메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 59, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 475-496

Students' silent messages: Can teacher verbal and nonverbal immediacy moderate student use of text messaging in class?

Author keywords

Automaticity; Classroom violation; Learning motivation; Mobile text messaging; Student engagement; Teacher immediacy; Uses and gratifications

Indexed keywords


EID: 77956977500     PISSN: 03634523     EISSN: 14795795     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03634523.2010.496092     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (49)

References (72)
  • 1
    • 33845323741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Connecting with learning: Motivation, affect, and cognition in interest processes
    • Ainley, M. (2006). Connecting with learning: Motivation, affect, and cognition in interest processes. Educational Psychology Review, 18, 391-405.
    • (2006) Educational Psychology Review , vol.18 , pp. 391-405
    • Ainley, M.1
  • 2
    • 0001319280 scopus 로고
    • Teacher immediacy as a predictor of teaching effectiveness
    • In D. Nimmo (Ed.), New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books
    • Andersen, J. F. (1979). Teacher immediacy as a predictor of teaching effectiveness. In D. Nimmo (Ed.), Communication yearbook 3 (pp. 543-559). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
    • (1979) Communication Yearbook , vol.3 , pp. 543-559
    • Andersen, J.F.1
  • 3
    • 31844438345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of teacher immediacy as a motivational factor in student learning: Using meta-analysis to test a causal model
    • Allen, M., Witt, P. L., & Wheeless, L. R. (2006). The role of teacher immediacy as a motivational factor in student learning: Using meta-analysis to test a causal model. Communication Education, 55, 21-31.
    • (2006) Communication Education , vol.55 , pp. 21-31
    • Allen, M.1    Witt, P.L.2    Wheeless, L.R.3
  • 4
    • 0003106890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Automaticity in social psychology
    • In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), New York: Guilford Press
    • Bargh, J. A. (1996). Automaticity in social psychology. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 169-183). New York: Guilford Press.
    • (1996) Social Psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles , pp. 169-183
    • Bargh, J.A.1
  • 5
    • 0034385349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immediacy in the classroom: Student immediacy
    • Baringer, D. K., & McCroskey, J. C. (2000). Immediacy in the classroom: Student immediacy. Communication Education, 49, 178-186.
    • (2000) Communication Education , vol.49 , pp. 178-186
    • Baringer, D.K.1    McCroskey, J.C.2
  • 7
    • 77249149886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can students really multitask? An experimental study of instant messaging while reading
    • Bowman, L. L., Levine, L. E., White, B. M., & Gendron, M. (2010). Can students really multitask? An experimental study of instant messaging while reading. Computer & Education, 54, 927-931.
    • (2010) Computer & Education , vol.54 , pp. 927-931
    • Bowman, L.L.1    Levine, L.E.2    White, B.M.3    Gendron, M.4
  • 8
    • 0002609024 scopus 로고
    • Synthesis of research on strategies for motivating students to learn
    • Brophy, J. (1987). Synthesis of research on strategies for motivating students to learn. Educational Leadership, 45, 40-48.
    • (1987) Educational Leadership , vol.45 , pp. 40-48
    • Brophy, J.1
  • 10
    • 34548301644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A reinvestigation of the relationships of teacher nonverbal immediacy and student compliance-resistance with learning
    • Burroughs, N. F. (2007). A reinvestigation of the relationships of teacher nonverbal immediacy and student compliance-resistance with learning. Communication Education, 56, 453-475.
    • (2007) Communication Education , vol.56 , pp. 453-475
    • Burroughs, N.F.1
  • 12
    • 33750429824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling and testing change: An introduction to the latent growth curve mode
    • Byrne, B. M., & Crombie, G. (2003). Modeling and testing change: An introduction to the latent growth curve mode. Understanding Statistics, 2, 177-203.
