Imaging genetics of anxiety disorders

NeuroImage

Volumn 53, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 822-831

  Domschke, Katharina ^a   Dannlowski, Udo ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MÜNSTER   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CATECHOL METHYLTRANSFERASE; SEROTONIN RECEPTOR;

AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; ANXIETY DISORDER; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN REGION; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE SEVERITY; FEAR; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; GENE FREQUENCY; GENE INTERACTION; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC RISK; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; GENETIC TRAIT; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOTYPE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; HUMAN; IMAGING GENETICS; MOLECULAR GENETICS; MOLECULAR IMAGING; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PANIC; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SOCIAL PHOBIA; STIMULUS RESPONSE;

AMYGDALA; ANXIETY DISORDERS; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; GENOTYPE; HUMANS; PHENOTYPE;

EID: 77956202780     PISSN: 10538119     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.11.042     Document Type: Review

References (138)

1. Aggleton J.P. The Amygdala: A Functional Analysis 2000, Oxford University Press, New York. 2nd ed.
2. Almeida J.R., Versace A., Mechelli A., Hassel S., Quevedo K., Kupfer D.J., Phillips M.L. Abnormal amygdala-prefrontal effective connectivity to happy faces differentiates bipolar from major depression. Biol. Psychiatry 2009, 66:451-459.
3. Alonso J., Lepine J.P. Overview of key data from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD). J. Clin. Psychiatry 2007, 68(Suppl. 2):3-9.
4. Alonso J., Angermeyer M.C., Bernert S., Bruffaerts R., Brugha T.S., Bryson H., de Girolamo G., Graaf R., Demyttenaere K., Gasquet I., Haro J.M., Katz S.J., Kessler R.C., Kovess V., Lepine J.P., Ormel J., Polidori G., Russo L.J., Vilagut G., Almansa J., Arbabzadeh-Bouchez S., Autonell J., Bernal M., Buist-Bouwman M.A., Codony M., Domingo-Salvany A., Ferrer M., Joo S.S., Martinez-Alonso M., Matschinger H., Mazzi F., Morgan Z., Morosini P., Palacin C., Romera B., Taub N., Vollebergh W.A. Disability and quality of life impact of mental disorders in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. Suppl. 2004, 420:38-46.
5. Alsene K., Deckert J., Sand P., de Wit H. Association between A2a receptor gene polymorphisms and caffeine-induced anxiety. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003, 28:1694-1702.
6. Amstadter A.B., Nugent N.R., Koenen K.C. Genetics of PTSD: fear conditioning as a model for future research. Psychiatr. Ann. 2009, 39:358-367.
7. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-DSM-IV-TR 2000, APA - American Psychiatric Association, Text Revision. American Psychiatric Association, Washington. 4th edition.
8. Arciero G., Gaetano P., Maselli P., Gentili N. Identity, personality and emotional regulation. Cognition and Psychotherapy 2004, Springer Publishing Company, New York. 2nd ed. A. Freeman, M. Mahoney, P. Devito, D. Martin (Eds.).
9. Arnold P.D., Zai G., Richter M.A. Genetics of anxiety disorders. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 2004, 6:243-254.
10. Baune, B.T., Dannlowski, U., Domschke, K., Janssen, D.A.G., Jordan, M., Ohrmann, P., Bauer, J., Arolt, V., Kugel, H., Baxter, A., Suslow, T., in press. Genetic variants of the inflammatory marker Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1beta) are associated with failure to achieve remission after antidepressant treatment and with impaired emotion processing in major depression. Biol. Psychiatry.
11. Bertolino A., Arciero G., Rubino V., Latorre V., de Candia M., Mazzola V., Blasi G., Caforio G., Hariri A., Kolachana B., Nardini M., Weinberger D.R., Scarabino T. Variation of human amygdala response during threatening stimuli as a function of 5'HTTLPR genotype and personality style. Biol. Psychiatry 2005, 57:1517-1525.
12. Birbaumer N., Grodd W., Diedrich O., Klose U., Erb M., Lotze M., Schneider F., Weiss U., Flor H. fMRI reveals amygdala activation to human faces in social phobics. NeuroReport 1998, 9:1223-1226.
13. Bishop S., Duncan J., Brett M., Lawrence A.D. Prefrontal cortical function and anxiety: controlling attention to threat-related stimuli. Nat. Neurosci. 2004, 7:184-188.
14. Blair K., Shaywitz J., Smith B.W., Rhodes R., Geraci M., Jones M., McCaffrey D., Vythilingam M., Finger E., Mondillo K., Jacobs M., Charney D.S., Blair R.J., Drevets W.C., Pine D.S. Response to emotional expressions in generalized social phobia and generalized anxiety disorder: evidence for separate disorders. Am. J. Psychiatry 2008, 165:1193-1202.
