Consensus statement "dementia 2010" of the Austrian Alzheimer Society;Konsensusstatement "demenz 2010" der ÖSterreichischen Alzheimer Gesellschaft

Neuropsychiatrie

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 67-87

  Schmidt, Reinhold ^a   Marksteiner, J ^b   Dal Bianco, P ^c   Ransmayr, G ^d   Bancher, C ^e   Benke, T ^f   Wancata, J ^g   Fischer, P ^h   Leblhuber, C F ^d   Psota, G ⁱ   Ackerl, M ^j   Alf, C ^k   Berek, K ^e   Croy, A ^l   Delazer, M ^f   Fasching, P ^m   Fruhwald T ^k   Fruhwurth G ⁿ   Fuchs Nieder, B ^o   Gatterer, G ^p   Grossmann, J ^e   Hinterhuber, H ^q   Iglseder, B ^r   Imarhiagbe, D ^s   Jagsch, C ^t   Jellinger, K ^u   Kalousek, M ^v   Kapeller, P ^w   Ladurner, G ^r   Lampl, C ⁿ   Lechner, A ^a   Lingg, A ^x   Nakajima, T ^e   Rainer, M ^h   Reisecker, F ⁿ   Spatt, J ^y   Walch, T ^q   Uranus M ^t   Walter, A ^z   more..

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF GRAZ   (Austria)

^b Abteilung Für Psychiatrie   (Austria)

^c MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

^d KEPLER UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Austria)

^e Abteilung fur Neurologie   (Austria)

^f Universitatsklinik fur Neurochirurgie Innsbruck   (Austria)

^g MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

^h DANUBE HOSPITAL   (Austria)

ⁱ Kuratorium Psychosoziale D S W   (Austria)

^j Fortbildungsreferent der sterreichischen   (Austria)

^k Krankenhaus Hietzing mit Neurologischem Zentrum Rosenhugel   (Austria)

^l Selbsthilfegruppe Alzheimer Angehörige Austria   (Austria)

^m WILHELMINEN HOSPITAL   (Austria)

ⁿ KRANKENHAUS DER BARMHERZIGEN BRÜDER   (Austria)

^o Geronto Psychiatrisches Zentrum (GPZ)   (Austria)

^p Psychologisch psychotherapeutische Ambulanz   (Austria)

^q INNSBRUCK MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Austria)

^r Christian Doppler Klinik   (Austria)

^s Psychiatrisches Krankenhaus des Landes Tirol   (Austria)

^t Gerontopsychiatrische Abteilung   (Austria)

^u LUDWIG BOLTZMANN INSTITUTE FOR LUNG VASCULAR RESEARCH   (Austria)

^v Wiener Krankenanstaltenverbund   (Austria)

^w Landeskrankenhaus Villach   (Austria)

^x Krankenhaus Rankweil   (Austria)

^y Neurologische Abteilung des Neurologischen Zentrums Rosenhügel   (Austria)

^z Geriatriezentrum Am Wienerwald   (Austria)

more..

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Dementia; Diagnosis; Guidelines; Non Alzheimer dementia; Treatment

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE; CEREBROLYSIN; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR; CLOZAPINE; DIHYDROERGOTOXINE MESILATE; DONEPEZIL; GALANTAMINE; HALOPERIDOL; LISINOPRIL; MEMANTINE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; NICERGOLINE; NIMODIPINE; PIRACETAM; PYRITINOL; QUETIAPINE; RIVASTIGMINE; SELEGILINE; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; AMINO ACID; NOOTROPIC AGENT; PLANT EXTRACT; PSYCHOTROPIC AGENT;

AGGRESSION; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AUSTRIA; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CONFERENCE PAPER; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DEMENTIA; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DIFFUSE LEWY BODY DISEASE; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; FRONTOTEMPORAL DEMENTIA; GINKGO BILOBA; HALLUCINATION; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HUMAN; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT; MINI MENTAL STATE EXAMINATION; MULTIINFARCT DEMENTIA; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PREVALENCE; SECONDARY PREVENTION; AGED; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DRUG COMBINATION; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FEMALE; INCIDENCE; LIFESTYLE; LONG TERM CARE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; POPULATION DYNAMICS; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; AMINO ACIDS; ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS; COGNITION DISORDERS; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DEMENTIA; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; FEMALE; GINKGO BILOBA; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; LIFE STYLE; LONG-TERM CARE; MALE; MEDICATION ADHERENCE; MEMANTINE; MIDDLE AGED; NOOTROPIC AGENTS; PLANT EXTRACTS; POPULATION DYNAMICS; PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC;

