Molecular mechanisms of cranial neural crest cell migration and patterning in craniofacial development

Development

Volumn 137, Issue 16, 2010, Pages 2605-2621

  Minoux, Maryline ^a,b   Rijli, Filippo M ^a  

^a FRIEDRICH MIESCHER INSTITUTE FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE STRASBOURG   (France)

Author keywords

Cranial neural crest; Craniofacial skeleton evolution; Homeodomain factors; Signalling molecules

Indexed keywords

HOMEODOMAIN PROTEIN;

CELL MIGRATION; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; CRANIOFACIAL DEVELOPMENT; EMBRYO PATTERN FORMATION; EMBRYO SEGMENTATION; EPIGENETICS; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; MORPHOGENESIS; NEURAL CREST; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANIMALS; BODY PATTERNING; CELL MOVEMENT; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL; HEAD; HUMANS; NEURAL CREST; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

VERTEBRATA;

EID: 77955747295     PISSN: 09501991     EISSN: 14779129     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1242/dev.040048     Document Type: Review

References (221)

1. Abercrombie, M. (1979). Contact inhibition and malignancy. Nature 281, 259-262.
2. Abu-Abed, S., Dolle, P., Metzger, D., Beckett, B., Chambon, P. and Petkovich, M. (2001). The retinoic acid-metabolizing enzyme, CYP26A1, is essential for normal hindbrain patterning, vertebral identity, and development of posterior structures. Genes Dev. 15, 226-240. (Pubitemid 32107667)
3. Abu-Issa, R., Smyth, G., Smoak, I., Yamamura, K. and Meyers, E. N. (2002). Fgf8 is required for pharyngeal arch and cardiovascular development in the mouse. Development 129, 4613-4625.
4. Abzhanov, A. and Tabin, C. J. (2004). Shh and Fgf8 act synergistically to drive cartilage outgrowth during cranial development. Dev. Biol. 273, 134-148.
5. Abzhanov, A., Protas, M., Grant, B. R., Grant, P. R. and Tabin, C. J. (2004). Bmp4 and morphological variation of beaks in Darwin's finches. Science 305, 1462-1465. (Pubitemid 39167665)
6. Abzhanov, A., Kuo, W. P., Hartmann, C., Grant, B. R., Grant, P. R. and Tabin, C. J. (2006). The calmodulin pathway and evolution of elongated beak morphology in Darwin's finches. Nature 442, 563-567. (Pubitemid 44167914)
7. Abzhanov, A., Cordero, D. R., Sen, J., Tabin, C. J. and Helms, J. A. (2007). Cross-regulatory interactions between Fgf8 and Shh in the avian frontonasal prominence. Congenit. Anom. (Kyoto) 47, 136-148.
8. Acampora, D., Merlo, G. R., Paleari, L., Zerega, B., Postiglione, M. P., Mantero, S., Bober, E., Barbieri, O., Simeone, A. and Levi, G. (1999). Craniofacial, vestibular and bone defects in mice lacking the Distal-less-related gene Dlx5. Development 126, 3795-3809. (Pubitemid 29440478)
9. Adams, R. H., Diella, F., Hennig, S., Helmbacher, F., Deutsch, U. and Klein, R. (2001). The cytoplasmic domain of the ligand ephrinB2 is required for vascular morphogenesis but not cranial neural crest migration. Cell 104, 57-69. (Pubitemid 32144972)
10. Ahlgren, S. C. and Bronner-Fraser, M. (1999). Inhibition of sonic hedgehog signaling in vivo results in craniofacial neural crest cell death. Curr. Biol. 9, 1304-1314.
11. Albertson, R. C. and Yelick, P. C. (2005). Roles for fgf8 signaling in left-right patterning of the visceral organs and craniofacial skeleton. Dev. Biol. 283, 310-321.
12. Albertson, R. C. and Yelick, P. C. (2007). Fgf8 haploinsufficiency results in distinct craniofacial defects in adult zebrafish. Dev. Biol. 306, 505-515.
13. Baltzinger, M., Ori, M., Pasqualetti, M., Nardi, I. and Rijli, F. M. (2005). Hoxa2 knockdown in Xenopus results in hyoid to mandibular homeosis. Dev. Dyn. 234, 858-867.