15. Brandes M., Bienvenu O.J. Personality and anxiety disorders. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 2006, 8:263-269.
16. Brown S.M., Peet E., Manuck S.B., Williamson D.E., Dahl R.E., Ferrell R.E., Hariri A.R. A regulatory variant of the human tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene biases amygdala reactivity. Mol. Psychiatry 2005, 10:884-888.
17. Canli T., Congdon E., Gutknecht L., Constable R.T., Lesch K.P. Amygdala responsiveness is modulated by tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene variation. J. Neural. Transm. 2005, 112:1479-1485.
18. Canli T., Congdon E., Todd Constable R., Lesch K.P. Additive effects of serotonin transporter and tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene variation on neural correlates of affective processing. Biol. Psychol. 2008, 79:118-125.
19. Caseras F.X., Fullana M.A., Riba J., Barbanoj M.J., Aluja A., Torrubia R. Influence of individual differences in the behavioral inhibition system and stimulus content (fear versus blood-disgust) on affective startle reflex modulation. Biol. Psychol. 2006, 72:251-256.
20. Childs E., Hohoff C., Deckert J., Xu K., Badner J., de Wit H. Association between ADORA2A and DRD2 polymorphisms and caffeine-induced anxiety. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008, 33:2791-2800.
21. Cloninger C.R., Svrakic D.M., Przybeck T.R. A psychobiological model of temperament and character. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1993, 50:975-990.
22. Costa P.T., McCrae R.R. NEO-PI-R Professional Manual 1992, Psychological Assessment Resources, Odessa, FL.
23. Costafreda S.G., Brammer M.J., David A.S., Fu C.H. Predictors of amygdala activation during the processing of emotional stimuli: a meta-analysis of 385 PET and fMRI studies. Brain Res. Rev. 2008, 58:57-70.
24. Critchley H.D., Wiens S., Rotshtein P., Ohman A., Dolan R.J. Neural systems supporting interoceptive awareness. Nat. Neurosci. 2004, 7:189-195.
25. Crowe R.R., Noyes R., Wilson A.F., Elston R.C., Ward L.J. A linkage study of panic disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1987, 44:933-937.
26. Dannlowski U., Ohrmann P., Bauer J., Kugel H., Arolt V., Heindel W., Kersting A., Baune B.T., Suslow T. Amygdala reactivity to masked negative faces is associated with automatic judgmental bias in major depression: a 3 T fMRI study. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 2007, 32:423-429.
27. Dannlowski U., Ohrmann P., Bauer J., Kugel H., Arolt V., Heindel W., Suslow T. Amygdala reactivity predicts automatic negative evaluations for facial emotions. Psychiatry Res. 2007, 154:13-20.
28. Dannlowski U., Ohrmann P., Bauer J., Kugel H., Baune B.T., Hohoff C., Kersting A., Arolt V., Heindel W., Deckert J., Suslow T. Serotonergic genes modulate amygdala activity in major depression. Genes Brain Behav. 2007, 6:672-676.
29. Dannlowski U., Ohrmann P., Bauer J., Deckert J., Hohoff C., Kugel H., Arolt V., Heindel W., Kersting A., Baune B.T., Suslow T. 5-HTTLPR biases amygdala activity in response to masked facial expressions in major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008, 33:418-424.
30. Dannlowski U., Ohrmann P., Konrad C., Domschke K., Bauer J., Kugel H., Hohoff C., Schöning S., Kersting A., Baune B.T., Mortensen L.S., Arolt V., Zwitserlood P., Deckert J., Heindel W., Suslow T. Reduced amygdala-prefrontal coupling in major depression: association with MAOA genotype and illness severity. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2009, 12:11-22.
31. Dannlowski, U., Konrad, C., Kugel, H., Zwitserlood, P., Domschke, K., Schöning, S., Ohrmann, P., Bauer, J., Pyka, M., Hohoff, C., Zhang, W., Baune, B.T., Heindel, W., Arolt, V., Suslow, T., in press. Emotion specific modulation of automatic amygdala responses by 5-HTTLPR genotype. Neuroimage.
32. Davis M., Whalen P.J. The amygdala: vigilance and emotion. Mol. Psychiatry 2001, 6:13-34.
33. Deckert J., Nothen M.M., Franke P., Delmo C., Fritze J., Knapp M., Maier W., Beckmann H., Propping P. Systematic mutation screening and association study of the A1 and A2a adenosine receptor genes in panic disorder suggest a contribution of the A2a gene to the development of disease. Mol. Psychiatry 1998, 3:81-85.