    • (2003) Understanding Statistics , vol.2 , pp. 177-203
    • Byrne, B.M.1    Crombie, G.2
  • 13
    • 33745534548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceptions of mobile phones in college classrooms: Ring, cheating, and classroom policies
    • Campbell, S. W. (2006). Perceptions of mobile phones in college classrooms: Ring, cheating, and classroom policies. Communication Education, 55, 280-294.
    • (2006) Communication Education , vol.55 , pp. 280-294
    • Campbell, S.W.1
  • 14
    • 0035580457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship of teacher clarity and immediacy with student state receiver apprehension, affect, and cognitive learning
    • Chesebro, J. L., & McCroskey, J. C. (2001). The relationship of teacher clarity and immediacy with student state receiver apprehension, affect, and cognitive learning. Communication Education,50,59-68.
    • (2001) Communication Education , vol.50 , pp. 59-68
    • Chesebro, J.L.1    McCroskey, J.C.2
  • 15
    • 0032354772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The linear relationship between student reports of teacher immediacy behaviors and perceptions of state motivation, and of cognitive, affective, and behavioral learning
    • Christensen, L. J., & Menzel, K. E. (1998). The linear relationship between student reports of teacher immediacy behaviors and perceptions of state motivation, and of cognitive, affective, and behavioral learning. Communication Education, 47, 82-90.
    • (1998) Communication Education , vol.47 , pp. 82-90
    • Christensen, L.J.1    Menzel, K.E.2
  • 16
    • 84928015675 scopus 로고
    • The relationships among teacher immediacy behaviors, student motivation, and learning
    • Christophel, D. M. (1990). The relationships among teacher immediacy behaviors, student motivation, and learning. Communication Education, 39, 323-340.
    • (1990) Communication Education , vol.39 , pp. 323-340
    • Christophel, D.M.1
  • 17
    • 84945441883 scopus 로고
    • A test retest analysis of student motivation, teacher immediacy, and perceived sources of motivation and demotivation in college classes
    • Christophel, D. M., & Gorham, J. (1995). A test retest analysis of student motivation, teacher immediacy, and perceived sources of motivation and demotivation in college classes. Communication Education, 44, 292-306.
    • (1995) Communication Education , vol.44 , pp. 292-306
    • Christophel, D.M.1    Gorham, J.2
  • 18
    • 21844520796 scopus 로고
    • Food for thought: Teacher nonverbal immediacy, student learning, and curvilinearity
    • Comstock, J., Rowell, E., & Bowers, J. W. (1995). Food for thought: Teacher nonverbal immediacy, student learning, and curvilinearity. Communication Education, 44, 251-266.
    • (1995) Communication Education , vol.44 , pp. 251-266
    • Comstock, J.1    Rowell, E.2    Bowers, J.W.3
  • 19
    • 85068078099 scopus 로고
    • Motivated cognitions
    • In S. G. Paris, G. M. Olson, & H. W. Stevenson (Eds.), Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
    • Covington, M. V. (1983). Motivated cognitions. In S. G. Paris, G. M. Olson, & H. W. Stevenson (Eds.), Learning and motivation in the classroom (pp. 139-164). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (1983) Learning and Motivation In the Classroom , pp. 139-164
    • Covington, M.V.1
  • 20
    • 44049105184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mobile language choices*The use of English and isiXhosa in text messages (SMS): Evidence from a bilingual South African sample
    • Deumert, A., & Masinyana, S. O. (2008). Mobile language choices*The use of English and isiXhosa in text messages (SMS): Evidence from a bilingual South African sample. English World-Wide,29,117-147.
    • (2008) English World-Wide , vol.29 , pp. 117-147
    • Deumert, A.1    Masinyana, S.O.2
  • 21
    • 51949092298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of technology ownership and selective use among undergraduates
    • Diamanduros, T., Jenkins, S. J., & Downs, E. (2007). Analysis of technology ownership and selective use among undergraduates. College Student Journal, 41, 970-976.