14. Barrow, J. R. and Capecchi, M. R. (1996). Targeted disruption of the Hoxb-2 locus in mice interferes with expression of Hoxb-1 and Hoxb-4. Development 122, 3817-3828.
15. Benouaiche, L., Gitton, Y., Vincent, C., Couly, G. and Levi, G. (2008). Sonic hedgehog signalling from foregut endoderm patterns the avian nasal capsule. Development 135, 2221-2225.
16. Beverdam, A., Merlo, G. R., Paleari, L., Mantero, S., Genova, F., Barbieri, O., Janvier, P. and Levi, G. (2002). Jaw transformation with gain of symmetry after Dlx5/Dlx6 inactivation: mirror of the past? Genesis 34, 221-227.
17. Birgbauer, E., Sechrist, J., Bronner-Fraser, M. and Fraser, S. (1995). Rhombomeric origin and rostrocaudal reassortment of neural crest cells revealed by intravital microscopy. Development 121, 935-945.
18. Blentic, A., Tandon, P., Payton, S., Walshe, J., Carney, T., Kelsh, R. N., Mason, I. and Graham, A. (2008). The emergence of ectomesenchyme. Dev. Dyn. 237, 592-601.
19. Bobola, N., Carapuco, M., Ohnemus, S., Kanzler, B., Leibbrandt, A., Neubuser, A., Drouin, J. and Mallo, M. (2003). Mesenchymal patterning by Hoxa2 requires blocking Fgf-dependent activation of Ptx1. Development 130, 3403-3414. (Pubitemid 37010004)
20. Boulet, A. M. and Capecchi, M. R. (1996). Targeted disruption of hoxc-4 causes esophageal defects and vertebral transformations. Dev. Biol. 177, 232-249.
21. Brito, J. M., Teillet, M. A. and Le Douarin, N. M. (2006). An early role for sonic hedgehog from foregut endoderm in jaw development: ensuring neural crest cell survival. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 11607-11612.
22. Brito, J. M., Teillet, M. A. and Le Douarin, N. M. (2008). Induction of mirror-image supernumerary jaws in chicken mandibular mesenchyme by Sonic Hedgehog-producing cells. Development 135, 2311-2319.
23. Brown, S. J., Shippy, T. D., Beeman, R. W. and Denell, R. E. (2002). Tribolium Hox genes repress antennal development in the gnathos and trunk. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 24, 384-387.
24. Carmona-Fontaine, C., Matthews, H. K., Kuriyama, S., Moreno, M., Dunn, G. A., Parsons, M., Stern, C. D. and Mayor, R. (2008). Contact inhibition of locomotion in vivo controls neural crest directional migration. Nature 456, 957-961.
25. Cerny, R., Lwigale, P., Ericsson, R., Meulemans, D., Epperlein, H. H. and Bronner-Fraser, M. (2004). Developmental origins and evolution of jaws: new interpretation of "maxillary" and "mandibular". Dev. Biol. 276, 225-236.
26. Charite, J., McFadden, D. G., Merlo, G., Levi, G., Clouthier, D. E., Yanagisawa, M., Richardson, J. A. and Olson, E. N. (2001). Role of Dlx6 in regulation of an endothelin-1-dependent, dHAND branchial arch enhancer. Genes Dev. 15, 3039-3049.
27. Chen, W., Burgess, S. and Hopkins, N. (2001). Analysis of the zebrafish smoothened mutant reveals conserved and divergent functions of hedgehog activity. Development 128, 2385-2396. (Pubitemid 32633370)
28. Chiang, C., Litingtung, Y., Lee, E., Young, K. E., Corden, J. L., Westphal, H. and Beachy, P. A. (1996). Cyclopia and defective axial patterning in mice lacking Sonic hedgehog gene function. Nature 383, 407-413.
29. Chisaka, O. and Capecchi, M. R. (1991). Regionally restricted developmental defects resulting from targeted disruption of the mouse homeobox gene hox-1.5. Nature 350, 473-479.
30. Clouthier, D. E., Hosoda, K., Richardson, J. A., Williams, S. C., Yanagisawa, H., Kuwaki, T., Kumada, M., Hammer, R. E. and Yanagisawa, M. (1998). Cranial and cardiac neural crest defects in endothelin-A receptor-deficient mice. Development 125, 813-824. (Pubitemid 28142824)