34. Deckert J., Catalano M., Syagailo Y.V., Bosi M., Okladnova O., Di B.D., Nothen M.M., Maffei P., Franke P., Fritze J., Maier W., Propping P., Beckmann H., Bellodi L., Lesch K.P. Excess of high activity monoamine oxidase A gene promoter alleles in female patients with panic disorder. Hum. Mol. Genet. 1999, 8:621-624.
35. Domschke K., Freitag C.M., Kuhlenbäumer G., Schirmacher A., Sand P., Nyhuis P., Jacob C., Fritze J., Franke P., Rietschel M., Garritsen H.S., Fimmers R., Nöthen M.M., Lesch K.P., Stögbauer F., Deckert J. Association of the functional V158M catechol-O-methyltransferase polymorphism with panic disorder in women. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2004, 7:183-188.
36. Domschke K., Braun M., Ohrmann P., Suslow T., Kugel H., Bauer J., Hohoff C., Kersting A., Engelien A., Arolt V., Heindel W., Deckert J. Association of the functional -1019C/G 5-HT1A polymorphism with prefrontal cortex and amygdala activation measured with 3 T fMRI in panic disorder. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006, 9:349-355.
37. Domschke K., Deckert J., O'donovan M.C., Glatt S.J. Meta-analysis of COMT val158met in panic disorder: ethnic heterogeneity and gender specificity. Am. J. Med. Genet. B. Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 2007, 144:667-673.
38. Domschke K., Hohoff C., Jacob C., Maier W., Fritze J., Bandelow B., Krakowitzky P., Kästner F., Rothermundt M., Arolt V., Deckert J. Chromosome 4q31-34 panic disorder risk locus: association of neuropeptide Y Y5 receptor variants. Am. J. Med. Genet. B. Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 2008, 5:510-516.
39. Domschke K., Ohrmann P., Braun M., Suslow T., Bauer J., Hohoff C., Kersting A., Engelien A., Arolt V., Heindel W., Deckert J., Kugel H. Influence of the catechol-O-methyltransferase val158met genotype on amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex emotional processing in panic disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2008, 163:13-20.
40. Domschke K., Dannlowski U., Ohrmann P., Lawford B., Bauer J., Kugel H., Heindel W., Young R., Morris P., Arolt V., Deckert J., Suslow T., Baune B.T. Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) gene: impact on antidepressant treatment response and emotion processing in major depression. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008, 18:751-759.
41. Domschke, K., Dannlowski, U., Hohoff, C., Ohrmann, P., Bauer, J., Kugel, H., Zwanzger, P., Heindel, W., Deckert, J., Arolt, V., Suslow, T., Baune, B.T., in press (a). Neuropeptide Y (NPY) gene: impact on emotional processing and treatment response in anxious depression, Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol.
42. Domschke, K., Deckert, J., Arolt, V., Baune, B.T., in press (b). Anxious versus non-anxious depression: differences in treatment outcome. J. Psychopharmacol.
43. Domschke K., Stevens S., Pfleiderer B., Gerlach A., in press (c). Interoceptive sensitivity in anxiety and anxiety disorders: an overview and integration of neurobiological findings. Clin. Psychol. Rev.
44. Drabant E.M., Hariri A.R., Meyer-Lindenberg A., Munoz K.E., Mattay V.S., Kolachana B.S., Egan M.F., Weinberger D.R. Catechol-O-methyltransferase val158met genotype and neural mechanisms related to affective arousal and regulation. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2006, 63:1396-1406.
45. Etkin A., Wager T.D. Functional neuroimaging of anxiety: a meta-analysis of emotional processing in PTSD, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobia. Am. J. Psychiatry 2007, 164:1476-1488.
46. Etkin A., Klemenhagen K.C., Dudman J.T., Rogan M.T., Hen R., Kandel E.R., Hirsch J. Individual differences in trait anxiety predict the response of the basolateral amygdala to unconsciously processed fearful faces. Neuron 2004, 44:1043-1055.
47. Evans K.C., Wright C.I., Wedig M.M., Gold A.L., Pollack M.H., Rauch S.L. A functional MRI study of amygdala responses to angry schematic faces in social anxiety disorder 2007, 1-10. 10 ed.
48. Fakra E., Hyde L.W., Gorka A., Fisher P.M., Munoz K.E., Kimak M., Halder I., Ferrell R.E., Manuck S.B., Hariri A.R. Effects of HTR1A C(-1019)G on amygdala reactivity and trait anxiety. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2009, 66:33-40.
