How sunlight causes melanoma

Current Oncology Reports

Volumn 12, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 319-326

  Garibyan, Lilit ^a   Fisher, David E ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Carcinogenesis; Immunosuppression; Melanoma; Tanning; Ultraviolet

Indexed keywords

VITAMIN D;

AMINO ACID SUBSTITUTION; BASAL CELL CARCINOMA; CANCER GROWTH; DNA DAMAGE; GENE MUTATION; HUMAN; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; IMMUNE SYSTEM; INFLAMMATION; MELANOMA; METASTASIS; NONHUMAN; PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM; RADIATION CARCINOGENESIS; RADIATION EXPOSURE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SKIN CARCINOGENESIS; SKIN DEFECT; SOLAR RADIATION; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; SUN EXPOSURE; SUNLIGHT; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION; VITAMIN BLOOD LEVEL; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY; VITAMIN METABOLISM; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; PATHOLOGY; RADIATION INDUCED NEOPLASM; SKIN NEOPLASMS;

HUMANS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; MELANOMA; NEOPLASMS, RADIATION-INDUCED; SKIN NEOPLASMS; SUNLIGHT; ULTRAVIOLET RAYS;

EID: 77956266528     PISSN: 15233790     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11912-010-0119-y     Document Type: Review

References (58)

