 2005;45:1388-1393
127. Iversen HK, Olesen J, Tfelt-Hansen P. Intravenous nitroglycerin as an experimental model of vascular headache. Basic characteristics. Pain. 1989;38:17-24
128. Bellantonio P, Micieli G, Buzzi MG et al. Haemodynamic correlates of early and delayed responses to sublingual administration of isosorbide dinitrate in migraine patients: a transcranial Doppler study. Cephalalgia. 1997;17:183-187
129. Leao AAP. Spreading depression of activity in the cerebral cortex. J Neurophysiol. 1944;7:359-390
130. Milner PM. Note on a possible correspondence between the scotomas of migraine and spreading depression of Leao. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl. 1958;10:705
131. Lauritzen M, Skyhoj Olsen T, Lassen NA, Paulson OB. Changes in regional cerebral blood flow during the course of classic migraine attacks. Ann Neurol. 1983;13:633-641
132. Olesen J, Friberg L, Olsen TS et al. Timing and topography of cerebral blood flow, aura, and headache during migraine attacks. Ann Neurol. 1990;28:791-798
133. Fabricius M, Akgoren N, Lauritzen M. Arginine-nitric oxide pathway and cerebrovascular regulation in cortical spreading depression. Am J Physiol. 1995;269:H23-29
134. Read SJ, Smith MI, Hunter AJ, Parsons AA. Enhanced nitric oxide release during cortical spreading depression following infusion of glyceryl trinitrate in the anaesthetized cat. Cephalalgia. 1997;17:159-165
135. Petzold GC, Scheibe F, Braun JS et al. Nitric oxide modulates calcium entry through P/Q-type calcium channels and Nmethyl-d-aspartate receptors in rat cortical neurons. Brain Res. 2005;1063:9-14
136. Akgoren N, Fabricius M, Lauritzen M. Importance of nitric oxide for local increases of blood flow in rat cerebellar cortex during electrical stimulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994;91:5903-5907
137. Read SJ, Hirst WD, Upton N, Parsons AA. Cortical spreading depression produces increased cGMP levels in cortex and brain stem that is inhibited by tonabersat (SB-220453) but not sumatriptan. Brain Res. 2001;891:69-77
138. Sances G, Tassorelli C, Pucci E et al. Reliability of the nitroglycerin provocative test in the diagnosis of neurovascular headaches. Cephalalgia. 2004;24:110-119
139. Kruuse C, Lassen LH, Iversen HK et al. Dipyridamole may induce migraine in patients with migraine without aura. Cephalalgia. 2006;26:925-933
140. Nichols FT, 3rd, Mawad M, Mohr JP et al. Focal headache during balloon inflation in the internal carotid and middle cerebral arteries. Stroke. 1990;21:555-559
141. LL, Iversen HK, Brinck TA, Olesen J. Arterial supersensitivity to nitric oxide (nitroglycerin) in migraine sufferers. Cephalalgia. 1993;13:395-399; discussion 376
142. Iversen HK, Olesen J. Headache induced by a nitric oxide donor (nitroglycerin) responds to sumatriptan. A human model for development of migraine drugs. Cephalalgia. 1996;16:412-418
143. Kraus RL, Sinnegger MJ, Koschak A et al. Three new familial hemiplegic migraine mutants affect P/Q-type Ca(2+) channel kinetics. J Biol Chem. 2000;275:9239-9243
144. Luvisetto S, Marinelli S, Panasiti MS et al. Pain sensitivity in mice lacking the Ca(v)2.1alpha(1) subunit of P/Q-type Ca(2+) channels. Neuroscience. 2006;142:823-832
145. Balestrino M, Young J, Aitken P. Block of (Na+,K+)ATPase with ouabain induces spreading depression-like depolarization in hippocampal slices. Brain Res. 1999;838:37-44
146. Ellis DZ, Nathanson JA, Sweadner KJ. Carbachol inhibits Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity in choroid plexus via stimulation of the NO/cGMP pathway. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2000;279:C1685-1693