EID: 77957002334     PISSN: 09486259     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (154)

1. Hughes RA, Barnes MP, Baron JC, Brainin M. Guidance for the preparation of neurological management guidelines by EFNS scientific task forces. Eur J Neurol. 2001 Nov;8(6):549-50.
2. Österreichisches Statistisches Zentralamt. Demographisches Jahrbuch Österreichs 1998. Wien: Kommissionsverlag; 2000.
3. United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects - The 2004 Revision (Vol. I, II and III). New York: United Nations; 2004.
4. Wancata J, Musalek M, Alexandrowicz R, Krautgartner M. Number of dementia sufferers in Europe between the years 2000 and 2050. Eur Psychiatry. 2003 Oct;18(6):306-13.
5. Jellinger KA. The enigma of mixed dementia. Alzheimers Dement. 2007 Jan;3(1):40-53.
6. Wancata J, Windhaber J, Krautgartner M, Alexandrowicz R. The consequences of non-cognitive symptoms of dementia in medical hospital departments. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2003;33(3):257-71.
7. Kaiser G, Krautgartner M, Alexandrowicz R, Unger A, Marquart B, Weiss M, et al. Die Übereinstimmungsvalidität des "Carers' Needs Assessment for Dementia" (CNA-D). Neuropsychiatrie. 2005;19:134-40.
8. Wancata J, Sobocki P, Katschnig H. [Cost of disorders of the brain in Austria in the year 2004]. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2007;119(3-4):91-8.
9. Dubois B, Feldman HH, Jacova C, Dekosky ST, Barberger-Gateau P, Cummings J, et al. Research criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: revising the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria. Lancet Neurol. 2007 Aug;6(8):734-46.
10. Alf C, Bancher C, Benke T, Berek K, Bodner T, Croy A, et al. Konsensusstatement "Demenz" der Österreichischen Alzheimer Gesellschaft - Update 2006. Neuropsychiatrie. 2006;20(4):221-31.
11. Waldemar G, Dubois B, Emre M, Georges J, McKeith IG, Rossor M, et al. Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease and other disorders associated with dementia: EFNS guideline. Eur J Neurol. 2007 Jan;14(1):e1-26.
12. Hughes CP, Berg L, Danziger WL, Coben LA, Martin RL. A new clinical scale for the staging of dementia. Br J Psychiatry. 1982 Jun;140:566-72.
13. McKeith I, O'Brien J, Walker Z, Tatsch K, Booij J, Darcourt J, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of dopamine transporter imaging with 123I-FP-CIT SPECT in dementia with Lewy bodies: a phase III, multicentre study. Lancet Neurol. 2007 Apr;6(4):305-13.
14. Walker Z, Jaros E, Walker RW, Lee L, Costa DC, Livingston G, et al. Dementia with Lewy bodies: a comparison of clinical diagnosis, FP-CIT single photon emission computed tomography imaging and autopsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007 Nov;78(11):1176-81.
15. Campion D, Dumanchin C, Hannequin D, Dubois B, Belliard S, Puel M, et al. Early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease: prevalence, genetic heterogeneity, and mutation spectrum. Am J Hum Genet. 1999 Sep;65(3):664-70.
16. Cupples LA, Farrer LA, Sadovnick AD, Relkin N, Whitehouse P, Green RC. Estimating risk curves for first-degree relatives of patients with Alzheimer's disease: the REVEAL study. Genet Med. 2004 Jul-Aug;6(4):192-6.
17. Hsiung GY, Sadovnick AD. Genetics and dementia: risk factors, diagnosis, and management. Alzheimers Dement. 2007 Oct;3(4):418-27.
18. Clark CM, Davatzikos C, Borthakur A, Newberg A, Leight S, Lee VM, et al. Biomarkers for early detection of Alzheimer pathology. Neurosignals. 2008;16(1):11-8.
19. Jack CR, Jr., Knopman DS, Jagust WJ, Shaw LM, Aisen PS, Weiner MW, et al. Hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers of the Alzheimer's pathological cascade. Lancet Neurol. Jan;9(1):119-28.
20. Burns A, Rossor M, Hecker J, Gauthier S, Petit H, Moller HJ, et al. The effects of donepezil in Alzheimer's disease - results from a multinational trial. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 1999 May-Jun;10(3):237-44.
21. Courtney C, Farrell D, Gray R, Hills R, Lynch L, Sellwood E, et al. Long-term donepezil treatment in 565 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD2000): randomised double-blind trial. Lancet. 2004 26 Jan 2004;363(9427):2105-15.
22. Forette F, Anand R, Gharabawi G. A phase II study in patients with Alzheimer's disease to assess the preliminary efficacy and maximum tolerated dose of rivastigmine (Exelon). Eur J Neurol. 1999 Jul;6(4):423-9.
23. Karaman Y, Erdogan F, Koseoglu E, Turan T, Ersoy AO. A 12-month study of the efficacy of rivastigmine in patients with advanced moderate Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2005;19(1):51-6.
