"A job interview for Mo, but none for Mohammed": Religious discrimination against immigrants in Austria and Germany

Personnel Review

Volumn 39, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 767-784

  Forstenlechner, Ingo ^a   Al Waqfi, Mohammed A ^a  

^a UNITED ARAB EMIRATES UNIVERSITY   (United Arab Emirates)

Author keywords

Austria; Discrimination; Employees; Germany; Perception; Religion

Indexed keywords

EID: 77957101089     PISSN: 00483486     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/00483481011075602     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Alderfer, C.P. and Smith, K.K. (1982), "Studying intergroup relations embedded in organizations" in Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 5-65.
2. Alderfer, C.P., Alderfer, C.J., Tucker, L. and Tucker, R. (1980), "Diagnosing race relations in management" in Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 135-66.
3. Al Waqfi, M. and Jain, H. (2007), "Racial discrimination in employment: assessment of theories and an integrative approach", Poster session presented at the Academy of Management Conference, Seattle, WA.
4. American-Arab Anti-discrimination Committee (2003), Report on Hate Crimes and Discrimination against Arab Americans: the Post September 11 Backlash, September 11, 2001-October 11, 2002, American-Arab Anti-discrimination Committee, Washington, DC.
5. Blackburn, R. (2008), "What is social inequality?" in International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Vol. 28, No. 7, pp. 250-9.
6. Branscombe, N.R., Schmitt, M.T. and Harvey, R.D. (1999), "Perceiving pervasive discrimination among African-Americans: implications for group identification and well-being" in Journal of Personality and social Psychology, Vol. 77, No. 1, pp. 135-49.
7. Brecheen, M. and Kleiner, B. (2000), "New developments concerning religious discrimination" in Equal Opportunities International, Vol. 19, Nos 6/7, pp. 70-4.
8. Byng, M.D. (2008), "Complex inequalities: the case of Muslim Americans after 9/11" in American Behavioural Scientist, Vol. 51, No. 5, pp. 659-74.
9. Chiswick, B.R. (1983), "The earnings and human capital of American Jews" in Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 18, Summer, pp. 313-35.
10. Constantine, M.G., Erikson, C.D., Banks, R.W. and Timberlake, T.L. (1998), "Challenges to the career development of urban racial and ethnic minority youth: implications for vocational intervention" in Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 83-95.
11. Cradden, T. (1993), "Trade unionism, social justice, and religious discrimination in Northern Ireland" in Industrial Labor Relations Review, Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 480-98.
12. Crocker, J. and Major, B. (1989), "Social stigma and self-esteem: the self-protective properties of stigma" in Psychological Review, Vol. 96, No. 4, pp. 608-30.
13. Davila, A. and Mora, M.T. (2005), "Changes in the earnings of Arab men in the United States between 2000 and 2002" in Journal of Population Economics, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 587-601.
14. Dawkins, R. (2006), The God Delusion, Houghton Mifflin, New York, NY.
15. Denzin, N.K. and Lincoln, Y.S. (2003), The Landscape of Qualitative Research: Theories and Issues, 2nd ed., Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
16. Dingley, J. and Morgan, J. (2005), "Job discrimination in Northern Ireland and the law in relation to the theory of ethnic nationalism" in National Identities, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 51-77.
17. Directorate General for Employment, S.A.a.E.O.o.t.E.C. (2009), Equality in Action, European Commission, Brussels.
18. Dovidio, J.F. (2001), "On the nature of contemporary prejudice: the third wave" in Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 57, No. 4, pp. 829-49.
19. Dovidio, J.F. and Gaertner, S.L. (1991), "Changes in the expression and assessment of racial prejudice, opening doors: perspectives on race relations in contemporary America" Knopke, R.J.N.H.J. and Rogers, R.W. (Eds.), Opening Doors: Perspectives on Race Relations in Contemporary America, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, AL.
20. Dumont, J.C. and Lemaitre, G. (2005), "Counting immigrants and expatriates in OECD countries: a new perspective" in OECD Economic studies, Vol. 1, pp. 53-90.
21. Elmslie, B. and Sedo, S. (1996), "Discrimination, social psychology, and hysteresis in labor markets" in Journal of Economic Psychology, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 465-78.
22. Ensher, E.A., Grant-Vallone, E.J. and Donaldson, S.I. (2001), "The effects of preceived discrimination on job satisfaction, organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, and grievances" in Human Resource Development Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 53-72.
23. Essed, P. (1991), Understanding Everyday Racism, Sage, Newbury Park, CA.
24. European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (2006a), Muslims in the European Union - Discrimination and Islamophobia, European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia, Vienna.
25. European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (2006b), Perceptions of Discrimination and Islamophobia - Voices from Members of Muslim Communities on the European Union, European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia, Vienna.
26. Ewing, B.T. (2000), "The wage effects of being raised in the Catholic religion: does religion matter?" in The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Vol. 59, No. 3, pp. 419-32.
27. Feagan, J.R. (1991), "The continuing significance of race: anti-Black discrimination in public places" in American Sociological Review, Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 101-16.
28. Fiske, S.T. (1998), "Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination" Gilbert, D.T., Fiske, S.T. and Lindzey, G. (Eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
29. Ghumman, S. and Jackson, L. (2008), "Between a cross and a hard place: religious identifiers and employability" in Journal of Workplace Rights, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 259-79.
30. Goldman, B.M., Gutek, B.A., Stein, J.H. and Lewis, K. (2006), "Employment discrimination in organizations: antecedents and consequences" in Journal of Management, Vol. 32, No. 6, pp. 786-830.