31. Clouthier, D. E., Williams, S. C., Yanagisawa, H., Wieduwilt, M., Richardson, J. A. and Yanagisawa, M. (2000). Signaling pathways crucial for craniofacial development revealed by endothelin-A receptor-deficient mice. Dev. Biol. 217, 10-24.
32. Condie, B. G. and Capecchi, M. R. (1994). Mice with targeted disruptions in the paralogous genes hoxa-3 and hoxd-3 reveal synergistic interactions. Nature 370, 304-307.
33. Cordero, D., Marcucio, R., Hu, D., Gaffield, W., Tapadia, M. and Helms, J. A. (2004). Temporal perturbations in sonic hedgehog signaling elicit the spectrum of holoprosencephaly phenotypes. J. Clin. Invest. 114, 485-494.
34. Couly, G. F., Coltey, P. M. and Le Douarin, N. M. (1993). The triple origin of skull in higher vertebrates: a study in quail-chick chimeras. Development 117, 409-429.
35. Couly, G., Grapin-Botton, A., Coltey, P. and Le Douarin, N. M. (1996). The regeneration of the cephalic neural crest, a problem revisited: the regenerating cells originate from the contralateral or from the anterior and posterior neural fold. Development 122, 3393-3407.
36. Couly, G., Grapin-Botton, A., Coltey, P., Ruhin, B. and Le Douarin, N. M. (1998). Determination of the identity of the derivatives of the cephalic neural crest: incompatibility between Hox gene expression and lower jaw development. Development 125, 3445-3459.
37. Couly, G., Creuzet, S., Bennaceur, S., Vincent, C. and Le Douarin, N. M. (2002). Interactions between Hox-negative cephalic neural crest cells and the foregut endoderm in patterning the facial skeleton in the vertebrate head. Development 129, 1061-1073.
38. Creuzet, S., Couly, G., Vincent, C. and Le Douarin, N. M. (2002). Negative effect of Hox gene expression on the development of the neural crest-derived facial skeleton. Development 129, 4301-4313.
39. Creuzet, S., Schuler, B., Couly, G. and Le Douarin, N. M. (2004). Reciprocal relationships between Fgf8 and neural crest cells in facial and forebrain development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 4843-4847.
40. Crump, J. G., Maves, L., Lawson, N. D., Weinstein, B. M. and Kimmel, C. B. (2004). An essential role for Fgfs in endodermal pouch formation influences later craniofacial skeletal patterning. Development 131, 5703-5716.
41. Davenne, M., Maconochie, M. K., Neun, R., Pattyn, A., Chambon, P., Krumlauf, R. and Rijli, F. M. (1999). Hoxa2 and Hoxb2 control dorsoventral patterns of neuronal development in the rostral hindbrain. Neuron 22, 677-691.
42. David, N. B., Saint-Etienne, L., Tsang, M., Schilling, T. F. and Rosa, F. M. (2002). Requirement for endoderm and FGF3 in ventral head skeleton formation. Development 129, 4457-4468.
43. Davy, A., Aubin, J. and Soriano, P. (2004). Ephrin-B1 forward and reverse signaling are required during mouse development. Genes Dev. 18, 572-583. (Pubitemid 38372813)
44. Depew, M. J., Liu, J. K., Long, J. E., Presley, R., Meneses, J. J., Pedersen, R. A. and Rubenstein, J. L. (1999). Dlx5 regulates regional development of the branchial arches and sensory capsules. Development 126, 3831-3846.
45. Depew, M. J., Lufkin, T. and Rubenstein, J. L. (2002). Specification of jaw subdivisions by Dlx genes. Science 298, 381-385.
46. Depew, M. J., Simpson, C. A., Morasso, M. and Rubenstein, J. L. (2005). Reassessing the Dlx code: the genetic regulation of branchial arch skeletal pattern and development. J. Anat. 207, 501-561.
47. Dettlaff-Swiercz, D. A., Wettschureck, N., Moers, A., Huber, K. and Offermanns, S. (2005). Characteristic defects in neural crest cell-specific Galphaq/Galpha11- and Galpha12/Galpha13-deficient mice. Dev. Biol. 282, 174-182.
