Informativity and asymmetry in comparisons

Cognitive Psychology

Volumn 34, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 244-286

  Bowdle, Brian F ^a   Gentner, Dedre ^b  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ARTICLE; CONCEPT FORMATION; DECISION MAKING; HUMAN; PHYSIOLOGY; READING; REGRESSION ANALYSIS;

ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; CONCEPT FORMATION; HUMANS; JUDGMENT; READING; REGRESSION ANALYSIS;

EID: 0031310164     PISSN: 00100285     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/cogp.1997.0670     Document Type: Article

References (120)

1. Barr, R. A., & Caplan, L. J. (1987). Category representations and their implications for category structure. Memory and Cognition, 15, 397-418.
2. Barsalou, L. W. (1991). Deriving categories to achieve goals. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory, vol. 27. New York: Acadmic Press.
3. Barsalou, L. W. (1992). Frames, concepts, and conceptual fields. In A. Lehrer & E. F. Kittay (Eds.), Frames, fields, and contrasts. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
4. Bartlett, J. C., & Dowling, W. J. (1988). Scale structure and similarity of melodies. Music Perception, 5, 285-315.
5. Barton, S. B., & Sanford, A. J. (1993). A case-study of pragmatic anomaly detection: Relevance-driven cohesion patterns. Memory and Cognition, 21, 477-487.
6. Bassok, M., & Holyoak, K. J. (1989). Interdomain transfer between isomorphic topics in algebra and physics. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 153-166.
7. Bharucha, J. J. (1984). Anchoring effects in music: The resolution of dissonance. Cognitive Psychology, 16, 485-518.
8. Bharucha, J. J., Olney, K. L, & Schnurr, P. P. (1985). Detection of coherence-disrupting and coherence-conferring alterations in text. Memory and Cognition, 13, 573-578.
9. Biederman, I. (1987). Recognition-by-components: A theory of human-image understanding. Psychological Review, 94, 115-147.
10. Black, J. B., & Bower, G. H. (1980). Story understanding as problem solving. Poetics, 9, 223-250.
11. Bower, G. H., Black, J. B., & Turner, T. J. (1979). Scripts in memory for text. Cognitive Psychology, 11, 177-220.
12. Burns, B. D. (1996). Meta-analogical transfer: Transfer between episodes of analogical reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22, 1032-1048.
13. Burstein, M. H. (1983). Concept formation by incremental analogical reasoning and debugging. In R. S. Michalski, J. G. Carbonell, & T. M. Mitchell (Eds.), Machine learning: An artificial intelligence approach. Boston: Morgan Kaufmann.
14. Carey, S. (1985). Conceptual change in childhood. Cambridge, MA: MIT.
15. Carroll, J. D., & Wish, M. (1974). Multidimensional perceptual models and measurement methods. In Carterette, E. C., & Friedman, M. P. (Eds.), Handbook of perception. New York: Academic Press.
16. Catrambone, R., Beike, D., & Niedenthal, P. (1996). Is the self-concept a habitual referent in judgments of similarity? Psychological Science, 1-6.
17. Clark, H. H., & Haviland, S. E. (1977). Comprehension and the given-new contract. In R. O. Freedle (Ed.), Discourse production and comprehension. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
18. Clement, C. A., & Gentner, D. (1991). Systematicity as a selection constraint in analogical mapping. Cognitive Science, 15, 89-132.
19. Clement, C. A., Mawby, R., & Giles, D. E. (1994). The effects of manifest relational similarity on analogical retrieval. Journal of Memory and Language, 33, 396-420.
20. Connor, K., & Kogan, N. (1980). Topic-vehicle relations in metaphor: The issue of asymmetry. In Honeck, R. P., & Hoffman, R. R. (Eds.), Cognition and figurative language. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
21. de Beaugrande, R. A., & Dressler, W. U. (1981). Introduction to text linguistics. New York: Longman.
22. Falkenhainer, B. (1990). A unified approach to explanation and theory formation. In J. Shrager & P. Langley (Eds.), Computational models of scientific discovery and theory formation. San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.
23. Falkenhainer, B., Forbus, K. D., & Gentner, D. (1989). The structure-mapping engine: Algorithm and examples. Artificial Intelligence, 41, 1-63.
24. Forbus, K. D., Gentner, D., & Law, K. (1995). MAC/FAC: A model of similarity-based retrieval. Cognitive Science, 19, 141-205.
25. Gentner, D. (1982). Are scientific analogies metaphors? In D. S. Miall (Ed.), Metaphor: Problems and perspectives. Brighton, Sussex: Harvester.
26. Gentner, D. (1983). Structure-mapping: A theoretical framework for analogy. Cognitive Science, 7, 155-170.
27. Gentner, D. (1989). The mechanisms of analogical learning. In Vosniadou, S., & Ortony, A. (Eds.), Similarity and analogical reasoning. New York: Cambridge University.
