Bootstrapping the mind: Analogical processes and symbol systems

Cognitive Science

Volumn 34, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 752-775

  Gentner, Dedre ^a  

^a NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Analogical learning; Bootstrapping; Cognitive development; Language and cognition; Structure mapping

Indexed keywords

EID: 77955806963     PISSN: 03640213     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1551-6709.2010.01114.x     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. Baldwin D A. Priorities in children's expectations about object label reference: Form over color. Child Development 1989, 60:1289-1306.
2. Baldwin D A, Saylor M M. Language promotes structural alignment in the acquisition of mentalistic concepts. Why language matters for theory of mind 2005, 123-143. Astington J A, Baird J A. Eds, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press
3. Blades M, Cooke Z. Young children's ability to understand a model as a spatial representation. Journal of Genetic Psychology 1994, 155:201-218.
4. Boroditsky L. Comparison and the development of knowledge. Cognition 2007, 102(1):118-128.
5. Bowdle B, Gentner D. Informativity and asymmetry in comparisons. Cognitive Psychology 1997, 34(3):244-286.
6. Bowerman M, Choi S. Space under construction: Language-specific spatial categorization in first language acquisition. Language in mind: Advances in the study of language and cognition 2003, 387-428. Gentner D, Goldin-Meadow S. Eds, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press
7. Bowerman M, Levinson S. Language acquisition and conceptual development 2001, Eds, [preface, introduction], Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press
8. Boysen S T, Berntson G G. Numerical competence in a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Journal of Comparative Psychology 1989, 103(1):23-31.
9. Carey S. Are children fundamentally different kinds of thinkers and learners than adults? Thinking and learning skills: Current research and open questions, Vol. 2 1985a, 485-517. Chipman S FSegal J WGlaser R. Eds, Hillsdale, NJ, Erlbaum
10. Carey S. Conceptual change in childhood 1985b, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press
11. Carey S. Whorf versus continuity theorists: bringing data to bear on the debate. Language acquisition and conceptual development 2001, 185-214. Bowerman MLevinson S C. Eds, Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press
12. Carey S. Bootstrapping and the origin of concepts. Daedalus. Winter 2004, 133(1):59-68.
13. Carey S. The origin of concepts 2009, New York, Oxford University Press
14. Casasola M. Can language do the driving? The effect of linguistic input on infants' categorization of support spatial relations. Developmental Psychology 2005, 41:183-192.
15. Casenhiser D, Goldberg A E. Fast mapping of a phrasal form and meaning. Developmental Science 2005, 8:500-508.
16. Catrambone R, Holyoak K J. Overcoming contextual limitations on problem-solving transfer. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 1989, 15(6):1147-1156.
17. Chen Z. Children's analogical problem solving: The effects of superficial, structural, and procedural similarity. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 1996, 62:410-431.
18. Chen Z, Klahr D. All other things being equal: Acquisition and transfer of the Control of Variables Strategy. Child Development 1999, 70(5):1098-1120.
19. Childers J B. Is comparison useful for verb learning? 2005, Paper presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Atlanta, GA
20. Childers J B, Paik J H. Korean- and English-speaking children use cross-situational information to learn novel predicate terms. Journal of Child Language 2009
21. Childers J B, Tomasello M. The role of pronouns in young children's acquisition of the English transitive construction. Developmental Psychology 2001, 37:739-748.
22. Christie S, Gentner D. Where hypotheses come from: Learning new relations by structural alignment. Journal of Cognition and Development
23. Clement C, Gentner D. Systematicity as a selection constraint in analogical mapping. Cognitive Science 1991, 15:89-132.
24. Colhoun J, Gentner D. Inference processes in causal analogies. Proceedings of the second international conference on analogy 2009, 82-96. Kokinov B, Holyoak KGentner D. Eds, Sofia, Bulgaria, NBU Press
25. Dehaene S. The number sense: How the mind creates mathematics 1997, New York, Oxford University Press
26. DeLoache J S. Rapid change in the symbolic functioning of very young children. Science 1987, 238:1556-1557.
27. Dessalegn B, Landau B. More than meets the eye: The role of language in binding and maintaining feature conjunctions. Psychological Science 2008, 19:189-195.
28. Doumas L A A, Hummel J E, Sandhofer C M. A theory of the discovery and predication of relational concepts. Psychological Review 2008, 115:1-43.
29. Dunbar K. How scientists really reason: Scientific reasoning in real-world laboratories. The nature of insight 1995, 365-395. Sternberg R JDavidson J E. Eds, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press
30. Everett D. Cultural constraints on grammar and cognition in Pirahã: Another look at the design features of human language. Current Anthropology 2005, 76:621-646.
31. Falkenhainer B, Forbus K D, Gentner D. The structure-mapping engine: Algorithm and examples. Artificial Intelligence 1989, 41:1-63.