48. Dobreva, G., Chahrour, M., Dautzenberg, M., Chirivella, L., Kanzler, B., Farinas, I., Karsenty, G. and Grosschedl, R. (2006). SATB2 is a multifunctional determinant of craniofacial patterning and osteoblast differentiation. Cell 125, 971-986. (Pubitemid 43810153)
49. Duboule, D. (2007). The rise and fall of Hox gene clusters. Development 134, 2549-2560.
50. Duboule, D. and Morata, G. (1994). Colinearity and functional hierarchy among genes of the homeotic complexes. Trends Genet. 10, 358-364. (Pubitemid 24305375)
51. Dupe, V. and Pellerin, I. (2009). Retinoic acid receptors exhibit cell-autonomous functions in cranial neural crest cells. Dev. Dyn. 238, 2701-2711.
52. Dupe, V., Ghyselinck, N. B., Wendling, O., Chambon, P. and Mark, M. (1999). Key roles of retinoic acid receptors alpha and beta in the patterning of the caudal hindbrain, pharyngeal arches and otocyst in the mouse. Development 126, 5051-5059. (Pubitemid 30000418)
53. Dupe, V., Matt, N., Garnier, J. M., Chambon, P., Mark, M. and Ghyselinck, N. B. (2003). A newborn lethal defect due to inactivation of retinaldehyde dehydrogenase type 3 is prevented by maternal retinoic acid treatment. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 14036-14041.
54. Eames, B. F. and Schneider, R. A. (2008). The genesis of cartilage size and shape during development and evolution. Development 135, 3947-3958.
55. Eberhart, J. K., Swartz, M. E., Crump, J. G. and Kimmel, C. B. (2006). Early Hedgehog signaling from neural to oral epithelium organizes anterior craniofacial development. Development 133, 1069-1077.
56. Eickholt, B. J., Mackenzie, S. L., Graham, A., Walsh, F. S. and Doherty, P. (1999). Evidence for collapsin-1 functioning in the control of neural crest migration in both trunk and hindbrain regions. Development 126, 2181-2189. (Pubitemid 29271703)
57. Farlie, P. G., Kerr, R., Thomas, P., Symes, T., Minichiello, J., Hearn, C. J. and Newgreen, D. (1999). A paraxial exclusion zone creates patterned cranial neural crest cell outgrowth adjacent to rhombomeres 3 and 5. Dev. Biol. 213, 70-84.
58. Feng, J., Bi, C., Clark, B. S., Mady, R., Shah, P. and Kohtz, J. D. (2006). The Evf-2 noncoding RNA is transcribed from the Dlx-5/6 ultraconserved region and functions as a Dlx-2 transcriptional coactivator. Genes Dev. 20, 1470-1484.
59. Finkelstein, R. and Perrimon, N. (1991). The molecular genetics of head development in Drosophila melanogaster. Development 112, 899-912. (Pubitemid 21900293)
60. Foppiano, S., Hu, D. and Marcucio, R. S. (2007). Signaling by bone morphogenetic proteins directs formation of an ectodermal signaling center that regulates craniofacial development. Dev. Biol. 312, 103-114.
61. Fossat, N., Chatelain, G., Brun, G. and Lamonerie, T. (2006). Temporal and spatial delineation of mouse Otx2 functions by conditional self-knockout. EMBO Rep. 7, 824-830. (Pubitemid 44275402)
62. Frank, D. U., Fotheringham, L. K., Brewer, J. A., Muglia, L. J., Tristani-Firouzi, M., Capecchi, M. R. and Moon, A. M. (2002). An Fgf8 mouse mutant phenocopies human 22q11 deletion syndrome. Development 129, 4591-4603.
63. Fukuhara, S., Kurihara, Y., Arima, Y., Yamada, N. and Kurihara, H. (2004). Temporal requirement of signaling cascade involving endothelin-1/ endothelin receptor type A in branchial arch development. Mech. Dev. 121, 1223-1233.
64. Gammill, L. S. and Bronner-Fraser, M. (2003). Neural crest specification: migrating into genomics. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 4, 795-805.
65. Gammill, L. S., Gonzalez, C. and Bronner-Fraser, M. (2007). Neuropilin 2/semaphorin 3F signaling is essential for cranial neural crest migration and trigeminal ganglion condensation. Dev. Neurobiol. 67, 47-56.