28. Gentner, D., Brem, S., Ferguson, R. W., Wolff, P., Markman, A. B., & Forbus, K. D. (1997). Analogy and creativity in the works of Johannes Kepler. In T. B. Ward, S. M. Smith & J. Vaid (Eds.), Creative thought: An investigation of conceptual structures and processes. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
29. Gentner, D., & Clement, C. A., (1988). Evidence for relational selectivity in interpreting analogy and metaphor. In Bower, G. (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation. New York: Academic Press.
30. Gentner, D., Falkenhainer, B., & Skorstad, J. (1987). Metaphor: The good, the bad, and the ugly. In D. Helman (Ed.), Analogical reasoning: Perspectives of artificial intelligence, computer science, and philosophy. Boston: Reidel.
31. Gentner, D., & Markman, A. B. (1993). Analogy: Watershed or Waterloo? Structural alignment and the development of connectionist models of cognition. In S. J. Hanson, J. D. Cowan, & C. L. Giles (Eds.), Advances in neural information processing systems 5. San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.
32. Gentner, D., & Markman, A. B. (1994). Structural alignment in comparison: No difference without similarity. Psychological Science, 5, 153-158.
33. Gentner, D., & Rattermann, M. J. (1991). Language and the career of similarity. In Gelman, S. A., & Byrnes, J. P. (Eds.), Perspectives on language and thought. New York: Cambridge University.
34. Gentner, D., Rattermann, M. J., & Forbus, K. D. (1993). The roles of similarity in transfer: Separating retrievability from inferential soundness. Cognitive Psychology, 25, 524-575.
35. Gentner, D., Rattermann, M. J., Markman, A. B., & Kotovsky, L. (1995). Two forces in the development of relational similarity. In G. Halford & T. Simon (Eds.), Developing cognitive competence: New approaches to process modeling. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
36. Gentner, D., & Stevens, A. L. (Eds.) (1983). Mental models. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
37. Gentner, D., & Toupin, C. (1986). Systematicity and surface similarity in the development of analogy. Cognitive Science, 10, 277-300.
38. Gentner, D. & Wolff, P. (1997). Alignment in the processing of metaphor. Journal of Memory and Language, 37, 331-355.
39. Gentner, D. & Wolff, P. (in press). Metaphor and knowledge change. In E. Dietrich & A. B. Markman (Eds.), Cognitive dynamics: Conceptual change in humans and machines. Cambridge, MA: MIT.
40. Gick, M. L., & Holyoak, K. J. (1980). Analogical problem solving. Cognitive Psychology, 12, 306-355.
41. Gick, M. L., & Holyoak, K. J. (1983). Schema induction and analogical transfer. Cognitive Psychology, 15, 1-38.
42. Gleitman, L., Gleitman, H., Miller, C., & Ostrin, R. (1997). Similar, and similar concepts. Cognition, 58, 321-376.
43. Glucksberg, S., & Keysar, B. (1990). Understanding metaphorical comparisons: Beyond similarity. Psychological Review, 97, 3-18.
44. Glucksberg, S., McGlone, M. S., & Manfredi, D. (1997). Property attribution in metaphor comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language, 36, 50-67.
45. Goldstone, R. L. (1994). Similarity, interactive activation, and mapping. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 3-28.
46. Goldstone, R. L., & Medin, D. L. (1994). Time course of comparison. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 29-50.
47. Goldstone, R. L., Medin, D. L., & Gentner, D. (1991). Relational similarity and the nonindependence of features in similarity judgments. Cognitive Psychology, 23, 222-262.
48. Graesser, A. C., Gordon, S. E., & Sawyer, J. D. (1979). Memory for typical and atypical actions in scripted activities: Test of a script pointer + tag hypothesis. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 18, 319-332.
49. Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole & J. L. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and semantics, vol. 3. New York: Academic Press.
50. Halford, G. S. (1992). Analogical reasoning and conceptual complexity in cognitive development. Human Development.
51. Halford, G. S. (1993). Children's understanding: The development of mental models. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
52. Hastie, R., & Kumar, P. A. (1979). Person memory: Personality traits as organizing principles in memory for behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 25-38.
53. Herr, P. M., Sherman, S. J., & Fazio, R. H. (1983). On the consequences of priming: Assimilation and contrast effects. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 323-340.
54. Holman, E. W. (1979). Monotonic models for asymmetric proximities. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 20, 1-15.