49. Fava M., Rush A.J., Alpert J.E., Balasubramani G.K., Wisniewski S.R., Carmin C.N., Biggs M.M., Zisook S., Leuchter A., Howland R., Warden D., Trivedi M.H. Difference in treatment outcome in outpatients with anxious versus nonanxious depression: a STAR*D report. Am. J. Psychiatry 2008, 165:342-351.
50. Flint J., Munafo M.R. The endophenotype concept in psychiatric genetics. Psychol. Med. 2007, 37:163-180.
51. Freitag C.M., Domschke K., Rothe C., Lee Y.J., Hohoff C., Gutknecht L., Sand P., Fimmers R., Lesch K.P., Deckert J. Interaction of serotonergic and noradrenergic gene variants in panic disorder. Psychiatr. Genet. 2006, 16:59-65.
52. Furmark T., Tillfors M., Garpenstrand H., Marteinsdottir I., Langstrom B., Oreland L., Fredrikson M. Serotonin transporter polymorphism related to amygdala excitability and symptom severity in patients with social phobia. Neurosci. Lett. 2004, 362:189-192.
53. Furmark T., Appel L., Henningsson S., Ahs F., Faria V., Linnman C., Pissiota A., Frans O., Bani M., Bettica P., Pich E.M., Jacobsson E., Wahlstedt K., Oreland L., Langstrom B., Eriksson E., Fredrikson M. A link between serotonin-related gene polymorphisms, amygdala activity, and placebo-induced relief from social anxiety. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:13066-13074.
54. Furmark T., Henningsson S., Appel L., Ahs F., Linnman C., Pissiota A., Faria V., Oreland L., Bani M., Pich E.M., Eriksson E., Fredrikson M. Genotype over-diagnosis in amygdala responsiveness: affective processing in social anxiety disorder. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 2009, 34:30-40.
55. Fyer A.J., Hamilton S.P., Durner M., Haghighi F., Heiman G.A., Costa R., Evgrafov O., Adams P., Baisre de Leon A., Taveras N., Klein D.F., Hodge S.E., Weissman M.M., Knowles J.A. A third-pass genome scan in panic disorder: evidence for multiple susceptibility loci. Biol. Psychiatry 2006, 60:388-401.
56. Gelernter J., Bonvicini K., Page G., Woods S.W., Goddard A.W., Kruger S., Pauls D.L., Goodson S. Linkage genome scan for loci predisposing to panic disorder or agoraphobia. Am. J. Med. Genet. 2001, 105:548-557.
57. Gelernter J., Page G.P., Bonvicini K., Woods S.W., Pauls D.L., Kruger S. A chromosome 14 risk locus for simple phobia: results from a genomewide linkage scan. Mol. Psychiatry 2003, 8:71-82.
58. Gelernter J., Page G.P., Stein M.B., Woods S.W. Genome-wide linkage scan for loci predisposing to social phobia: evidence for a chromosome 16 risk locus. Am. J. Psychiatry 2004, 161:59-66.
59. Gershenfeld H.K., Paul S.M. Towards a genetics of anxious temperament: from mice to men. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. Suppl. 1998, 393:56-65.
60. Gottesman I.I., Gould T.D. The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: etymology and strategic intentions. Am. J. Psychiatry 2003, 160:636-645.
61. Hamilton S.P., Slager S.L., Heiman G.A., Deng Z., Haghighi F., Klein D.F., Hodge S.E., Weissman M.M., Fyer A.J., Knowles J.A. Evidence for a susceptibility locus for panic disorder near the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene on chromosome 22. Biol. Psychiatry 2002, 51:591-601.
62. Hamilton S.P., Fyer A.J., Durner M., Heiman G.A., Baisre de Leon A., Hodge S.E., Knowles J.A., Weissman M.M. Further genetic evidence for a panic disorder syndrome mapping to chromosome 13q. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2003, 100:2550-2555.
63. Hamilton S.P., Slager S.L., Baisre de Leon A., Heiman G.A., Klein D.F., Hodge S.E., Weissman M.M., Fyer A.J., Knowles J.A. Evidence for genetic linkage between a polymorphism in the adenosine 2A receptor and panic disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004, 29:558-565.
64. Hariri A.R., Holmes A. Genetics of emotional regulation: the role of the serotonin transporter in neural function. Trends Cogn. Sci. 2006, 10:182-191.
65. Hariri A.R., Mattay V.S., Tessitore A., Kolachana B., Fera F., Goldman D., Egan M.F., Weinberger D.R. Serotonin transporter genetic variation and the response of the human amygdala. Science 2002, 297:400-403.