66. Garcia-Bellido, A. (1975). Genetic control of wing disc development in Drosophila. CIBA Found. Symp. 29, 161-182.
67. Gendron-Maguire, M., Mallo, M., Zhang, M. and Gridley, T. (1993). Hoxa-2 mutant mice exhibit homeotic transformation of skeletal elements derived from cranial neural crest. Cell 75, 1317-1331. (Pubitemid 24021907)
68. Golding, J. P., Trainor, P., Krumlauf, R. and Gassmann, M. (2000). Defects in pathfinding by cranial neural crest cells in mice lacking the neuregulin receptor ErbB4. Nat. Cell. Biol. 2, 103-109.
69. Golding, J. P., Dixon, M. and Gassmann, M. (2002). Cues from neuroepithelium and surface ectoderm maintain neural crest-free regions within cranial mesenchyme of the developing chick. Development 129, 1095-1105. (Pubitemid 34874133)
70. Golding, J. P., Sobieszczuk, D., Dixon, M., Coles, E., Christiansen, J., Wilkinson, D. and Gassmann, M. (2004). Roles of erbB4, rhombomere-specific, and rhombomere-independent cues in maintaining neural crest-free zones in the embryonic head. Dev. Biol. 266, 361-372.
71. Graham, A. (2008). Deconstructing the pharyngeal metamere. J. Exp. Zool. B Mol. Dev. Evol. 310, 336-344.
72. Graham, A., Heyman, I. and Lumsden, A. (1993). Even-numbered rhombomeres control the apoptotic elimination of neural crest cells from odd-numbered rhombomeres in the chick hindbrain. Development 119, 233-245. (Pubitemid 23279142)
73. Grammatopoulos, G. A., Bell, E., Toole, L., Lumsden, A. and Tucker, A. S. (2000). Homeotic transformation of branchial arch identity after Hoxa2 overexpression. Development 127, 5355-5365. (Pubitemid 32049191)
74. Grigoriou, M., Tucker, A. S., Sharpe, P. T. and Pachnis, V. (1998). Expression and regulation of Lhx6 and Lhx7, a novel subfamily of LIM homeodomain encoding genes, suggests a role in mammalian head development. Development 125, 2063-2074. (Pubitemid 28297793)
75. Gross, J. B. and Hanken, J. (2008). Review of fate-mapping studies of osteogenic cranial neural crest in vertebrates. Dev. Biol. 317, 389-400.
76. Haberland, M., Mokalled, M. H., Montgomery, R. L. and Olson, E. N. (2009). Epigenetic control of skull morphogenesis by histone deacetylase 8. Genes Dev. 23, 1625-1630.
77. Halilagic, A., Ribes, V., Ghyselinck, N. B., Zile, M. H., Dolle, P. and Studer, M. (2007). Retinoids control anterior and dorsal properties in the developing forebrain. Dev. Biol. 303, 362-375.
78. Haworth, K. E., Healy, C., Morgan, P. and Sharpe, P. T. (2004). Regionalisation of early head ectoderm is regulated by endoderm and prepatterns the orofacial epithelium. Development 131, 4797-4806.
79. Haworth, K. E., Wilson, J. M., Grevellec, A., Cobourne, M. T., Healy, C., Helms, J. A., Sharpe, P. T. and Tucker, A. S. (2007). Sonic hedgehog in the pharyngeal endoderm controls arch pattern via regulation of Fgf8 in head ectoderm. Dev. Biol. 303, 244-258.
80. Horan, G. S., Ramirez-Solis, R., Featherstone, M. S., Wolgemuth, D. J., Bradley, A. and Behringer, R. R. (1995). Compound mutants for the paralogous hoxa-4, hoxb-4, and hoxd-4 genes show more complete homeotic transformations and a dose-dependent increase in the number of vertebrae transformed. Genes Dev. 9, 1667-1677.
81. Hu, D. and Helms, J. A. (1999). The role of sonic hedgehog in normal and abnormal craniofacial morphogenesis. Development 126, 4873-4884.
82. Hu, D. and Marcucio, R. S. (2009a). A SHH-responsive signaling center in the forebrain regulates craniofacial morphogenesis via the facial ectoderm. Development 136, 107-116.
83. Hu, D. and Marcucio, R. S. (2009b). Unique organization of the frontonasal ectodermal zone in birds and mammals. Dev. Biol. 325, 200-210.
84. Hu, D., Marcucio, R. S. and Helms, J. A. (2003). A zone of frontonasal ectoderm regulates patterning and growth in the face. Development 130, 1749-1758.