55. Holyoak, K. J. (1985). The pragmatics of analogical transfer. In Bower, G. H. (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Vol 19. New York: Academic Press.
56. Holyoak, K. J., & Gordon, P. C. (1983). Social reference points. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 881-887.
57. Holyoak, K. J., & Koh, K. (1987). Surface and structural similarity in analogical transfer. Memory and Cognition, 15, 332-340.
58. Holyoak, K. J., & Thagard, P. (1989). Analogical mapping by constraint satisfaction. Cognitive Science, 13, 295-355.
59. Honeck, R. P., Kibler, C. T., & Firment, M. J. (1987). Figurative language and psychological views of categorization: Two ships in the night? In R. E. Haskell (Ed.), Cognition and symbolic structures: The psychology of metaphoric transformation. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
60. Huttenlocher, J., Hedges, L. V., & Duncan, S. (1991). Categories and particulars: Prototype effects in estimating spatial location. Psychological Review, 98, 352-376.
61. Johnson, N. S., & Mandler, J. M. (1980). A tale of two structures: Underlying and surface forms in stories. Poetics, 9, 51-86.
62. Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1983). Mental models. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University.
63. Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1991). Beyond modularity: A developmental perspective on cognitive science. Cambridge, MA: MIT.
64. Kass, A. (1994). Tweaker: Adapting old explanations to new situations. In Schank, Kass, & Riesbeck (Eds.), Inside case-based reasoning. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
65. Katz, A. N. (1989). On choosing the vehicles of metaphors: Referential concreteness, semantic distances, and individual differences. Journal of Memory and Language, 28, 486-499.
66. Keane, M. (1988). Analogical problem solving. Chichester, England: Ellis Horwood.
67. Keil, F. C. (1989). Concepts, kinds, and cognitive development. Cambridge, MA: MIT.
68. Kemper, S. (1982). Filling in the missing gaps. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 21, 99-107.
69. Kennedy, J. M. (1990). Metaphor - Its intellectual basis. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 5, 115-123.
70. Kintsch, W., & van Dijk, T. A. (1978). Towards a model of text comprehension and production. Psychological Reveiw, 85, 363-394.
71. Kolonder, J. L. (1993). Case-based reasoning. San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.
72. Kotovsky, L. & Gentner, D. (1996). Comparison and categorization in the development of relational similarity. Child Development, 67, 2797-2822.
73. Krumhansl, C. L. (1978). Concerning the applicability of geometric models to similarity data: The interrelationship between similarity and spatial density. Psychological Review, 85,445-463.
74. Kunda, Z., & Nisbett, R. E. (1988). Predicting individual evaluations from group evaluations and vice versa: Different patterns for self and other? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 14, 326-334.
75. Lakoff, G. (1987). Women, fire, and dangerous things. Chicago: University of Chicago.
76. Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago.
77. Lassaline, M. E., (1996). Structural alignment in induction and similarity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 22, 754-770.
78. Markman, A. B., & Gentner, D. (1993a). Structural alignment during similarity comparisons. Cognitive Psychology, 25, 431-467.
79. Markman, A. B., & Gentner, D. (1993b). Splitting the differences: A structural alignment view of similarity. Journal of Memory and Language, 32, 517-535.
80. McFarland, C., & Miller, D. T. (1990). Judgments of self-other similarity: Just like other people, only more so. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16, 475-484.
81. Medin, D. L., Goldstone, R. L., & Gentner, D. (1993). Respects for similarity. Psychological Review, 100, 254-278.
82. Minsky, M. L. (1977). A framework for representing knowledge. In Winston, P. H. (Ed.), The psychology of computer vision. New York: McGraw-Hill.
83. Murphy, G. L., & Medin, D. L. (1985). The role of theories in conceptual coherence. Psychological Review, 92, 289-316.
84. Nisbett, R. E., & Kunda, Z. (1985). The perception of social distributions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 297-311.
85. Nosofsky, R. M. (1991). Stimulus bias, asymmetric similarity, and classification. Cognitive Psychology, 23, 94-140.
86. Novick, L. R., & Holyoak, K. J. (1991). Mathematical problem solving by analogy. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 17, 398-415.
87. Ortony, A. (1979). Beyond literal similarity. Psychological Review, 86, 161-180.