66. Hariri A.R., Drabant E.M., Munoz K.E., Kolachana B.S., Mattay V.S., Egan M.F., Weinberger D.R. A susceptibility gene for affective disorders and the response of the human amygdala. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2005, 62:146-152.
67. Heinz A., Braus D.F., Smolka M.N., Wrase J., Puls I., Hermann D., Klein S., Grüsser S.M., Flor H., Schumann G., Mann K., Büchel C. Amygdala-prefrontal coupling depends on a genetic variation of the serotonin transporter. Nat. Neurosci. 2005, 8:20-21.
68. Hettema J.M., Neale M.C., Kendler K.S. A review and meta-analysis of the genetic epidemiology of anxiety disorders. Am. J. Psychiatry 2001, 158:1568-1578.
69. Hosing V.G., Schirmacher A., Kuhlenbaumer G., Freitag C., Sand P., Schlesiger C., Jacob C., Fritze J., Franke P., Rietschel M., Garritsen H., Nothen M.M., Fimmers R., Stogbauer F., Deckert J. Cholecystokinin- and cholecystokinin-B-receptor gene polymorphisms in panic disorder. J. Neural Transm. Suppl. 2004, 147-156.
70. Huang Y.Y., Battistuzzi C., Oquendo M.A., Harkavy-Friedman J., Greenhill L., Zalsman G., Brodsky B., Arango V., Brent D.A., Mann J.J. Human 5-HT1A receptor C(-1019)G polymorphism and psychopathology. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2004, 7:441-451.
71. Javanmard M., Shlik J., Kennedy S.H., Vaccarino F.J., Houle S., Bradwejn J. Neuroanatomic correlates of CCK-4-induced panic attacks in healthy humans: a comparison of two time points. Biol. Psychiatry 1999, 45:872-882.
72. Kaabi B., Gelernter J., Woods S.W., Goddard A., Page G.P., Elston R.C. Genome scan for loci predisposing to anxiety disorders using a novel multivariate approach: strong evidence for a chromosome 4 risk locus. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2006, 78:543-553.
73. Kendler K.S., Karkowski L.M., Prescott C.A. Fears and phobias: reliability and heritability. Psychol. Med. 1999, 29:539-553.
74. Kennedy J.L., Bradwejn J., Koszycki D., King N., Crowe R., Vincent J., Fourie O. Investigation of cholecystokinin system genes in panic disorder. Mol. Psychiatry 1999, 4:284-285.
75. Kempton M.J., Haldane M., Jogia J., Christodoulou T., Powell J., Collier D., Williams S.C., Frangou S. The effects of gender and COMT Val158Met polymorphism on fearful facial affect recognition: a fMRI study. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2009, 12:371-381.
76. Kessler R.C., Nelson C.B., McGonagle K.A., Liu J., Swartz M., Blazer D.G. Comorbidity of DSM-III-R major depressive disorder in the general population: results from the US National Comorbidity Survey. Br. J. Psychiatry Suppl. 1996, 17-30.
77. Kessler R.C., Chiu W.T., Demler O., Merikangas K.R., Walters E.E. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2005, 62:617-627.
78. Klerman G.L., Weissman M.M., Ouellette R., Johnson J., Greenwald S. Panic attacks in the community. Social morbidity and health care utilization. JAMA 1991, 265:742-746.
79. Knowles J.A., Fyer A.J., Vieland V.J., Weissman M.M., Hodge S.E., Heiman G.A., Haghighi F., de Jesus G.M., Rassnick H., Preud'homme-Rivelli X., Austin T., Cunjak J., Mick S., Fine L.D., Woodley K.A., Das K., Maier W., Adams P.B., Freimer N.B., Klein D.F., Gilliam T.C. Results of a genome-wide genetic screen for panic disorder. Am. J. Med. Genet. 1998, 81:139-147.
80. Lau J.Y., Goldman D., Buzas B., Fromm S.J., Guyer A.E., Hodgkinson C., Monk C.S., Nelson E.E., Shen P.H., Pine D.S., Ernst M. Amygdala function and 5-HTT gene variants in adolescent anxiety and major depressive disorder. Biol. Psychiatry. 2009, 65:349-355.
81. LeDoux J.E. Emotion circuits in the brain. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2000, 23:155-184.
82. Lee B.T., Ham B.J. Serotonergic genes and amygdala activity in response to negative affective facial stimuli in Korean women. Genes Brain Behav. 2008, 7:899-905.