24. Mohs RC, Doody RS, Morris JC, Ieni JR, Rogers SL, Perdomo CA, et al. A 1-year, placebo-controlled preservation of function survival study of donepezil in AD patients. Neurology. 2001 Aug 14;57(3):481-8.
25. Raskind MA, Peskind ER, Wessel T, Yuan W. Galantamine in AD: A 6-month randomized, placebo-controlled trial with a 6-month extension. The Galantamine USA-1 Study Group. Neurology. 2000 Jun 27;54(12):2261-8.
26. [26| Rockwood K, Mintzer J, Truyen L, Wessel T, Wilkinson D. Effects of a flexible galantamine dose in Alzheimer's disease: a randomised, controlled trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001 Nov;71(5):589-95.
27. Rogers SL, Farlow MR, Doody RS, Mohs R, Friedhoff LT. A 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Donepezil Study Group. Neurology. 1998 Jan;50(1):136-45.
28. Rösler M, Anand R, Cicin-Sain A, Gauthier S, Agid Y, Dal-Bianco P, et al. Efficacy and safety of rivastigmine in patients with Alzheimer's disease: international randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 1999 6 March 1999;318(7184):633-8.
29. Sramek JJ, Anand R, Wardle TS, Irwin P, Hartman RD, Cutler NR. Safety/tolerability trial of SDZ ENA 713 in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease. Life Sci. 1996;58(15):1201-7.
30. Wilcock GK, Lilienfeld S, Gaens E. Efficacy and safety of galantamine in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: multicentre randomised controlled trial. Galantamine International-1 Study Group. BMJ. 2000 Dec 9;321(7274):1445-9.
31. Wilkinson D, Murray J. Galantamine: a randomized, double-blind, dose comparison in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2001 Sep;16(9):852-7.
32. Winblad B, Engedal K, Soininen H, Verhey F, Waldemar G, Wimo A, et al. A 1-year, randomized, placebo-controlled study of donepezil in patients with mild to moderate AD. Neurology. 2001 Aug 14;57(3):489-95.
33. Birks J. Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006(1):CD005593.
34. Mauskopf JA, Paramore C, Lee WC, Snyder EH. Drug persistency patterns for patients treated with rivastigmine or donepezil in usual care settings. J Manag Care Pharm. 2005 Apr;11(3):231-51.
35. Osterberg L, Blaschke T. Adherence to medication. N Engl J Med. 2005 Aug 4;353(5):487-97.
36. Brodaty H, Corey-Bloom J, Potocnik FC, Truyen L, Gold M, Damaraju CR. Galantamine prolonged-release formulation in the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2005;20(2-3):120-32.
37. Dunbar F, Zhu Y, Brashear HR. Post hoc comparison of daily rates of nausea and vomiting with once- and twice-daily galantamine from a doubleblind, placebo-controlled, parallelgroup, 6-month study. Clin Ther. 2006 Mar;28(3):365-72.
38. Winblad B, Grossberg G, Frolich L, Farlow M, Zechner S, Nagel J, et al. IDEAL: a 6-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the first skin patch for Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2007 Jul 24;69(4 Suppl 1):S14-22.
39. Schmidt R, Alf C, Bancher C, Benke T, Berek K, Dal-Bianco P, et al. [Transdermal rivastigmine patch in outpatient services in Austria: a naturalistic study in 103 patients with Alzheimer dementia]. Neuropsychiatr. 2009;23(1):58-63.
40. Birks J. The evidence for the efficacy of cholinesterase inhibitors in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease is convincing. Int Psychogeriatr. 2008 Feb 6:1-7.
41. Feldman H, Gauthier S, Hecker J, Vellas B, Subbiah P, Whalen E. A 24-week, randomized, double-blind study of donepezil in moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 2001 Aug 28;57(4):613-20.
42. Winblad B, Black SE, Homma A, Schwam EM, Moline M, Xu Y, et al. Donepezil treatment in severe Alzheimer's disease: a pooled analysis of three clinical trials. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009 Nov;25(11):2577-87.
43. Winblad B, Kilander L, Eriksson S, Minthon L, Batsman S, Wetterholm A, et al. Donepezil in patients with severe Alzheimer's disease: double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study. Lancet. 2006 1 Apr 2006;367(9516):1057-65.
44. Bullock R, Touchon J, Bergman H, Gambina G, He Y, Rapatz G, et al. Rivastigmine and donepezil treatment in moderate to moderately-severe Alzheimer's disease over a 2-year period. Curr Med Res Opin. 2005 Aug 2005;21(8):1317-27.
45. McShane R, Areosa Sastre A, Minakaran N. Memantine for dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006(2):CD003154.
46. Reisberg B, Doody R, Stoffler A, Schmitt F, Ferris S, Mobius HJ. Memantine in moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med. 2003 Apr 3;348(14):1333-41.
47. Winblad B, Poritis N. Memantine in severe dementia: results of the 9MBest Study (Benefit and efficacy in severely demented patients during treatment with memantine). Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1999;14:135-46.