88. Ortony, A., Vondruska, R. J., Foss, M. A., & Jones, L. E. (1985). Salience, similes, and the asymmetry of similarity. Journal of Memory and Language, 24, 569-594.
89. Palmer, S. E. (1977). Hierarchical structure in perceptual representation. Cognitive Psychology, 9, 441-474.
90. Palmer, S. E. (1978). Fundamental aspects of cognitive representation. In Rosch, E., & Lloyd, B. B. (Eds.), Cognition and categorization. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
91. Posner, M. I., & Keele, S. W. (1968). On the genesis of abstract ideas. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 77, 353-363.
92. Read, S. J. (1984). Analogical reasoning in social judgment: The importance of causal theories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 14-25.
93. Read, S. J. (1987). Similarity and causality in the use of social analogies. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 23, 189-207.
94. Reed, S. K., Ernst, G. W., & Banerji, R. (1974). The role of analogy in transfer between similar problem states. Cognitive Psychology, 6, 436-440.
95. Rips, L. J. (1975). Inductive judgments about natural categories. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 14, 665-681.
96. Rosch, E. (1975). Cognitive reference points. Cognitive Psychology, 7, 532-547.
97. Ross, B. H. (1987). This is like that: The use of earlier problems and the separation of similarity effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 13, 629-639.
98. Ross, B. H. (1989). Distinguishing types of superficial similarities: Different effects on the access and use of earlier examples. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 456-468.
99. Ross, L., Greene, D., & House, P. (1977). The false consensus phenomenon: An attributional bias in self-perception and social perceptual processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13, 279-301.
100. Rumelhart, D. E., & Ortony, A. (1978). The representation of knowledge in memory. In Anderson, R. C., Spiro, R. J., & Montague, W. E. (Eds.), Schooling and the acquisition of knowledge. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
101. Schank, R. (1982). Dynamic memory. New York: Cambridge University.
102. Schank, R. C., & Abelson, R. P. (1977). Scripts, goals, plans, and understanding. Hillsdale, NJ: LEA.
103. Shen, Y. (1989). Symmetric and asymmetric comparisons. Poetics, 18, 517-536.
104. Shen, Y. (1992). Metaphors and categories. Poetics Today, 13, 771-794.
105. Shepard, R. N. (1974). Representation of structure in similarity data: Problems and prospects. Psychometrica, 39, 373-421.
106. Spellman, B. A., & Holyoak, K. J. (1992). If Saddam is Hitler then who is George Bush? Analogical mapping between systems of social roles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 913-933.
107. Srull, T. K., & Gaelick, L. (1983). General principles and individual differences in the self as a habitual reference point: An examination of self-other judgments of similarity. Social Cognition, 2, 108-121.
108. Talmy, L. (1978). Figure and ground in complex sentences. In J. Greenburg, C. Ferguson, & M. Moravcsik (Eds.), Universals of human language, vol. 4. Stanford: Stanford University.
109. Talmy, L. (1983). How language structures space. In H. Pick & L. Acredolo (Eds.), Spatial orientation: Theory, research, and application. New York: Plenum.
110. Thagard, P. (1989). Explanatory coherence. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 12, 435-502.
111. Thagard, P. (1992). Conceptual revolutions. Princeton: Princeton University.
112. Trabasso, T., & Sperry, L. L. (1985). Causal relatedness and importance of story events. Journal of Memory and Language, 24, 595-611.
113. Trabasso, T., & van den Broek, P. (1985). Causal thinking and the representation of narrative events. Journal of Memory and Language, 24, 612-630.
114. Turner, M. (1988). Categories and analogies. In D. H. Helman (Ed.), Analogical reasoning. Kluwer.
115. Tversky, A. (1977). Features of similarity. Psychological Review, 84, 327-352.
116. Tversky, A., & Gati, I. (1978). Studies of similarity. In E. Rosch & B. Lloyd (Eds.), Cognition and categorization. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
117. Tversky, B., & Hemenway, K. (1984). Objects, parts, and categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 113, 169-193.
118. Verbrugge, R. R., & McCarrell, N. S. (1977). Metaphoric comprehension: Studies in reminding and resembling. Cognitive Psychology, 9, 494-533.
119. Winston, M. E., Chaffin, R., & Herrmann, D. (1987). A taxonomy of part-whole relations. Cognitive Science, 11, 417-444.
120. Woll, S. B., & Graesser, A. C. (1982). Memory discrimination for information typical or atypical of person schemata. Social Cognition, 4, 287-310.