83. Lesch K.P., Bengel D., Heils A., Sabol S.Z., Greenberg B.D., Petri S., Benjamin J., Muller C.R., Hamer D.H., Murphy D.L. Association of anxiety-related traits with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region. Science 1996, 274:1527-1531.
84. Leygraf A., Hohoff C., Freitag C., Willis-Owen S.A., Krakowitzky P., Fritze J., Franke P., Bandelow B., Fimmers R., Flint J., Deckert J. Rgs 2 gene polymorphisms as modulators of anxiety in humans?. J. Neural Transm. 2006, 113:1921-1925.
85. Lorberbaum J.P., Kose S., Johnson M.R., Arana G.W., Sullivan L.K., Hamner M.B., Ballenger J.C., Lydiard R.B., Brodrick P.S., Bohning D.E., George M.S. Neural correlates of speech anticipatory anxiety in generalized social phobia. NeuroReport 2004, 15:2701-2705.
86. Lydiard R.B., Brawman-Mintzer O. Anxious depression. J. Clin. Psychiatry 1998, 59(Suppl. 18):10-17.
87. MacKinnon D.F., Xu J., McMahon F.J., Simpson S.G., Stine O.C., McInnis M.G., DePaulo J.R. Bipolar disorder and panic disorder in families: an analysis of chromosome 18 data. Am. J. Psychiatry 1998, 155:829-831.
88. Maier W., Lichtermann D., Minges J., Oehrlein A., Franke P. A controlled family study in panic disorder. J. Psychiatr. Res. 1993, 27(Suppl. 1):79-87.
89. Maron E., Tasa G., Toru I., Lang A., Vasar V., Shlik J. Association between serotonin-related genetic polymorphisms and CCK-4-induced panic attacks with or without 5-hydroxytryptophan pretreatment in healthy volunteers. World J. Biol. Psychiatry 2004, 5:149-154.
90. Maron E., Lang A., Tasa G., Liivlaid L., Toru I., Must A., Vasar V., Shlik J. Associations between serotonin-related gene polymorphisms and panic disorder. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005, 8:261-266.
91. Mendlowicz M.V., Stein M.B. Quality of life in individuals with anxiety disorders. Am. J. Psychiatry 2000, 157:669-682.
92. Menzies L., Achard S., Chamberlain S.R., Fineberg N., Chen C.H., del Campo N., Sahakian B.J., Robbins T.W., Bullmore E. Neurocognitive endophenotypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Brain 2007, 130:3223-3236.
93. Meyer-Lindenberg A. Neural connectivity as an intermediate phenotype: brain networks under genetic control. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2009, 30:1938-1946.
94. Meyer-Lindenberg A., Weinberger D.R. Intermediate phenotypes and genetic mechanisms of psychiatric disorders. Nat. Rev., Neurosci. 2006, 7:818-827.
95. Meyer-Lindenberg A., Buckholtz J.W., Kolachana B., Hariri A.R., Pezawas L., Blasi G., Wabnitz A., Honea R., Verchinski B., Callicott J.H., Egan M., Mattay V., Weinberger D.R. Neural mechanisms of genetic risk for impulsivity and violence in humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2006, 103:6269-6274.
96. Meyer-Lindenberg A., Nicodemus K.K., Egan M.F., Callicott J.H., Mattay V., Weinberger D.R. False positives in imaging genetics. NeuroImage 2008, 40:655-661.
97. Montag C., Reuter M., Newport B., Elger C., Weber B. The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism affects amygdala activity in response to emotional stimuli: evidence from a genetic imaging study. NeuroImage 2008, 42:1554-1559.
98. Munafò M.R., Brown S.M., Hariri A.R. Serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) genotype and amygdala activation: a meta-analysis. Biol. Psychiatry 2008, 63:852-857.
99. Nitschke J.B., Sarinopoulos I., Oathes D.J., Johnstone T., Whalen P.J., Davidson R.J., Kalin N.H. Anticipatory activation in the amygdala and anterior cingulate in generalized anxiety disorder and prediction of treatment response. Am. J. Psychiatry 2009, 166:302-310.
100. Northoff G., Heinzel A., Bermpohl F., Niese R., Pfennig A., Pascual-Leone A., Schlaug G. Reciprocal modulation and attenuation in the prefrontal cortex: an fMRI study on emotional-cognitive interaction. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2004, 21:202-212.
101. Pezawas L., Meyer-Lindenberg A., Drabant E.M., Verchinski B.A., Munoz K.E., Kolachana B.S., Egan M.F., Mattay V.S., Hariri A.R., Weinberger D.R. 5-HTTLPR polymorphism impacts human cingulate-amygdala interactions: a genetic susceptibility mechanism for depression. Nat. Neurosci. 2005, 8:828-834.