147. Sato T, Kamata Y, Irifune M, Nishikawa T. Inhibition of purified (Na+,K+)-ATPase activity from porcine cerebral cortex by NO generating drugs. Brain Res. 1995;704:117-120
148. Ashina M, Bendtsen L, Jensen R, Olesen J. Nitric oxideinduced headache in patients with chronic tension-type headache. Brain. 2000;123 (Pt 9):1830-1837
149. Arulmani U, Maassenvandenbrink A, Villalon CM, Saxena PR. Calcitonin gene-related peptide and its role in migraine pathophysiology. Eur J Pharmacol. 2004;500:315-330
150. Storer RJ, Akerman S, Goadsby PJ. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) modulates nociceptive trigeminovascular transmission in the cat. Br J Pharmacol. 2004;142:1171-1181
151. Petersen KA, Nilsson E, Olesen J, Edvinsson L. Presence and function of the calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor on rat pial arteries investigated in vitro and in vivo. Cephalalgia. 2005;25:424-432
152. Olesen J, Diener HC, Husstedt IW et al. Calcitonin generelated peptide receptor antagonist BIBN 4096 BS for the acute treatment of migraine. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1104-1110
153. Ho TW, Mannix LK, Fan X et al. Randomized controlled trial of an oral CGRP receptor antagonist, MK-0974, in acute treatment of migraine. Neurology. 2008;70:1304-1312
154. Dreier JP, Kleeberg J, Petzold G et al. Endothelin-1 potently induces Leao's cortical spreading depression in vivo in the rat: a model for an endothelial trigger of migrainous aura? Brain. 2002;125:102-112
155. Kleeberg J, Petzold GC, Major S et al. ET-1 induces cortical spreading depression via activation of the ETA receptor/phospholipase C pathway in vivo. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2004;286:H1339-1346
156. Drissi H, Lasmoles F, Le Mellay V et al. Activation of phospholipase C-beta1 via Galphaq/11 during calcium mobilization by calcitonin gene-related peptide. J Biol Chem. 1998;273:20168-20174
157. Salmon AM, Damaj MI, Marubio LM et al. Altered neuroadaptation in opiate dependence and neurogenic inflammatory nociception in alpha CGRP-deficient mice. Nat Neurosci. 2001;4:357-358
158. T, Zervas NT, Moskowitz MA. From spreading depression to the trigeminovascular system. Neurol Sci. 2006;27 Suppl 2:S86-90
159. Mogil JS, Miermeister F, Seifert F et al. Variable sensitivity to noxious heat is mediated by differential expression of the CGRP gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102:12938-12943
160. Levy D, Burstein R, Strassman AM. Calcitonin gene-related peptide does not excite or sensitize meningeal nociceptors: implications for the pathophysiology of migraine. Ann Neurol. 2005;58:698-705
161. Aurora SK, Ahmad BK, Welch KM et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation confirms hyperexcitability of occipital cortex in migraine. Neurology. 1998;50:1111-1114
162. Bohotin V, Fumal A, Vandenheede M et al. Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on visual evoked potentials in migraine. Brain. 2002;125:912-922
163. Estevez M, Gardner KL. Update on the genetics of migraine. Hum Genet. 2004;114:225-235
164. Zhuchenko O, Bailey J, Bonnen P et al. Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (SCA6) associated with small polyglutamine expansions in the alpha 1A-voltage-dependent calcium channel. Nat Genet. 1997;15:62-69
165. Yue Q, Jen JC, Nelson SF, Baloh RW. Progressive ataxia due to a missense mutation in a calcium-channel gene. Am J Hum Genet. 1997;61:1078-1087
166. Geschwind DH, Perlman S, Figueroa KP et al. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6. Frequency of the mutation and genotypephenotype correlations. Neurology. 1997;49:1247-1251
167. Jen JC, Yue Q, Karrim J et al. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 with positional vertigo and acetazolamide responsive episodic ataxia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;65:565-568