1. MR Albert KG Ostheimer 2002 The evolution of current medical and popular attitudes toward ultraviolet light exposure: part 1 J Am Acad Dermatol 47 930 937 10.1067/mjd.2002.127254 12451381
2. C Young 2009 Solar ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer Occup Med (Lond) 59 82 88 10.1093/occmed/kqn170
3. JM Schulman DE Fisher 2009 Indoor ultraviolet tanning and skin cancer: health risks and opportunities Curr Opin Oncol 21 144 149 10.1097/CCO. 0b013e3283252fc5 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXntFylurs%3D 19532016 This recent review explored the role of UV radiation exposure and indoor tanning bed use in melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer risk, and concluded that indoor tanning bed use represents an avoidable risk factor for skin cancer. This review also analyzed in detail the benefits of vitamin D in preventing different types of cancers
4. CF Garland FC Garland ED Gorham, et al. 2006 The role of vitamin D in cancer prevention Am J Public Health 96 252 261 10.2105/AJPH.2004.045260 16380576
5. TT Tran J Schulman DE Fisher 2008 UV and pigmentation: molecular mechanisms and social controversies Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 21 509 516 10.1111/j.1755-148X.2008.00498.x 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXht1Kqt7zK 18821855
6. Clifton V: Attorney General's office files suit against Darque Tan for false ad claims. The Sun (online news). November 15, 2008.
7. BK Armstrong A Kricker 2001 The epidemiology of UV induced skin cancer J Photochem Photobiol 63 8 18 10.1016/S1011-1344(01)00198-1 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD3MXnvFGrt7g%3D
8. DC Whiteman CA Whiteman AC Green 2001 Childhood sun exposure as a risk factor for melanoma: a systematic review of epidemiologic studies Cancer Causes Control 12 69 82 10.1023/A:1008980919928 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M3ksVyktw%3D%3D 11227927
9. S Caini S Gandini F Sera, et al. 2009 Meta-analysis of risk factors for cutaneous melanoma according to anatomical site and clinico-pathological variant Eur J Cancer 45 3054 3063 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.05.009 19545997
10. R Cui HR Widlund E Feige, et al. 2007 Central role of p53 in the suntan response and pathologic hyperpigmentation Cell 128 853 864 10.1016/j.cell.2006. 12.045 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXjvVSgu70%3D 17350573 This study provided a molecular mechanism by which UV exposure causes tanning via p53 activation. It showed that p53 is activated in response to DNA damage, suggesting that UV-mediated tanning likely occurs secondary to DNA damage and thus carries the risk of carcinogenesis and cancer development
11. P Valverde E Healy I Jackson, et al. 1995 Variants of the melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor gene are associated with red hair and fair skin in humans Nat Genet 11 328 330 10.1038/ng1195-328 1:CAS:528: DyaK2MXptlSjsL0%3D 7581459
12. MR Karagas VA Stannard LA Mott, et al. 2002 Use of tanning devices and risk of basal cell and squamous cell skin cancers J Natl Cancer Inst 94 224 226 11830612
13. W Ting K Schultz NN Cac, et al. 2007 Tanning bed exposure increases the risk of malignant melanoma Int J Dermatol 46 1253 1257 18173518
14. The association of use of sunbeds with cutaneous malignant melanoma and other skin cancers: A systematic review. Int J Cancer 2007, 120:1116-1122.
15. Lazovich D, Berwick M, Weinstock MA, et al.: Indoor tanning and risk of melanoma: a case-control study in a highly exposed population. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010, In Press.
16. MP Purdue LE Freeman WF Anderson MA Tucker 2008 Recent trends in incidence of cutaneous melanoma among US Caucasian young adults J Invest Dermatol 128 2905 2908 10.1038/jid.2008.159 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtlGgsbvM 18615112 This recent study showed a dramatic rise in incidence of melanoma in young females. Most alarmingly, this study also demonstrated a striking increase in incidence of regionally and distantly spread disease in young females. The authors suggested that this increase in incidence of melanoma in young females could be from their increased UVR exposure through the use of tanning beds
17. JA Curtin J Fridlyand T Kageshita, et al. 2005 Distinct sets of genetic alterations in melanoma N Engl J Med 353 2135 2147 10.1056/NEJMoa050092 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXht1ajtLjP 16291983
18. TL Diepgen V Mahler 2002 The epidemiology of skin cancer Br J Dermatol 146 Suppl 61 1 6 10.1046/j.1365-2133.146.s61.2.x 11966724
19. S Gandini F Sera MS Cattaruzza, et al. 2005 Meta-analysis of risk factors for cutaneous melanoma: II Sun exposure. Eur J Cancer 41 45 60
20. A Sancar LA Lindsey-Boltz K Unsal-Kacmaz S Linn 2004 Molecular mechanisms of mammalian DNA repair and the DNA damage checkpoints Ann Rev Biochem 73 39 85 10.1146/annurev.biochem.73.011303.073723 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXmslagsrk%3D 15189136
21. WP Roos B Kaina 2006 DNA damage-induced cell death by apoptosis Trends Mol Med 12 440 450 10.1016/j.molmed.2006.07.007 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xosl2qtr8%3D 16899408
22. A Ziegler AS Jonason DJ Leffell, et al. 1994 Sunburn and p53 in the onset of skin cancer Nature 372 773 776 10.1038/372773a0 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXivVSjsrw%3D 7997263
23. AS Jonason S Kunala GJ Price, et al. 1996 Frequent clones of p53-mutated keratinocytes in normal human skin Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93 14025 14029 10.1073/pnas.93.24.14025 1:CAS:528:DyaK28Xnt1Gksrc%3D 8943054
24. •• IARC: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Volume 55: 1992. This large meta-analysis provided extensive evidence to confirm the association between indoor tanning and melanoma. It also showed that first exposure to indoor tanning before age 35 was associated with 75% increased risk of developing melanoma.
25. PH Clingen CF Arlett L Roza, et al. 1995 Induction of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, pyrimidine(6-4)pyrimidone photoproducts, and Dewar valence isomers by natural sunlight in normal human mononuclear cells Cancer Res 55 2245 2248 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXlvFerurY%3D 7757971
26. JL Ravanat T Douki J Cadet 2001 Direct and indirect effects of UV radiation on DNA and its components J Photochem Photobiol 63 88 102 10.1016/S1011-1344(01)00206-8 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXnvFGrtLs%3D
27. J Cadet E Sage T Douki 2005 Ultraviolet radiation-mediated damage to cellular DNA Mutat Res 571 3 17 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhvVGhs7o%3D 15748634
28. NS Agar GM Halliday RS Barnetson, et al. 2004 The basal layer in human squamous tumors harbors more UVA than UVB fingerprint mutations: a role for UVA in human skin carcinogenesis Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101 4954 4959 10.1073/pnas.0401141101 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXjsFCis78%3D 15041750
29. CF Garland FC Garland ED Gorham 2003 Epidemiologic evidence for different roles of ultraviolet A and B radiation in melanoma mortality rates Ann Epidemiol 13 395 404 10.1016/S1047-2797(02)00461-1 12875796