48. Jones RW, Bayer A, Inglis F, Barker A, Phul R. Safety and tolerability of once-daily versus twice-daily memantine: a randomised, double-blind study in moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007 Mar;22(3):258-62.
49. Tariot PN, Farlow MR, Grossberg GT, Graham SM, McDonald S, Gergel I. Memantine treatment in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer disease already receiving donepezil: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004 Jan 21;291(3):317-24.
50. Dantoine T, Auriacombe S, Sarazin M, Becker H, Pere JJ, Bourdeix I. Rivastigmine monotherapy and combination therapy with memantine in patients with moderately severe Alzheimer's disease who failed to benefit from previous cholinesterase inhibitor treatment. Int J Clin Pract. 2006 Jan;60(1):110-8.
51. Lopez OL, Becker JT, Wahed AS, Saxton J, Sweet RA, Wolk DA, et al. Long-term effects of the concomitant use of memantine with cholinesterase inhibition in Alzheimer disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009 Jun;80(6):600-7.
52. Atri A, Shaughnessy LW, Locascio JJ, Growdon JH. Long-term course and effectiveness of combination therapy in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2008 Jul-Sep;22(3):209-21.
53. Wei ZH, He QB, Wang H, Su BH, Chen HZ. Meta-analysis: the efficacy of nootropic agent Cerebrolysin in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm. 2007;114(5):629-34.
54. Alvarez X, Cacabelos R, Laredo M, Couceiro V, Sampedro C, Varela M, et al. A 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of three dosages of Cerebrolysin in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Neurol. 2006 Jan 2006;13(1):43-54.
55. Le Bars PL, Katz MM, Berman N, Itil TM, Freedman AM, Schatzberg AF. A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial of an extract of Ginkgo biloba for dementia. North American EGb Study Group. JAMA. 1997 Oct 22-29;278(16):1327-32.
56. Birks J, Grimley EV, Van Dongen M. Ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002(4):CD003120.
57. Birks J, Grimley Evans J. Ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009(1):CD003120.
58. Kanowski S, Herrmann WM, Stephan K, Wierich W, Horr R. Proof of efficacy of the ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 in outpatients suffering from mild to moderate primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer type or multi-infarct dementia. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1996 Mar;29(2):47-56.
59. Napryeyenko O, Borzenko I. Ginkgo biloba special extract in dementia with neuropsychiatric features. A randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Arzneimittelforschung. 2007;57(1):4-11.
60. Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP). Guideline on Medicinal Products for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias. London, UK: European Medicines Agency; 2008.
61. Yancheva S, Ihl R, Nikolova G, Panayotov P, Schlaefke S, Hoerr R. Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761(R), donepezil or both combined in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease with neu ropsychiatric features: a randomised, double-blind, exploratory trial. Aging Ment Health. 2009 Mar;13(2):183-90.
62. Napryeyenko O, Sonnik G, Tartakovsky I. Efficacy and tolerability of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 by type of dementia: analyses of a randomised controlled trial. J Neurol Sci. 2009 Aug 15;283(1-2):224-9.
63. Sano M, Ernesto C, Thomas RG, Klauber MR, Schafer K, Grundman M, et al. A controlled trial of selegiline, alpha-tocopherol, or both as treatment for Alzheimer's disease. The Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study. N Engl J Med. 1997 Apr 24;336(17):1216-22.
64. Qiu C, Kivipelto M, von Strauss E. Epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease: occurrence, determinants, and strategies toward intervention. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2009;11(2):111-28.
65. Viswanathan A, Rocca WA, Tzourio C. Vascular risk factors and dementia: how to move forward? Neurology. 2009 Jan 27;72(4):368-74.
66. Feldman HH, Doody RS, Kivipelto M, Sparks DL, Waters DD, Jones RW, et al. Randomized controlled trial of atorvastatin in mild to moderate Alzheimer disease. LEADe. Neurology. Mar 3.
67. Farlow MR. Treatment of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Curr Alzheimer Res. 2009 Aug;6(4):362-7.
68. Patterson C, Feightner J, Garcia A, MacKnight C. General risk factors for dementia: a systematic evidence review. Alzheimers Dement. 2007 Oct;3(4):341-7.
69. Qiu C, von Strauss E, Fastbom J, Winblad B, Fratiglioni L. Low blood pressure and risk of dementia in the Kungsholmen project: a 6-year follow-up study. Arch Neurol. 2003 Feb;60(2):223-8.