102. Pfleiderer B., Zinkirciran S., Arolt V., Heindel W., Deckert J., Domschke K. fMRI amygdala activation during a spontaneous panic attack in a patient with panic disorder. World J. Biol. Psychiatry 2007, 8:269-272.
103. Phan K.L., Fitzgerald D.A., Nathan P.J., Tancer M.E. Association between amygdala hyperactivity to harsh faces and severity of social anxiety in generalized social phobia. Biol. Psychiatry 2006, 59:424-429.
104. Phillips M.L., Drevets W.C., Rauch S.L., Lane R. Neurobiology of emotion perception: II. Implications for major psychiatric disorders. Biol. Psychiatry 2003, 54:515-528.
105. Poulton R., Andrews G., Millichamp J. Gene-environment interaction and the anxiety disorders. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2008, 258:65-68.
106. Ramnani N., Behrens T.E., Penny W., Matthews P.M. New approaches for exploring anatomical and functional connectivity in the human brain. Biol. Psychiatry 2004, 56:613-619.
107. Reetz K., Lencer R., Steinlechner S., Gaser C., Hagenah J., Buchel C., Petersen D., Kock N., Djarmati A., Siebner H.R., Klein C., Binkofski F. Limbic and frontal cortical degeneration is associated with psychiatric symptoms in PINK1 mutation carriers. Biol. Psychiatry 2008, 64:241-247.
108. Rothe C., Gutknecht L., Freitag C., Tauber R., Mossner R., Franke P., Fritze J., Wagner G., Peikert G., Wenda B., Sand P., Jacob C., Rietschel M., Nothen M.M., Garritsen H., Fimmers R., Deckert J., Lesch K.P. Association of a functional 1019C>G 5-HT1A receptor gene polymorphism with panic disorder with agoraphobia. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2004, 7:189-192.
109. Rothe C., Koszycki D., Bradwejn J., King N., Deluca V., Tharmalingam S., Macciardi F., Deckert J., Kennedy J.L. Association of the Val158Met catechol-O-methyltransferase genetic polymorphism with panic disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006, 31:2237-2242.
110. Sakai Y., Kumano H., Nishikawa M., Sakano Y., Kaiya H., Imabayashi E., Ohnishi T., Matsuda H., Yasuda A., Sato A., Diksic M., Kuboki T. Cerebral glucose metabolism associated with a fear network in panic disorder. NeuroReport 2005, 16:927-931.
111. Schneier F.R., Blanco C., Antia S.X., Liebowitz M.R. The social anxiety spectrum. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 2002, 25:757-774.
112. Segman R.H., Shalev A.Y. Genetics of posttraumatic stress disorder. CNS Spectr. 2003, 8:693-698.
113. Sehlmeyer C., Schoning S., Zwitserlood P., Pfleiderer B., Kircher T., Arolt V., Konrad C. Human fear conditioning and extinction in neuroimaging: a systematic review. PLoS One 2009, 4:e5865.
114. Sergerie K., Chochol C., Armony J.L. The role of the amygdala in emotional processing: a quantitative meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2008, 32:811-830.
115. Silverstone P.H., von Studnitz E. Defining anxious depression: going beyond comorbidity. Can. J. Psychiatry 2003, 48:675-680.
116. Smolka M.N., Schumann G., Wrase J., Grüsser S.M., Flor H., Mann K., Braus D.F., Goldman D., Büchel C., Heinz A. Catechol-O-methyltransferase val158met genotype affects processing of emotional stimuli in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex. J. Neurosci. 2005, 25:836-842.
117. Smoller J.W., Tsuang M.T. Panic and phobic anxiety: defining phenotypes for genetic studies. Am. J. Psychiatry 1998, 155:1152-1162.
118. Smoller J.W., Gardner-Schuster E., Covino J. The genetic basis of panic and phobic anxiety disorders. Am. J. Med. Genet. C. Semin. Med. Genet. 2008, 148:118-126.
119. Smoller J.W., Gardner-Schuster E., Misiaszek M. Genetics of anxiety: would the genome recognize the DSM. Depress. Anxiety 2008, 25:368-377.
120. Smoller J.W., Paulus M.P., Fagerness J.A., Purcell S., Yamaki L.H., Hirshfeld-Becker D., Biederman J., Rosenbaum J.F., Gelernter J., Stein M.B. Influence of RGS2 on anxiety-related temperament, personality, and brain function. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2008, 65:298-308.
121. Spielberger C.D. State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory 1991, Psychological Assessment Resources Inc., Odessa.