30. A Besaratinia GP Pfeifer 2008 Sunlight ultraviolet irradiation and BRAF V600 mutagenesis in human melanoma Hum Mutat 29 983 991 10.1002/humu.20802 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtVCqu7rJ 18421705 This review article discussed the use of "DNA damage-targeted mutagenicity" of UVR for determining the mechanistic involvement of sunlight in specific gene mutagenesis in human melanoma. By analyzing specific DNA lesions found in BRAF gene from melanomas, they explained how UVR could be the culprit of BRAF mutagenesis
31. A Besaratinia GP Pfeifer 2006 Investigating human cancer etiology by DNA lesion footprinting and mutagenicity analysis Carcinogenesis 27 1526 1537 10.1093/carcin/bgi311 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XosVemuro%3D 16344267
32. S Mouret C Baudouin M Charveron, et al. 2006 Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers are predominant DNA lesions in whole human skin exposed to UVA radiation Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103 13765 13770 10.1073/pnas.0604213103 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XpvFSmtbo%3D 16954188
33. Y Wang JJ Digiovanna JB Stern, et al. 2009 Evidence of ultraviolet type mutations in xeroderma pigmentosum melanomas Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106 6279 6284 10.1073/pnas.0812401106 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXlsFamt7o%3D 19329485
34. JS English AJ Swerdlow 1987 The risk of malignant melanoma, internal malignancy and mortality in xeroderma pigmentosum patients Br J Dermatol 117 457 461 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1987.tb04925.x 1:STN:280:DyaL1c%2FltVGrsw%3D%3D 3676093
35. L Daya-Grosjean A Sarasin 2005 The role of UV induced lesions in skin carcinogenesis: an overview of oncogene and tumor suppressor gene modifications in xeroderma pigmentosum skin tumors Mut Res 571 43 56 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2MXhvVGhs7g%3D
36. S Kuphal A Bosserhoff 2009 Recent progress in understanding the pathology of malignant melanoma J Pathol 219 400 409 10.1002/path.2617 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXjsVKrsg%3D%3D 19771562
37. Williams M, Ouhtit A: Towards a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in sunlight-induced melanoma. J Biomed Biotechnol 2005, 57-61.
38. ED Pleasance RK Cheetham PJ Stephens, et al. 2010 A comprehensive catalogue of somatic mutations from a human cancer genome Nature 463 191 196 10.1038/nature08658 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsFKnsbvK 20016485
39. N Maddodi V Setaluri 2008 Role of UV in cutaneous melanoma Photochem Photobiol 84 528 536 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00283.x 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD1cXjt1Cqtrs%3D 18248502
40. H Davies GR Bignell C Cox, et al. 2002 Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer Nature 417 949 954 10.1038/nature00766 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD38XkvVagsLo%3D 12068308
41. PM Pollock UL Harper KS Hansen, et al. 2003 High frequency of BRAF mutations in nevi Nat Genet 33 19 20 10.1038/ng1054 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD38XpvVeqsrg%3D 12447372
42. NE Thomas A Alexander SN Edmiston, et al. 2004 Tandem BRAF mutations in primary invasive melanomas J Invest Dermatol 122 1245 1250 10.1111/j.0022-202X. 2004.22523.x 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXkvVOrurc%3D 15140228
43. NE Thomas SN Edmiston A Alexander, et al. 2007 Number of nevi and early-life ambient UV exposure are associated with BRAF-mutant melanoma Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16 991 997 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-1038 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXltlWgtLk%3D 17507627 This population-based case series study showed association of BRAF mutations with early-life UV exposure. The results highlighted the importance of childhood sun protection for melanoma prevention
44. RH Edwards MR Ward H Wu, et al. 2004 Absence of BRAF mutations in UV-protected mucosal melanomas J Med Genet 41 270 272 10.1136/jmg.2003.016667 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXktl2ksb8%3D 15060100
45. T Schwarz 2008 25 years of UV-induced immunosuppression mediated by T cells-from disregarded T suppressor cells to highly respected regulatory T cells Photochem Photobiol 84 10 18 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00265.x 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXht1ylt7g%3D 18173696
46. GM Murphy 2009 Ultraviolet radiation and immunosuppression Br J Dermatol 161 Suppl 3 90 95 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09455.x 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtlGns7rL 19775363
47. I Penn 2000 Post-transplant malignancy: the role of immunosuppression Drug Saf 23 101 113 10.2165/00002018-200023020-00002 1:STN:280: DC%2BD3M%2FktlKmtw%3D%3D 10945373
48. S Euvrard J Kanitakis A Claudy 2003 Skin cancers after organ transplantation N Engl J Med 348 1681 1691 10.1056/NEJMra022137 12711744
49. A Mantovani 2005 Cancer: inflammation by remote control. Nature 435 752 753 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXkvVGgs78%3D
50. LM Coussens Z Werb 2002 Inflammation and cancer Nature 420 860 867 10.1038/nature01322 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XpsFygtb4%3D 12490959
51. GM Halliday 2005 Inflammation, gene mutation and photoimmunosuppression in response to UVR-induced oxidative damage contributes to photocarcinogenesis Mut Res 571 107 120 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhvVGhsrw%3D
52. DM Stafforini TM McIntyre GA Zimmerman SM Prescott 2003 Platelet-activating factor, a pleiotrophic mediator of physiological and pathological processes Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 40 643 672 10.1080/714037693 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXht1Cqug%3D%3D 14708958
53. V Melnikova M Bar-Eli 2007 Inflammation and melanoma growth and metastasis: the role of platelet-activating factor (PAF) and its receptor Cancer Metastasis Rev 26 359 371 10.1007/s10555-007-9092-9 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2sXht1yktLbM 17721743
54. SE Ullrich 2007 Sunlight and skin cancer: lessons from the immune system Mol Carcinog 46 629 633 10.1002/mc.20328 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXpvFymsrc%3D 17443748
55. M McCarter J Clarke D Richter C Wilson 2005 Melanoma skews dendritic cells to facilitate a T helper 2 profile Surgery 138 321 328 10.1016/j.surg.2005.06.011 16153443
56. EB Rankin D Yu J Jiang, et al. 2003 An essential role of Th1 responses and interferon gamma in infection-mediated suppression of neoplastic growth Cancer Biol Ther 2 687 693 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhvVCjsb0%3D 14688478
57. P Clement-Lacroix L Michel A Moysan, et al. 1996 UVA-induced immune suppression in human skin: protective effect of vitamin E in human epidermal cells in vitro Br J Dermatol 134 77 84 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1996.tb07843.x 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XhtVaitbo%3D 8745890
58. MA Stene M Babajanians S Bhuta AJ Cochran 1988 Quantitative alterations in cutaneous Langerhans cells during the evolution of malignant melanoma of the skin J Invest Dermatol 91 125 128 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12464142 1:STN:280:DyaL1c3osFygtA%3D%3D 3260930