31. Grisham, J.G. (2006), "Religion at work: balancing the rights of employees and employers" in Tennessee BAR Journal, September, pp. 14-22.
32. Gutek, B., Cohen, A. and Tsui, A. (1996), "Reactions to perceived sex discrimination" in Human Relations, Vol. 49, No. 6, pp. 791-813.
33. Hamberger, J. and Hewstone, M. (1997), "Inter-ethnic contacts as a predictor of blatant and subtle prejudice: test of a model in four West European nations" in British Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 173-90.
34. Harris, M.M., Lievens, F. and Van Hoye, G. (2004), "I think they discriminated against me: using prototype theory and organizational justice theory for understanding perceived discrimination in selection and promotion decisions" in International Journal of Selection and Assessment, Vol. 12, Nos 1/2, pp. 54-65.
35. Huang, C. and Kleiner, B. (2001), "New developments concerning religious discrimination in the workplace" in International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Vol. 21, Nos 8/9, pp. 128-36.
36. Human Rights Watch (2002), We Are Not the Enemy: Hate Crimes against Arabs, Muslims, and Those Perceived to be Arabs or Muslims after September 11, Human Rights Watch, New York, NY.
37. Jasinskaja-Lahti, I., Liebkind, K. and Perhoniemi, R. (2007), "Perceived ethnic discrimination at work and well-being of immigrants in Finland: the moderating role of employment status and work-specific group-level control beliefs" in International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 223-342.
38. Kanter, R. (1977), Men and Women of the Corporation, Basic Books, New York, NY.
39. Kaushal, N., Kaestner, R. and Reimers, C. (2006), "Labor market effects of September 11th on Arab and Muslim residents of the United States" in The Journal of Human Resources, Vol. XLII, No. 2, pp. 275-304.
40. Levitin, T., Quinn, R.R. and Staines, G.L. (1971), "Sex discrimination against the American working woman" in American Behavioural Scientist, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 238-54.
41. Major, B. and O'Brian, L.T. (2005), "The social psychology of stigma" in Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 393-421.
42. Mays, V.M., Coleman, L.M. and Jackson, J.S. (1996), "Perceived race-based discrimination, employment status, and job stress in a national sample of Black women: implications for health outcomes" in Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 319-29.
43. Meng, R. and Sentance, J. (1984), "Religion and the determination of earnings: further results" in Canadian Journal of Economics, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 481-8.
44. Miller, C.T. and Kaiser, C.R. (2001), "A theoretical perspective on coping with stigma" in Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 73-92.
45. Noh, S., Beiser, M., Kaspar, V., Hou, V. and Rummens, J. (1999), "Perceived racial discrimination, depression, and coping: a study of Southeast Asian refugees in Canada" in Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Vol. 40, September, pp. 193-207.
46. Pager, D. (2007), "The use of field experiments for studies of employment discrimination: contributions, critiques, and directions for the future" in The Annals of the American Academy, No. 609, pp. 104-33.
47. Pauly, R.J. Jr (2004), Islam in Europe: Integration or Marginalization?, Ashgate, Burlington, VT.
48. Pettigrew, T.F. (1998), "Reactions towards the new minorities of Western Europe" in Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 24, No. 11, pp. 77-103.
49. Sanchez, J.I. and Brock, P. (1996), "Outcomes of perceived discrimination among Hispanic employees: is diversity management a luxury or a necessity?" in Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 704-19.
50. Schmitt, M.T. and Branscombe, N.R. (2002), "The meaning and consequences of perceived discrimination in disadvantaged and privileged social groups" Stroebe, W. and Hewstone, M. (Eds.), European Review of Social Psychology, Wiley, Chichester.
51. Selim, S. (2007), "What does your name say about you? The Eighth Circuit undercuts name association discrimination claims in Eeoc v. Trans States Airlines" in Berkeley Journal of Employment & Labor Law, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 607-16.
52. Steel, C.M. (1997), "Threat in the air: how stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance" in American Psychologist, Vol. 52, No. 6, pp. 613-29.
53. Steen, T. (1996), "Religion and earnings: evidence from the NLS Youth Cohort" in International Journal of Social Economics, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 47-58.
54. Stephan, W.G. and Stephan, C.W. (2000), "An integrated threat theory of prejudice" Oskamp, S. (Ed.), Clarement Symposium on Applied Social Psychology, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
55. Strauss, A. and Corbin, J. (1990), Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.
56. Tajfel, H. (1969), "Cognitive aspects of prejudice" in Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 79-97.
57. Tajfel, H. (1978), Differentiation between Social Groups: Studies in the Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, Academic Press, London.
58. Tajfel, H. (1982), Social Identity and Intergroup Relations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
59. Tajfel, H. and Turner, J.C. (1986), "The social identity theory of intergroup behavior" Austin, S.W.W.G. (Ed.), Psychology of Intergroup Relations, Nelson-Hall, Chicago, IL.
60. Tajfel, H., Billig, M.G., Bundy, R.P. and Flament, C. (1971), "Social categorization and intergroup behavior" in European Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 149-78.
61. Thomas, D.A. and Alderfer, C.P. (1989), "The influence of race and career dynamics: theory and research on minority career experiences" Arthur, M.B., Hall, D.T. and Lawrence, B.S. (Eds.), Handbook of Career Theory, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
62. Tomes, N. (1985), "Religion and earnings function" in American Economic Review, Vol. 75, No. 2, pp. 245-50.
63. Warner, R.S. (1998), "Immigration and religious communities in the United States" Warner, R.S. and Wittner, J.G. (Eds.), Gathering in the Diaspora: Religious Communities and the New Immigration, Temple University Press, Philadelphia, PA.
64. Zivilcourage und Anti Rassismus Arbeit (ZARA) (2006), Racism Report 2006 Case Report on Racist Incidents and Structures in Austria, ZARA, Wien.