    • (2007) College Student Journal , vol.41 , pp. 970-976
    • Diamanduros, T.1    Jenkins, S.J.2    Downs, E.3
  • 22
    • 37249007327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The rules of beeping: Exchanging messages via intentional "missed calls" on mobile phone
    • Donner, J. (2008). The rules of beeping: Exchanging messages via intentional "missed calls" on mobile phone. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13, 1-22.
    • (2008) Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication , vol.13 , pp. 1-22
    • Donner, J.1
  • 24
    • 0001356044 scopus 로고
    • A model of immediacy in classroom
    • Frymier, A. B. (1994). A model of immediacy in classroom. Communication Quarterly, 42, 133-144.
    • (1994) Communication Quarterly , vol.42 , pp. 133-144
    • Frymier, A.B.1
  • 25
    • 33745539425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Invasion of the classroom cell phones
    • Gilroy, M. (2004). Invasion of the classroom cell phones. Education Digest, 69(6), 56-60.
    • (2004) Education Digest , vol.69 , Issue.6 , pp. 56-60
    • Gilroy, M.1
  • 26
    • 84954685274 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between verbal teacher immediacy behaviors and studentlearning
    • Gorham, J. (1988). The relationship between verbal teacher immediacy behaviors and studentlearning. Communication Education, 37, 40-53.
    • (1988) Communication Education , vol.37 , pp. 40-53
    • Gorham, J.1
  • 27
    • 51249154753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Text messaging in Kuwait. Is the medium the message
    • Haggan, M. (2007). Text messaging in Kuwait. Is the medium the message? Multilingua, 26, 427-449
    • (2007) Multilingua , vol.26 , pp. 427-449
    • Haggan, M.1
  • 29
    • 0005139338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is teacher immediacy actually related to student cognitive learning?
    • Communication 451
    • Hess, J. A., Smythe, M. J., & Communication 451. (2001). Is teacher immediacy actually related to student cognitive learning? Communication Studies, 52, 197-219.
    • (2001) Communication Studies , vol.52 , pp. 197-219
    • Hess, J.A.1    Smythe, M.J.2
  • 30
    • 33845466717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mobile phones, SMS, and relationships: Issues of access, control, and privacy
    • Horstmanshof, L., & Power, M. R. (2005). Mobile phones, SMS, and relationships: Issues of access, control, and privacy. Australian Journal of Communication, 32, 33-52.
    • (2005) Australian Journal of Communication , vol.32 , pp. 33-52
    • Horstmanshof, L.1    Power, M.R.2
  • 31
    • 27644583673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender differences in social network development via mobile phone text messages: A longitudinal study
    • Igarashi, T., Takai, J., & Yoshida, T. (2005). Gender differences in social network development via mobile phone text messages: A longitudinal study. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22, 691-713.
    • (2005) Journal of Social and Personal Relationships , vol.22 , pp. 691-713
    • Igarashi, T.1    Takai, J.2    Yoshida, T.3
  • 32
    • 33646032992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implications of mobility: The uses of personal communication media in everyday life
    • Ishii, K. (2006). Implications of mobility: The uses of personal communication media in everyday life. Journal of Communication, 56, 346-365.
    • (2006) Journal of Communication , vol.56 , pp. 346-365
    • Ishii, K.1
  • 34
    • 85050416890 scopus 로고
    • On the use of the mass media for important things
    • Katz, E., Gurevitch, M., & Haas, H. (1973). On the use of the mass media for important things. American Sociological Review, 38, 164-181.
    • (1973) American Sociological Review , vol.38 , pp. 164-181
    • Katz, E.1    Gurevitch, M.2    Haas, H.3
  • 35
    • 84954732946 scopus 로고
    • Effects of teacher immediacy and strategy type on college student resistance to on-task demands
    • Kearney, P., Plax, T. G., Smith, V. R., & Sorensen, G. (1988). Effects of teacher immediacy and strategy type on college student resistance to on-task demands. Communication Education,37,54-67.