70. Forette F, Seux M, Staessen J, Thijs L, Birkenhager W, Babarskiene M, et al. Prevention of dementia in randomised double-blind placebo-controlled Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) trial. Lancet. 1998 24 October 1998;352(9137):1347-51.
71. Li NC, Lee A, Whitmer RA, Kivipelto M, Lawler E, Kazis LE, et al. Use of angiotensin receptor blockers and risk of dementia in a predominantly male population: prospective cohort analysis. BMJ.340:b5465.
72. Shepherd J, Blauw G, Murphy M, Bollen E, Buckley B, Cobbe S, et al. PROspective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk. Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002 23 November 2002;360(9346):1623-30.
73. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002 Jul 6;360(9326):7-22.
74. Almeida OP, Hulse GK, Lawrence D, Flicker L. Smoking as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: contrasting evidence from a systematic review of case-control and cohort studies. Addiction. 2002 Jan;97(1):15-28.
75. Launer L, Andersen K, Dewey M, Letenneur L, Ott A, Amaducci L, et al. Rates and risk factors for dementia and Alzheimer's disease: results from EURODEM pooled analyses. EURODEM Incidence Research Group and Work Groups. European Studies of Dementia. Neurology. 1999 1 Jan 1999;52(1):78-84.
76. Kalmijn S, Launer LJ, Ott A, Witteman JC, Hofman A, Breteler MM. Dietary fat intake and the risk of incident dementia in the Rotterdam Study. Ann Neurol. 1997 Nov;42(5):776-82.
77. Scarmeas N, Stern Y, Mayeux R, Luchsinger JA. Mediterranean diet, Alzheimer disease, and vascular mediation. Arch Neurol. 2006 Dec;63(12):1709-17.
78. Lindsay J, Laurin D, Verreault R, Hebert R, Helliwell B, Hill GB, et al. Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a prospective analysis from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. Am J Epidemiol. 2002 Sep 1;156(5):445-53.
79. Laurin D, Verreault R, Lindsay J, MacPherson K, Rockwood K. Physical activity and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in elderly persons. Arch Neurol. 2001 Mar;58(3):498-504. (Pubitemid 32217469)
80. Podewils LJ, Guallar E, Kuller LH, Fried LP, Lopez OL, Carlson M, et al. Physical activity, APOE genotype, and dementia risk: findings from the Cardiovascular Health Cognition Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2005 Apr 1;161(7):639-51.
81. Wang HX, Karp A, Winblad B, Fratiglioni L. Late-life engagement in social and leisure activities is associated with a decreased risk of dementia: a longitudinal study from the Kungsholmen project. Am J Epidemiol. 2002 Jun 15;155(12):1081-7.
82. Scarmeas N, Levy G, Tang MX, Manly J, Stern Y. Influence of leisure activity on the incidence of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 2001 Dec 26;57(12):2236-42.
83. Willis SL, Tennstedt SL, Marsiske M, Ball K, Elias J, Koepke KM, et al. Long-term effects of cognitive training on everyday functional outcomes in older adults. JAMA. 2006 Dec 20;296(23):2805-14.
84. Larrieu S, Letenneur L, Helmer C, Dartigues JF, Barberger-Gateau P. Nutritional factors and risk of incident dementia in the PAQUID longitudinal cohort. J Nutr Health Aging. 2004;8(3):150-4.
85. Plassman BL, Havlik RJ, Steffens DC, Helms MJ, Newman TN, Drosdick D, et al. Documented head injury in early adulthood and risk of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Neurology. 2000 Oct 24;55(8):1158-66.
86. De Craen A, Gussekloo J, Vrijsen B, Westendorp R. Meta-analysis of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use and risk of dementia. Am J Epidemiol. 2005;161:114-20.
87. Aisen PS, Schneider LS, Sano M, Diaz-Arrastia R, van Dyck CH, Weiner MF, et al. High-dose B vitamin supplementation and cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008 Oct 15;300(15):1774-83.
88. McGuinness B, Craig D, Bullock R, Passmore P. Statins for the prevention of dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009(2):CD003160.
89. Snitz BE, O'Meara ES, Carlson MC, Arnold AM, Ives DG, Rapp SR, et al. Ginkgo biloba for preventing cognitive decline in older adults: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2009 Dec 23;302(24):2663-70.
90. Shumaker SA, Legault C, Kuller L, Rapp SR, Thal L, Lane DS, et al. Conjugated equine estrogens and incidence of probable dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: Women's Health Initiative Memory Study. JAMA. 2004 Jun 23;291(24):2947-58.
91. Kivipelto M, Ngandu T, Laatikainen T, Winblad B, Soininen H, Tuomilehto J. Risk score for the prediction of dementia risk in 20 years among middle aged people: a longitudinal, population-based study. Lancet Neurol. 2006 Sep;5(9):735-41.