85. Hunt, P., Gulisano, M., Cook, M., Sham, M. H., Faiella, A., Wilkinson, D., Boncinelli, E. and Krumlauf, R. (1991a). A distinct Hox code for the branchial region of the vertebrate head. Nature 353, 861-864. (Pubitemid 21912643)
86. Hunt, P., Whiting, J., Nonchev, S., Sham, M. H., Marshall, H., Graham, A., Cook, M., Allemann, R., Rigby, P. W., Gulisano, M. et al. (1991b). The branchial Hox code and its implications for gene regulation, patterning of the nervous system and head evolution. Development Suppl. 2, 63-77.
87. Hunt, P., Clarke, J. D., Buxton, P., Ferretti, P. and Thorogood, P. (1998). Stability and plasticity of neural crest patterning and branchial arch Hox code after extensive cephalic crest rotation. Dev. Biol. 198, 82-104.
88. Hunter, M. P. and Prince, V. E. (2002). Zebrafish hox paralogue group 2 genes function redundantly as selector genes to pattern the second pharyngeal arch. Dev. Biol. 247, 367-389.
89. Irving, C. and Mason, I. (2000). Signalling by FGF8 from the isthmus patterns anterior hindbrain and establishes the anterior limit of Hox gene expression. Development 127, 177-186. (Pubitemid 30064399)
90. Ishikawa, S. and Ito, K. (2009). Plasticity and regulatory mechanisms of Hox gene expression in mouse neural crest cells. Cell Tissue Res. 337, 381-391.
91. Ivey, K., Tyson, B., Ukidwe, P., McFadden, D. G., Levi, G., Olson, E. N., Srivastava, D. and Wilkie, T. M. (2003). Galphaq and Galpha11 proteins mediate endothelin-1 signaling in neural crest-derived pharyngeal arch mesenchyme. Dev. Biol. 255, 230-237.
92. Jeong, J., Mao, J., Tenzen, T., Kottmann, A. H. and McMahon, A. P. (2004). Hedgehog signaling in the neural crest cells regulates the patterning and growth of facial primordia. Genes Dev. 18, 937-951. (Pubitemid 38529662)
93. Jeong, J., Li, X., McEvilly, R. J., Rosenfeld, M. G., Lufkin, T. and Rubenstein, J. L. (2008). Dlx genes pattern mammalian jaw primordium by regulating both lower jaw-specific and upper jaw-specific genetic programs. Development 135, 2905-2916.
94. Johnston, M. C. (1966). A radioautographic study of the migration and fate of cranial neural crest cells in the chick embryo. Anat. Rec. 156, 143-155.
95. Kanzler, B., Kuschert, S. J., Liu, Y. H. and Mallo, M. (1998). Hoxa-2 restricts the chondrogenic domain and inhibits bone formation during development of the branchial area. Development 125, 2587-2597. (Pubitemid 28396157)
96. Kempf, H., Linares, C., Corvol, P. and Gasc, J. M. (1998). Pharmacological inactivation of the endothelin type A receptor in the early chick embryo: a model of mispatterning of the branchial arch derivatives. Development 125, 4931-4941.
97. Kimmel, C. B., Miller, C. T., Kruze, G., Ullmann, B., BreMiller, R. A., Larison, K. D. and Snyder, H. C. (1998). The shaping of pharyngeal cartilages during early development of the zebrafish. Dev. Biol. 203, 245-263.
98. Kimmel, C. B., Ullmann, B., Walker, M., Miller, C. T. and Crump, J. G. (2003). Endothelin 1-mediated regulation of pharyngeal bone development in zebrafish. Development 130, 1339-1451.
99. Kimura, C., Takeda, N., Suzuki, M., Oshimura, M., Aizawa, S. and Matsuo, I. (1997). Cis-acting elements conserved between mouse and pufferfish Otx2 genes govern the expression in mesencephalic neural crest cells. Development 124, 3929-3941. (Pubitemid 27483321)
100. Köntges, G. and Lumsden, A. (1996). Rhombencephalic neural crest segmentation is preserved throughout craniofacial ontogeny. Development 122, 3229-3242. (Pubitemid 26371987)
101. Krumlauf, R. (1993). Hox genes and pattern formation in the branchial region of the vertebrate head. Trends Genet. 9, 106-112.