168. Jen J, Yue Q, Nelson SF et al. A novel nonsense mutation in CACNA1A causes episodic ataxia and hemiplegia. Neurology. 1999;53:34-37
169. Alonso I, Barros J, Tuna A et al. Phenotypes of spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 and familial hemiplegic migraine caused by a unique CACNA1A missense mutation in patients from a large family. Arch Neurol. 2003;60:610-614
170. Vanmolkot KR, Kors EE, Hottenga JJ et al. Novel mutations in the Na+, K+-ATPase pump gene ATP1A2 associated with familial hemiplegic migraine and benign familial infantile convulsions. Ann Neurol. 2003;54:360-366
171. Deprez L WS, Peeters K, Deconinck T, Claeys KG, Claes LR, Suls A, Van Dyck T, Palmini A, Matthijs G, Van Paesschen W, De Jonghe P. Epilepsy as part of the phenotype associated with ATP1A2 mutations. Epilepsia. 2008;49:500-508
172. Denier C, Ducros A, Durr A et al. Missense CACNA1A mutation causing episodic ataxia type 2. Arch Neurol. 2001;58:292-295
173. Guidetti D, Casali B, Mazzei RL, Dotti MT. Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2006;28:271-277
174. Montagna P, Gallassi R, Medori R et al. MELAS syndrome: characteristic migrainous and epileptic features and maternal transmission. Neurology. 1988;38:751-754
175. Dichgans M, Mayer M, Uttner I et al. The phenotypic spectrum of CADASIL: clinical findings in 102 cases. Ann Neurol. 1998;44:731-739
176. Hutchinson M, O'Riordan J, Javed M et al. Familial hemiplegic migraine and autosomal dominant arteriopathy with leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL). Ann Neurol. 1995;38:817-824
177. Montagna P. The primary headaches: genetics, epigenetics and a behavioural genetic model. J Headache Pain. 2008;9:57-69
178. Rao DS, Infeld MD, Stern RC, Chelimsky TC. Cough-induced hemiplegic migraine with impaired consciousness in cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2006;41:171-176
179. Goadsby PJ, Lipton RB, Ferrari MD. Migraine--current understanding and treatment. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:257-270
180. Klapper J, Mathew N, Nett R. Triptans in the treatment of basilar migraine and migraine with prolonged aura. Headache. 2001;41:981-984
181. Artto V, Nissila M, Wessman M et al. Treatment of hemiplegic migraine with triptans. Eur J Neurol. 2007;14:1053-1056
182. Petersen KA, Birk S, Lassen LH et al. The CGRP-antagonist, BIBN4096BS does not affect cerebral or systemic haemodynamics in healthy volunteers. Cephalalgia. 2005;25:139-147
183. Todt U, Dichgans M, Jurkat-Rott K et al. Rare missense variants in ATP1A2 in families with clustering of common forms of migraine. Hum Mutat. 2005;26:315-321
184. Wada T, Kobayashi N, Takahashi Y et al. Wide clinical variability in a family with a CACNA1A T666m mutation: hemiplegic migraine, coma, and progressive ataxia. Pediatr Neurol. 2002;26:47-50
185. Thomsen LL KEM, Faerch Romer S, Andersen I, Ostergaard E, Keiding N, Olesen J, Russell MB. An epidemiological survey of hemiplegic migraine. Cephalalgia. 2002;Vol. 22:361-375
186. de Vries B, Freilinger T, Vanmolkot KR et al. Systematic analysis of three FHM genes in 39 sporadic patients with hemiplegic migraine. Neurology. 2007;69:2170-2176
187. Carrera P, Stenirri S, Ferrari M, Battistini S. Familial hemiplegic migraine: a ion channel disorder. Brain Res Bull. 2001;56:239-241
188. Thomsen LL, Ostergaard E, Olesen J, Russell MB. Evidence for a separate type of migraine with aura: sporadic hemiplegic migraine. Neurology. 2003;60:595-601
189. Thomsen LL, Oestergaard E, Bjornsson A et al. Screen for CACNA1A and ATP1A2 mutations in sporadic hemiplegic migraine patients. Cephalalgia. 2008;28:914-921