92. Black S, Roman G, Geldmacher D, Salloway SH, J, Burns A, Perdomo CK, D, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of donepezil in vascular dementia: positive results of a 24-week, multicenter, international, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Stroke. 2003 Oct 2003;34(10):2323-30.
93. Wilkinson D, Doody R, Helme R, Taubman K, Minzer J, Kertesz A, et al. Donepezil 308 Study Group. Donepezil in vascular dementia: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Neurology. 2003;61:479-86.
94. Malouf R, Birks J. Donepezil for vascular cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004(1):CD004395.
95. Gortelmeyer R, Erbler H. Memantine in the treatment of mild to moderate dementia syndrome. A double-blind placebo-controlled study. Arzneimittelforschung. 1992 Jul;42(7):904-13.
96. Mobius HJ, Stoffler A. New approaches to clinical trials in vascular dementia: memantine in small vessel disease. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2002;13 Suppl 2:61-6.
97. Wilcock G, Mobius HJ, Stoffler A. A double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre study of memantine in mild to moderate vascular dementia (MMM500). Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002 Nov;17(6):297-305.
98. Cummings JL, Mega M, Gray K, Rosenberg-Thompson S, Carusi DA, Gornbein J. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia. Neurology. 1994 Dec;44(12):2308-14.
99. Erkinjuntti T, Kurz A, Gauthier S, Bullock R, Lilienfeld S, Damaraju CV. Efficacy of galantamine in probable vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease combined with cerebrovascular disease: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2002 Apr 13;359(9314):1283-90.
100. Auchus AP, Brashear HR, Salloway S, Korczyn AD, De Deyn PP, Gassmann-Mayer C. Galantamine treatment of vascular dementia: a randomized trial. Neurology. 2007 Jul 31;69(5):448-58.
101. Pantoni L, Bianchi C, Beneke M, Inzitari D, Wallin A, Erkinjuntti T. The Scandinavian Multi-Infarct Dementia Trial: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial on nimodipine in multi-infarct dementia. J Neurol Sci. 2000 Apr 15;175(2):116-23.
102. Guekht A, Moessler H, Novak P, Gusev E. Cerebrolysin in Vascular Dementia: Improvement of Clinical Outcome in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Multicenter Trial. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2010;in press.
103. McKeith I, Del Ser T, Spano P, Emre M, Wesnes K, Anand R, et al. Efficacy of rivastigmine in dementia with Lewy bodies: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled international study. Lancet. 2000 Dec 16;356(9247):2031-6.
104. McKeith IG, Wesnes KA, Perry E, Ferrara R. Hallucinations predict attentional improvements with rivastigmine in dementia with lewy bodies. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2004;18(1):94-100.
105. Burn D, Emre M, McKeith I, De Deyn PP, Aarsland D, Hsu C, et al. Effects of rivastigmine in patients with and without visual hallucinations in dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2006 Nov;21(11):1899-907.
106. Emre M, Aarsland D, Albanese A, Byrne E, Deuschl G, de Deyn P, et al. Rivastigmine for dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med. 2004 9 Dec 2004;351(24):2509-18.
107. Aarsland D, Laake K, Larsen J, Janvin C. Donepezil for cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: a randomised controlled study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002 June 2002;72(6):708-12.
108. Ravina B, Putt MS, A, Farrar J, Gillespie M, Crawley A, Fernandez H, et al. Donepezil for dementia in Parkinson's disease: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, crossover study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005 July 2005;76(7):934-9.
109. Aarsland D, Ballard C, Walker Z, Bostrom F, Alves G, Kossakowski K, et al. Memantine in patients with Parkinson's disease dementia or dementia with Lewy bodies: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet Neurol. 2009 Jul;8(7):613-8.
110. Leroi I, Overshott R, Byrne EJ, Daniel E, Burns A. Randomized controlled trial of memantine in dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2009 Jun 15;24(8):1217-21.
111. Diehl-Schmid J, Forstl H, Perneczky R, Pohl C, Kurz A. A 6-month, open-label study of memantine in patients with frontotemporal dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008 Jul;23(7):754-9.
112. Swanberg MM. Memantine for behavioral disturbances in frontotemporal dementia: a case series. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2007 Apr-Jun;21(2):164-6.