    • (1988) Communication Education , vol.37 , pp. 54-67
    • Kearney, P.1    Plax, T.G.2    Smith, V.R.3    Sorensen, G.4
  • 36
    • 84917243071 scopus 로고
    • Teacher immediacy for affective learning in divergent college classes
    • Kearney, P., Plax, T. G., & Wendt-Wasco, N. J. (1985). Teacher immediacy for affective learning in divergent college classes. Communication Quarterly, 33, 61-74.
    • (1985) Communication Quarterly , vol.33 , pp. 61-74
    • Kearney, P.1    Plax, T.G.2    Wendt-Wasco, N.J.3
  • 37
    • 0001414304 scopus 로고
    • Effects of immediacy on recall of information
    • Kelley, D. H., & Gorham, J. (1988). Effects of immediacy on recall of information. Communication Education, 37, 198-207.
    • (1988) Communication Education , vol.37 , pp. 198-207
    • Kelley, D.H.1    Gorham, J.2
  • 38
    • 33646516565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A social cognitive theory of internet uses and gratifications: Toward a new model of media attendance
    • LaRose, R., & Eastin, M. S. (2004). A social cognitive theory of internet uses and gratifications: Toward a new model of media attendance. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 48, 358-377.
    • (2004) Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , vol.48 , pp. 358-377
    • Larose, R.1    Eastin, M.S.2
  • 39
    • 33749399775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Teens and technology: Youth are leading the transition to a fully wired and mobile nation
    • Retrieved from
    • Lenhart, A., Madden, M., & Hitlin, P. (2005). Teens and technology: Youth are leading the transition to a fully wired and mobile nation. Pew Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved from http:// www.pewinternet.org/ /media//Files/Reports/2005/PIP_Teens_Tech_July2005web.pdf
    • (2005) Pew Internet & American Life Project
    • Lenhart, A.1    Madden, M.2    Hitlin, P.3
  • 40
    • 33846217494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unwillingness-to-communicate and college students' motives in SMS mobile messaging
    • Leung, L. (2007). Unwillingness-to-communicate and college students' motives in SMS mobile messaging. Telematics & Informatics, 24, 115-129.
    • (2007) Telematics & Informatics , vol.24 , pp. 115-129
    • Leung, L.1
  • 41
    • 0012964516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • More than just talk on the move: A uses-and-gratification study of the cellular phone
    • Leung, L., & Wei, R. (2000). More than just talk on the move: A uses-and-gratification study of the cellular phone. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 77, 308-320.
    • (2000) Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly , vol.77 , pp. 308-320
    • Leung, L.1    Wei, R.2
  • 42
    • 77956965678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Text-messaging cultures of college girls in Hong Kong: SMS as resources for achieving intimacy and gift exchange with multiple functions
    • Lin, A. M. Y., & Tong, A. H. M. (2007). Text-messaging cultures of college girls in Hong Kong: SMS as resources for achieving intimacy and gift exchange with multiple functions. Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies, 21, 303-315.
    • (2007) Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies , vol.21 , pp. 303-315
    • Lin, A.M.Y.1    Tong, A.H.M.2
  • 43
    • 34548080960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Text messaging and IM: Linguistic comparison of American college data
    • Ling, R., & Baron, N. S. (2007). Text messaging and IM: Linguistic comparison of American college data. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 26, 291-298.
    • (2007) Journal of Language and Social Psychology , vol.26 , pp. 291-298
    • Ling, R.1    Baron, N.S.2
  • 44
    • 56649123404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of gratification-opportunities and gratifications-obtained on preferences of instant messaging and e-mail among college students
    • Lo, O. W. -Y., & Leung, L. (2009). Effects of gratification-opportunities and gratifications-obtained on preferences of instant messaging and e-mail among college students. Telematics and Informatics, 26, 156-166.