122. Stein M.B., Chartier M.J., Kozak M.V., King N., Kennedy J.L. Genetic linkage to the serotonin transporter protein and 5HT2A receptor genes excluded in generalized social phobia. Psychiatry Res. 1998, 81:283-291.
123. Stein M.B., Goldin P.R., Sareen J., Zorrilla L.T., Brown G.G. Increased amygdala activation to angry and contemptuous faces in generalized social phobia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2002, 59:1027-1034.
124. Stein M.B., Schork N.J., Gelernter J. Gene-by-environment (serotonin transporter and childhood maltreatment) interaction for anxiety sensitivity, an intermediate phenotype for anxiety disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008, 33:312-319.
125. Straube T., Kolassa I.T., Glauer M., Mentzel H.J., Miltner W.H. Effect of task conditions on brain responses to threatening faces in social phobics: an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol. Psychiatry 2004, 56:921-930.
126. Surguladze S.A., Elkin A., Ecker C., Kalidindi S., Corsico A., Giampietro V., Lawrence N., Deeley Q., Murphy D.G., Kucharska-Pietura K., Russell T.A., McGuffin P., Murray R., Phillips M.L. Genetic variation in the serotonin transporter modulates neural system-wide response to fearful faces. Genes Brain Behav. 2008, 7:543-551.
127. Suslow, T., Konrad, C., Rumstadt, D., Zwitserlood, P., Schöning, S., Ohrmann, P., Bauer, J., Pyka, M., Kugel, H., Kersting, A., Arolt, V., Heindel, W., Dannlowski, U., in press. Automatic mood-congruent amygdala responses to masked facial expressions in major depression. Biol. Psychiatry.
128. Thorgeirsson T.E., Oskarsson H., Desnica N., Kostic J.P., Stefansson J.G., Kolbeinsson H., Lindal E., Gagunashvili N., Frigge M.L., Kong A., Stefansson K., Gulcher J.R. Anxiety with panic disorder linked to chromosome 9q in Iceland. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2003, 72:1221-1230.
129. Van der Does W.A.J., Antony M.M., Ehlers A., Barsky A.J. Heartbeat perception in panic disorder: a reanalysis. Behav. Res. Therapy 2000, 38:47-62.
130. Vieland V.J., Goodman D.W., Chapman T., Fyer A.J. New segregation analysis of panic disorder. Am. J. Med. Genet. 1996, 67:147-153.
131. Whalen P.J., Johnstone T., Somerville L.H., Nitschke J.B., Polis S., Alexander A.L., Davidson R.J., Kalin N.H. A functional magnetic resonance imaging predictor of treatment response to venlafaxine in generalized anxiety disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 2008, 63:858-863.
132. Whalen P.J., Rauch S.L., Etcoff N.L., McInerney S.C., Lee M.B., Jenike M.A. Masked presentations of emotional facial expressions modulate amygdala activity without explicit knowledge. J. Neurosci. 1998, 18:411-418.
133. Williams, L.M., Gatt, J.M., Schofield, P.R., Olivieri, G., Peduto, A., Gordon, E., 2009. 'Negativity bias' in risk for depression and anxiety: brain-body fear circuitry correlates, 5-HTT-LPR and early life stress.'Negativity bias' in risk for depression and anxiety: brain-body fear circuitry correlates, 5-HTT-LPR and early life stress. Neuroimage 47, 804-814.
134. Wolfensberger S.P., Veltman D.J., Hoogendijk W.J., Boomsma D.I., de Geus E.J. Amygdala responses to emotional faces in twins discordant or concordant for the risk for anxiety and depression. NeuroImage 2008, 41:544-552.
135. ICD-10: International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, volume 1 1992, World Health Organization, World Health Organization, Geneva.
136. Yang T.T., Menon V., Eliez S., Blasey C., White C.D., Reid A.J., Gotlib I.H., Reiss A.L. Amygdalar activation associated with positive and negative facial expressions. NeuroReport 2002, 13:1737-1741.
137. Zhou Z., Zhu G., Hariri A.R., Enoch M.A., Scott D., Sinha R., Virkkunen M., Mash D.C., Lipsky R.H., Hu X.Z., Hodgkinson C.A., Xu K., Buzas B., Yuan Q., Shen P.H., Ferrell R.E., Manuck S.B., Brown S.M., Hauger R.L., Stohler C.S., Zubieta J.K., Goldman D. Genetic variation in human NPY expression affects stress response and emotion. Nature 2008, 452:997-1001.
138. Zimmerman M., Chelminski I., McDermut W. Major depressive disorder and axis I diagnostic comorbidity. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2002, 63:187-193.