113. Holmes C, Wilkinson D, Dean C, Vethanayagam S, Olivieri S, Langley A, et al. The efficacy of donepezil in the treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2004 27 July 2004;63(2):214-9.
114. Cummings J, McRae T, Zhang R, Donepezil-Sertraline Study Group. Effects of donepezil on neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with dementia and severe behavioral disorders. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006 July 2006;14(7):605-12.
115. Grossberg GT. Impact of rivastigmine on caregiver burden associated with Alzheimer's disease in both informal care and nursing home settings. Drugs Aging. 2008;25(7):573-84.
116. Blesa R. Galantamine: therapeutic effects beyond cognition. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2000 Sep;11 Suppl 1:28-34.
117. Tariot PN, Solomon PR, Morris JC, Kershaw P, Lilienfeld S, Ding C. A 5-month, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of galantamine in AD. The Galantamine USA-10 Study Group. Neurology. 2000 Jun 27;54(12):2269-76.
118. Geldmacher DS. Treatment guidelines for Alzheimer's disease: redefining perceptions in primary care. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;9(2):113-21.
119. Rodda J, Morgan S, Walker Z. Are cholinesterase inhibitors effective in the management of the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia in Alzheimer's disease? A systematic review of randomized, placebo-controlled trials of donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine. Int Psychogeriatr. 2009 Oct;21(5):813-24.
120. Gauthier S, Loft H, Cummings J. Improvement in behavioural symptoms in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease by memantine: a pooled data analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008 May;23(5):537-45.
121. Wilcock GK, Ballard CG, Cooper JA, Loft H. Memantine for agitation/aggression and psychosis in moderately severe to severe Alzheimer's disease: a pooled analysis of 3 studies. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008 Mar;69(3):341-8.
122. Cummings J, Schneider E, Tariot P, Graham S, Memantine MEM-MD-02 Study Group. Behavioral effects of memantine in Alzheimer disease patients receiving donepezil treatment. Neurology. 2006 11 July 2006;67(1):57-63.
123. Street JS, Clark WS, Gannon KS, Cummings JL, Bymaster FP, Tamura RN, et al. Olanzapine treatment of psychotic and behavioral symptoms in patients with Alzheimer disease in nursing care facilities: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. The HGEU Study Group. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000 Oct;57(10):968-76.
124. De Deyn P, Jeste DV, Swanink R, Kostic D, Breder C, Carson WH, et al. Aripiprazole for the treatment of psychosis in patients with Alzheimer's disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2005 Oct;25(5):463-7.
125. Rappaport SA, Marcus RN, Manos G, McQuade RD, Oren DA. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled tolerability study of intramuscular aripiprazole in acutely agitated patients with Alzheimer's, vascular, or mixed dementia. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2009 Jan;10(1):21-7.
126. Tariot PN, Schneider L, Katz IR, Mintzer JE, Street J, Copenhaver M, et al. Quetiapine treatment of psychosis associated with dementia: a doubleblind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006 Sep;14(9):767-76.
127. Berkowitz A. Ziprasidone for dementia in elderly patients: case review. J Psychiatr Pract. 2003 Nov;9(6):469-73.
128. Kurlan R, Cummings J, Raman R, Thal L. Quetiapine for agitation or psychosis in patients with dementia and parkinsonism. Neurology. 2007 Apr 24;68(17):1356-63.
129. Low-dose clozapine for the treatment of drug-induced psychosis in Parkinson's disease. The Parkinson Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1999 Mar 11;340(10):757-63.
130. Steele C, Lucas MJ, Tune L. Haloperidol versus thioridazine in the treatment of behavioral symptoms in senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type: preliminary findings. J Clin Psychiatry. 1986 Jun;47(6):310-2.
131. Schneider L, Dagerman K, Insel P. Risk of death with atypical antipsychotic drug treatment for dementia: meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. JAMA. 2005 19 Oct 2005;294(15):1934-43.
132. Schneider LS, Dagerman K, Insel PS. Efficacy and adverse effects of atypical antipsychotics for dementia: metaanalysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006 Mar;14(3):191-210.
133. Wang P, Schneeweiss S, Avorn JF, MA, Mogun H, Solomon D, Brookhart M. Risk of death in elderly users of conventional vs. atypical antipsychotic medications. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2335-41.