    • (2009) Telematics and Informatics , vol.26 , pp. 156-166
    • LoO, W.-Y.1    Leung, L.2
  • 46
    • 0005231218 scopus 로고
    • Increasing teacher influence through immediacy
    • In V. P. Richmond & J. C. McCroskey (Eds.), Hillside, NJ: Erlbaum
    • McCroskey, J. C., & Richmond, V. P. (1992). Increasing teacher influence through immediacy. In V. P. Richmond & J. C. McCroskey (Eds.), Power in the classroom: Communication, control, and concern (pp. 101 119). Hillside, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (1992) Power In the Classroom: Communication, Control, and Concern , vol.101 , pp. 119
    • McCroskey, J.C.1    Richmond, V.P.2
  • 52
    • 84993683806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sales communications in a mobile world: Using the latest technology and retaining the personal touch
    • Norris, D. T. (2007). Sales communications in a mobile world: Using the latest technology and retaining the personal touch. Business Communication Quarterly, 70, 492-498.
    • (2007) Business Communication Quarterly , vol.70 , pp. 492-498
    • Norris, D.T.1
  • 53
    • 54149098353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The unintended consequences of the application of technology in teaching and learning environments
    • Nworie, J., & Haughton, N. (2008). The unintended consequences of the application of technology in teaching and learning environments. TechTrends, 52(5), 52-58.
    • (2008) TechTrends , vol.52 , Issue.5 , pp. 52-58
    • Nworie, J.1    Haughton, N.2
  • 54
    • 84970159912 scopus 로고
    • Relations between gratifications sought and obtained: A study of television news
    • Palmgreen, P., Wenner, L. A., & Rayburn, J. D., II. (1980). Relations between gratifications sought and obtained: A study of television news. Communication Research, 7, 161-192.
    • (1980) Communication Research , vol.7 , pp. 161-192
    • Palmgreen, P.1    Wenner, L.A.2    Rayburn II, J.D.3
  • 56
    • 84973022109 scopus 로고
    • Power in the classroom VI: Verbal control strategies, nonverbal immediacy, and affective learning
    • Plax, T. G., Kearney, P., McCroskey, J. C., & Richmond, V. P. (1986). Power in the classroom VI: Verbal control strategies, nonverbal immediacy, and affective learning. Communication Education, 35, 43-55.
    • (1986) Communication Education , vol.35 , pp. 43-55
    • Plax, T.G.1    Kearney, P.2    McCroskey, J.C.3    Richmond, V.P.4
  • 58
    • 84917116095 scopus 로고
    • Communication in the classroom: Power and motivation
    • Richmond, V. P. (1990). Communication in the classroom: Power and motivation. CommunicationEducation, 39, 181-195.
    • (1990) CommunicationEducation , vol.39 , pp. 181-195
    • Richmond, V.P.1
  • 59
    • 0039505652 scopus 로고
    • Power in the classroom VII: Linking behavior alternation techniques to cognitive learning
    • Richmond, V. P., McCroskey, J. C., Kearney, P., & Plax, T. G. (1987). Power in the classroom VII: Linking behavior alternation techniques to cognitive learning. Communication Education, 36, 1-12.
    • (1987) Communication Education , vol.36 , pp. 1-12
    • Richmond, V.P.1    McCroskey, J.C.2    Kearney, P.3    Plax, T.G.4
  • 61
    • 0040518848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clarifying the relationship between teacher nonverbal immediacy and student cognitive learning: Affective learning as the central causal mediator
    • Rodriguez, J. I., Plax, T. G., & Kearney, P. (1996). Clarifying the relationship between teacher nonverbal immediacy and student cognitive learning: Affective learning as the central causal mediator. Communication Education, 45, 293-305.
    • (1996) Communication Education , vol.45 , pp. 293-305
    • Rodriguez, J.I.1    Plax, T.G.2    Kearney, P.3
  • 62
    • 0242554897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The uses-and-gratifications perspective of media effects
    • In J. Bryant &D. Zillmann (Eds.), Mahwah,NJ: Erlbaum
    • Rubin, A. M. (2002). The uses-and-gratifications perspective of media effects. In J. Bryant &D. Zillmann (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 525-548). Mahwah,NJ: Erlbaum
    • (2002) Media Effects: Advances In Theory and Research , pp. 525-548
    • Rubin, A.M.1
  • 64
    • 84986397998 scopus 로고
    • Conceptualization and measurement of interpersonal communication motives
    • Rubin, R. B., Perse, E. M., & Barbato, C. A. (1988). Conceptualization and measurement of interpersonal communication motives. Human Communication Research, 14, 602-628.