32. Fisher C. Structural limits on verb mapping: The role of analogy in children's interpretations of sentences. Cognitive Psychology 1996, 31:41-81.
33. Forbus K D, Gentner D, Law K. MAC/FAC: A model of similarity-based retrieval. Cognitive Science 1995, 19:141-205.
34. Frank M C, Everett D L, Fedorenko E, Gibson E. Number as a cognitive technology: Evidence from Pirahã language and cognition. Cognition 2008, 108:819-824.
35. French R M. The computational modeling of analogy-making. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2002, 6(5):200-205.
36. Fuson K C. Children's counting and concepts of number 1988, New York, Springer Verlag
37. Gallistel C R, Gelman R. Preverbal and verbal counting and computation. Cognition 1992, 44:43-74.
38. Gallistel C R, Gelman R. Non-verbal numerical cognition: From reals to integers. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2000, 4:59-65.
39. Gelman S A. The essential child: Origins of essentialism in everyday thought 2003, New York, Oxford University Press
40. Gelman S, Raman L, Gentner D. Effects of language and similarity on comparison processing. Language Learning and Development 2009, 5:147-171.
41. Gentner D. Structure-mapping: A theoretical framework for analogy. Cognitive Science 1983, 7:155-170.
42. Gentner D. Metaphor as structure mapping: The relational shift. Child Development 1988, 59:47-59.
43. Gentner D. Why we're so smart. Language in mind: Advances in the study of language and thought 2003, 195-235. Gentner DGoldin-Meadow S. Eds, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press
44. Gentner D, Anggoro F, Klibanoff R. Children's learning of relational categories. Child Development
45. Gentner D, Christie S. Relational language supports relational cognition in humans and apes. Behaviorial and Brain Sciences 2008, 31:137-183.
46. Gentner D, Christie S. Why we're so smart: Mutual bootstrapping between language and relational cognition. Language and Cognition
47. Gentner D, Forbus K. Computational models of analogy. WIREs Cognitive Science
48. Gentner D, Goldin-Meadow S. Whither Whorf. Language in mind: Advances in the study of language and thought 2003, 3-14. Gentner D, Goldin-Meadow S. Eds, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press
49. The analogical mind: Perspectives from cognitive science 2001, Gentner DHolyoak K JKokinov B. Eds, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press
50. Gentner D, Levine S, Dhillon S, Poltermann A. Using structural alignment to facilitate learning of spatial concepts in an informal setting. Proceedings of the second analogy conference 2009, 175-182. Kokinor B, Holyoak K, Gentner D, Eds, Sofia, Bulgaria, NBU Press
51. Gentner D, Loewenstein J, Hung B. Comparison facilitates children's learning of names for parts. Journal of Cognition and Development 2007, 8:285-307.
52. Gentner D, Markman A B. Structural alignment in comparison: No difference without similarity. Psychological Science 1994, 5(3):152-158.
53. Gentner D, Markman A B. Structure mapping in analogy and similarity. American Psychologist 1997, 52:45-56.
54. Gentner D, Medina J. Similarity and the development of rules. Cognition 1998, 65:263-297.
55. Gentner D, Namy L. Comparison in the development of categories. Cognitive Development 1999, 14:487-513.
56. Gentner D, Namy L L. The role of comparison in children's early word learning. Weaving a lexicon 2004, 533-568. Hall D G, Waxman S R. Eds, Cambridge, MIT Press
57. Gentner D, Rattermann M J. Language and the career of similarity. Perspectives on thought and language: Interrelations in development 1991, 225-277. Gelman S A, Brynes J P. Eds, London, Cambridge University Press
58. Gentner D, Namy L L. Analogical processes in language learning. Current Directions in Psychological Science 2006, 15(6):297-301.
59. Gentner D, Sagi E. Does "different" imply a difference? A comparison of two tasks. Proceedings of the twenty-eighth annual conference of the Cognitive Science Society 2006, 261-266. Sun R, Miyake N. Eds, Mahwah, NJ, Erlbaum
60. Gentner D, Toupin C. Systematicity and surface similarity in the development of analogy. Cognitive Science 1986, 10:277-300.
61. Gentner D, Wolff P. Alignment in the processing of metaphor. Journal of Memory and Language 1997, 37:331-355.
62. Gick M L, Holyoak K J. Schema induction and analogical transfer. Cognitive Psychology 1983, 15:1-38.
63. Gordon P. Numerical cognition without words: Evidence from Amazonia. Science 2004, 306:406-499.
64. Hammer R, Diesendruck G, Weinshall D, Hochstein S. The development of category learning strategies: What makes the difference? Cognition 2009, 112(2009):105-119.