134. Finkel S, Mintzer J, Dysken M, Krishnan K, Burt T, McRae T. A randomized, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of sertraline in the treatment of the behavioral manifestations of Alzheimer's disease in outpatients treated with donepezil. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2004 Jan 2004;19(1):9-18.
135. Rosenberg PB, Drye LT, Martin BK, Frangakis C, Mintzer JE, Weintraub D, et al. Sertraline for the treatment of depression in Alzheimer disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. Feb;18(2):136-45.
136. Assem-Hilger E, Jungwirth S, Weissgram S, Kirchmeyr W, Fischer P, Barnas C. Benzodiazepine use in the elderly: an indicator for inappropriately treated geriatric depression? Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009 Jun;24(6):563-9.
137. van Vliet P, van der Mast RC, van den Broek M, Westendorp RG, de Craen AJ. Use of benzodiazepines, depressive symptoms and cognitive function in old age. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009 May;24(5):500-8.
138. Lee R, Petty F, Coccaro EF. Cerebrospinal fluid GABA concentration: relationship with impulsivity and history of suicidal behavior, but not aggression, in human subjects. J Psychiatr Res. 2009 Jan;43(4):353-9.
139. Ayalon L, Gum AM, Feliciano L, Arean PA. Effectiveness of nonpharmacological interventions for the management of neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with dementia: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med. 2006 Nov 13;166(20):2182-8.
140. Buschert VC, Teipel SJ, Hampel H, Burger K. [Current status of cognition-based interventions in Alzheimer's disease]. Nervenarzt. 2009 Mar;80(3):273-87.
141. Clare L, Woods RT, Moniz Cook ED, Orrell M, Spector A. Cognitive rehabilitation and cognitive training for early-stage Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003(4):CD003260.
142. Loewenstein DA, Acevedo A, Czaja SJ, Duara R. Cognitive rehabilitation of mildly impaired Alzheimer disease patients on cholinesterase inhibitors. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2004 Jul-Aug;12(4):395-402.
143. Logsdon RG, McCurry SM, Teri L. Evidence-based psychological treatments for disruptive behaviors in individuals with dementia. Psychol Aging. 2007 Mar;22(1):28-36.
144. Requena C, Maestu F, Campo P, Fernandez A, Ortiz T. Effects of cholinergic drugs and cognitive training on dementia: 2-year follow-up. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2006;22(4):339-45.
145. Sitzer DI, Twamley EW, Jeste DV. Cognitive training in Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis of the literature. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2006 Aug;114(2):75-90.
146. Spector A, Thorgrimsen L, Woods B, Royan L, Davies S, Butterworth M, et al. Efficacy of an evidence-based cognitive stimulation therapy programme for people with dementia: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2003 Sep;183:248-54.
147. Talassi E, Guerreschi M, Feriani M, Fedi V, Bianchetti A, Trabucchi M. Effectiveness of a cognitive rehabilitation program in mild dementia (MD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI): a case control study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2007;44 Suppl 1:391-9.
148. Werheid K, Thone-Otto AI. [Cognitive training in Alzheimer's dementia]. Nervenarzt. 2006 May;77(5):549-57.
149. Monsch A, Giannakopoulos P. Effects of galantamine on behavioural and psychological disturbances and caregiver burden in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004;20:931-8.
150. Belleville S, Gilbert B, Fontaine F, Gagnon L, Menard E, Gauthier S. Improvement of episodic memory in persons with mild cognitive impairment and healthy older adults: evidence from a cognitive intervention program. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2006;22(5-6):486-99.
151. Kurz A, Pohl C, Ramsenthaler M, Sorg C. Cognitive rehabilitation in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009 Feb;24(2):163-8.
152. Smith GE, Housen P, Yaffe K, Ruff R, Kennison RF, Mahncke HW, et al. A cognitive training program based on principles of brain plasticity: results from the Improvement in Memory with Plasticity-based Adaptive Cognitive Training (IMPACT) study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009 Apr;57(4):594-603.
153. Valenzuela M, Sachdev P. Can cognitive exercise prevent the onset of dementia? Systematic review of randomized clinical trials with longitudinal follow-up. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009 Mar;17(3):179-87.
154. Heyn P, Abreu BC, Ottenbacher KJ. The effects of exercise training on elderly persons with cognitive impairment and dementia: a meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004 Oct;85(10):1694-704.