    • (1988) Human Communication Research , vol.14 , pp. 602-628
    • Rubin, R.B.1    Perse, E.M.2    Barbato, C.A.3
  • 65
    • 0020095501 scopus 로고
    • Degree of consistent training: Improvements in search performance and automatic process development
    • Schneider, W., & Fisk, A. D. (1982). Degree of consistent training: Improvements in search performance and automatic process development. Perception and Psycholophysics, 31,160-168.
    • (1982) Perception and Psycholophysics , vol.31 , pp. 160-168
    • Schneider, W.1    Fisk, A.D.2
  • 66
    • 58149406088 scopus 로고
    • Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory
    • Shiffrin, R. M., & Schneider, W. (1977). Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory. Psychological Review, 84, 127-190.
    • (1977) Psychological Review , vol.84 , pp. 127-190
    • Shiffrin, R.M.1    Schneider, W.2
  • 67
    • 56349142440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Engagement and disaffection in the classroom: Part of a large motivational dynamic?
    • Skinner, E., Furrer, C., Marchand, G., & Kindermann, T. (2008). Engagement and disaffection in the classroom: Part of a large motivational dynamic? Journal of Educational Psychology, 100, 765-781.
    • (2008) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.100 , pp. 765-781
    • Skinner, E.1    Furrer, C.2    Marchand, G.3    Kindermann, T.4
  • 68
    • 77956974000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Creating perceptions of closeness in the classroom: Exploring the concept of nonverbal immediacy
    • Thomas-Maddox, C. (2003). Creating perceptions of closeness in the classroom: Exploring the concept of nonverbal immediacy. Communication Teacher, 17, 3-15.
    • (2003) Communication Teacher , vol.17 , pp. 3-15
    • Thomas, M.C.1
  • 69
    • 84924592141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immediate and delayed effects of interest cues and engagement cues on students' affective learning
    • Titsworth, B. S. (2001). Immediate and delayed effects of interest cues and engagement cues on students' affective learning. Communication Studies, 52, 169-179.
    • (2001) Communication Studies , vol.52 , pp. 169-179
    • Titsworth, B.S.1
  • 70
    • 0043131506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Instructional and developmental communication theory and research in the 1990s: Extending the agenda for the 21st century
    • In W. B. Gudykunst (Ed.), Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage
    • Waldeck, J. H., Kearney, P., & Plax, T. G. (2000). Instructional and developmental communication theory and research in the 1990s: Extending the agenda for the 21st century. In W. B. Gudykunst (Ed.), Communication yearbook 24 (pp. 207-229). Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
    • (2000) Communication Yearbook , vol.24 , pp. 207-229
    • Waldeck, J.H.1    Kearney, P.2    Plax, T.G.3
  • 71
    • 32944472800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Staying connected while on the move: Cell phone use and socialconnectedness
    • Wei, R., & Lo, V. (2006). Staying connected while on the move: Cell phone use and socialconnectedness. New Media & Society, 8, 53-72.
    • (2006) New Media & Society , vol.8 , pp. 53-72
    • Wei, R.1    Lo, V.2
  • 72
    • 10244224169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A meta-analytical review of the relationship between teacher immediacy and student learning
    • Witt, P. L., Wheeless, L. R., & Allen, M. (2004). A meta-analytical review of the relationship between teacher immediacy and student learning. Communication Monographs, 71, 184 207.
    • (2004) Communication Monographs , vol.71 , Issue.184 , pp. 207
    • Witt, P.L.1    Wheeless, L.R.2    Allen, M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.