65. Haryu E, Imai M, Okada H. Object similarity bootstraps young children to action-based verb extensions. Child Development
66. Haun D B M, Call J. Great apes' capacities to recognize relational similarity. Cognition 2009, 110(2009):147-159.
67. Hermer-Vasquez L, Spelke E S, Katsnelson A S. Sources of flexibility in human cognition: Dual-task studies of space and language. Cognitive Psychology 1999, 39:3-36.
68. Holyoak K J, Thagard P. Mental leaps: Analogy in creative thought 1995, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press
69. Hummel J E, Holyoak K J. Distributed representations of structure: A theory of analogical access and mapping. Psychological Review 1997, 104:427-466.
70. Imai M, Gentner D, Uchida N. Children's theories of word meaning: The role of shape similarity in early acquisition. Cognitive Development 1994, 9:45-75.
71. Kokinov B, French R M. Computational models of analogy-making. Encyclopedia of cognitive science 2002, 113-118. Nadel L, Ed, London, Macmillan
72. Kokinov B N, Petrov A A. Integrating memory and reasoning in analogy-making: The AMBR model. The analogical mind: Perspectives from cognitive science 2001, 161-196. Gentner D, Holyoak K JKokinov B N. Eds, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press
73. Kotovsky L, Gentner D. Comparison and categorization in the development of relational similarity. Child Development 1996, 67:2797-2822.
74. Kuehne S E, Forbus K D, Gentner D, Quinn B. SEQL: Category learning as progressive abstraction using structure mapping. Proceedings of the twenty-second annual conference of the Cognitive Science Society 2000, 770-775. Gleitman L R, Joshi A K, Eds, Mahwah, NJ, Erlbaum
75. Kuehne S E, Gentner D, Forbus K D. Modeling infant learning via symbolic structural alignment. Proceedings of the twenty-second annual conference of the Cognitive Science Society 2000, 286-291. Gleitman L R, Joshi A K, Eds.), (Mahwah, NJ, Erlbaum
76. Landau B, Smith L B, Jones S S. The importance of shape in early lexical learning. Cognitive Development 1988, 3:299-321.
77. Larkey L B, Love B C. CAB: Connectionist Analogy Builder. Cognitive Science 2003, 27:781-794.
78. Liu J, Golinkoff R M, Sak K. One cow does not an animal make! Children can extend novel words at the superordinate level. Child Development 2001, 72:1674-1694.
79. Loewenstein J, Gentner D. Spatial mapping in preschoolers: Close comparisons facilitate far mappings. Journal of Cognition and Development 2001, 2(2):189-219.
80. Loewenstein J, Gentner D. Relational language and the development of relational mapping. Cognitive Psychology 2005, 50:315-353.
81. Loewenstein J, Thompson L, Gentner D. Analogical encoding facilitates knowledge transfer in negotiation. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 1999, 6(4):586-597.
82. Lovett A, Gentner D, Forbus K, Sagi E. Using analogical mapping to simulate time-course phenomena in perceptual similarity. Cognitive Systems Research 2009, 10:216-228.
83. Lupyan G, Rakison D H, McClelland J L. Language is not just for talking: Redundant labels facilitate learning of novel categories. Psychological Science 2007, 18:1077-1083.
84. Marcus G, Vijayan S, Rao S, Vishton P M. Rule learning by seven-month-old infants. Science 1999, 283:77-80.
85. Markman A B. Constraints on analogical inference. Cognitive Science 1997, 21(4):373-418.
86. Markman A B. Knowledge representation 1999, Mahwah, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
87. Markman A B, Gentner D. Structural alignment during similarity comparisons. Cognitive Psychology 1993a, 25:431-467.
88. Markman A B, Gentner D. Splitting the differences: A structural alignment view of similarity. Journal of Memory and Language 1993b, 32:517-535.
89. Meck W H, Church R M. A mode control model of counting and timing processes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavioral Processes 1983, 9:320-334.
90. Medin D L, Goldstone R L, Gentner D. Respects for similarity. Psychological Review 1993, 100(2):254-278.
91. Ming N. Analogies vs. contrasts: A comparison of their learning benefits. Proceedings of the second international conference on analogy 2009, 338-347. Kokinov BHolyoak KGentner D. Eds, (Sofia, Bulgaria, NBU Press
92. Mix K S. The construction of number concepts. Cognitive Development 2002, 17:1345-1363.
93. Mix K S, Sandhofer C M, Baroody A J. Number words and number concepts: The interplay of verbal and nonverbal quantification in early childhood. Advances in child development and behavior, Vol. 33 2005, 305-346. Kail R V, Ed, New York, Academic Press
94. Namy L L, Gentner D. Making a silk purse out of two sow's ears: Young children's use of comparison in category learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 2002, 131:5-15.
95. Oakes L M, Ribar R J. A comparison of infants' categorization in paired and successive presentation familiarization tasks. Infancy 2005, 7:85-98.
96. Oden D L, Thompson R K R, Premack D. Can an ape reason analogically? Comprehension and production of analogical problems by Sarah, a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). The analogical mind: Perspectives from Cognitive Science 2001, 471-498. Gentner D, Holyoak K J, Kokinov B. Eds, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press
97. Olson D R. Language and thought: Aspects of a cognitive theory of semantics. Psychological Review 1970, 77:257-273.
98. Opfer J E, Siegler R S. Representational change and children's numerical estimation. Cognitive Psychology 2007, 55:169-195.
99. Ortony A. Beyond literal similarity. Psychological Review 1979, 86:161-180.
100. Penn D C, Holyoak K J, Povinelli D J. Darwin's mistake: Explaining the discontinuity between human and nonhuman minds. Brain and Behavioral Sciences 2008, 31:109-178.
101. Pica P, Lemer C, Izard V, Dehaene S. Exact and approximate arithmetic in an Amazonian indigene group. Science 2004, 306:499-503.
102. Piccin T B, Waxman S R. Why nouns trump verbs in word learning: New evidence from children and adults in the Human Simulation Paradigm. Language Learning and Development 2007, 3:295-323.
103. Premack D. The codes of man and beasts. Behavioral & Brain Sciences 1983, 6:125-167.
104. Pruden S, Hirsh-Pasek K, Shallcross W L, Golinkoff R M. Foundations of verb learning: Comparison helps infants abstract event components. Proceedings of the 32nd annual Boston University conference on language development 2008, 2:402-414. Chan H, Jacob H, Kapia E, Eds, Somerville, MA, Cascadilla Press
105. Ramscar M, Yarlett D. Semantic grounding in models of analogy: an environmental approach. Cognitive Science 2003, 27:41-71.
106. Richland L E, Morrison R G, Holyoak K J. Children's development of analogical reasoning: Insights from scene analogy problems. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 2006, 94:249-271.
107. Rips L J, Bloomfield A, Asmuth J. From numerical concepts to concepts of number. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2008, 31:623-642.
108. Russell B. Introduction to mathematical philosophy 1920, New York, The Macmillan Co
109. Sandhofer C M, Smith L B. Why children learn color and size words so differently: Evidence from adults' learning of artificial terms. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 2001, 130:600-620.
110. Siegler R S, Opfer J E. The development of numerical estimation: Evidence for multiple representations of numerical quantity. Psychological Science 2003, 14:237-243.
111. Son J Y, Goldstone R L. Relational words as handles: They bring along baggage. Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society 2005, 2050-2055. Hillsdale, NJ, Erlbaum
112. Son J Y, Smith L B, Goldstone R L. Re-representation using labels: Comparison or replacement? Proceedings of the 29th annual conference of the Cognitive Science Society 2007, Nashville, TN, Cognitive Science Society
113. Spelke E S. What makes us smart? Core knowledge and natural language. Language in mind: Advances in the study of language and cognition 2003, 277-312. Gentner DGoldin-Meadow S. Eds, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press
114. Spelke E S, Tsivkin S. Initial knowledge and conceptual change: space and number. Language acquisition and conceptual development 2001, 70-100. Bowerman M, Levinson S C. Eds, Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press
115. Thompson R K R, Oden D L. A profound disparity revisited: Perception and judgment of abstract identity relations by chimpanzees, human infants, and monkeys. Behavioural Processes 1996, 35:149-161.
116. Thompson C A, Opfer J E. How 15 hundred is like 15 cherries: Effect of progressive alignment on representational changes in numerical cognition. Child Development
117. Tversky A. Features of similarity. Psychological Review 1977, 84(4):327-352.
118. Wang S, Baillargeon R. Can infants be ''taught'' to attend to a new physical variable in an event category? The case of height in covering events. Cognitive Psychology 2008, 56(2008):284-326.
119. Waxman S R, Klibanoff R S. The role of comparison in the extension of novel adjectives. Developmental Psychology 2000, 36:571-581.
120. Wilkerson E, Benjamin N J, Haden C A. Building understanding in under construction: Can preparatory activities support collaborative learning? 2007, Paper presented at the Meeting of the Cognitive Development Society
121. Wolff P, Gentner D. Evidence for role-neutral initial processing of metaphors. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2000, 26:529-541.
122. Wynn K. Children's acquisition of the number words and the counting system. Cognitive Psychology 1992, 24:220-251.
123. Yan J, Forbus K, Gentner D. A theory of rerepresentation in analogical matching. Proceedings of the twenty-fifth annual meeting of the Cognitive Science Society 2003, 1265-1270. Alterman R, Kirsh D, Eds, Mahwah, NJ, Erlbaum