102. Kulesa, P. M. and Fraser, S. E. (2000). In ovo time-lapse analysis of chick hindbrain neural crest cell migration shows cell interactions during migration to the branchial arches. Development 127, 1161-1172.
103. Kulesa, P. M., Lu, C. C. and Fraser, S. E. (2005). Time-lapse analysis reveals a series of events by which cranial neural crest cells reroute around physical barriers. Brain Behav. Evol. 66, 255-265.
104. Kuraku, S., Takio, Y., Sugahara, F., Takechi, M. and Kuratani, S. (2010). Evolution of oropharyngeal patterning mechanisms involving Dlx and endothelins in vertebrates. Dev. Biol. 341, 315-323.
105. Kuratani, S., Matsuo, I. and Aizawa, S. (1997). Developmental patterning and evolution of the mammalian viscerocranium: genetic insights into comparative morphology. Dev. Dyn. 209, 139-155.
106. Kurihara, Y., Kurihara, H., Suzuki, H., Kodama, T., Maemura, K., Nagai, R., Oda, H., Kuwaki, T., Cao, W. H., Kamada, N. et al. (1994). Elevated blood pressure and craniofacial abnormalities in mice deficient in endothelin-1. Nature 368, 703-710.
107. Kutejova, E., Engist, B., Mallo, M., Kanzler, B. and Bobola, N. (2005). Hoxa2 downregulates Six2 in the neural crest-derived mesenchyme. Development 132, 469-478. (Pubitemid 40277688)
108. Kutejova, E., Engist, B., Self, M., Oliver, G., Kirilenko, P. and Bobola, N. (2008). Six2 functions redundantly immediately downstream of Hoxa2. Development 135, 1463-1470. (Pubitemid 351753636)
109. Laue, K., Daujat, S., Crump, J. G., Plaster, N., Roehl, H. H., Kimmel, C. B., Schneider, R. and Hammerschmidt, M. (2008). The multidomain protein Brpf1 binds histones and is required for Hox gene expression and segmental identity. Development 135, 1935-1946.
110. Le Douarin, N. M. and Kalcheim, C. (1999). The Neural Crest. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
111. Le Lievre, C. L. (1974). Role of mesectodermal cells arising from the cephalic neural crest in the formation of the branchial arches and visceral skeleton. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 31, 453-477.
112. Le Lievre, C. S. (1978). Participation of neural crest-derived cells in the genesis of the skull in birds. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 47, 17-37.
113. Lee, S. H., Fu, K. K., Hui, J. N. and Richman, J. M. (2001). Noggin and retinoic acid transform the identity of avian facial prominences. Nature 414, 909-912.
114. Lee, S. H., Bedard, O., Buchtova, M., Fu, K. and Richman, J. M. (2004). A new origin for the maxillary jaw. Dev. Biol. 276, 207-224.
115. Lohnes, D., Mark, M., Mendelsohn, C., Dolle, P., Dierich, A., Gorry, P., Gansmuller, A. and Chambon, P. (1994). Function of the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) during development (I). Craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities in RAR double mutants. Development 120, 2723-2748.
116. Lumsden, A. and Krumlauf, R. (1996). Patterning the vertebrate neuraxis. Science 274, 1109-1115.
117. Lumsden, A., Sprawson, N. and Graham, A. (1991). Segmental origin and migration of neural crest cells in the hindbrain region of the chick embryo. Development 113, 1281-1291.
118. Macatee, T. L., Hammond, B. P., Arenkiel, B. R., Francis, L., Frank, D. U. and Moon, A. M. (2003). Ablation of specific expression domains reveals discrete functions of ectoderm- and endoderm-derived FGF8 during cardiovascular and pharyngeal development. Development 130, 6361-6374.
119. Maclean, G., Dolle, P. and Petkovich, M. (2009). Genetic disruption of CYP26B1 severely affects development of neural crest derived head structures, but does not compromise hindbrain patterning. Dev. Dyn. 238, 732-745.
120. Maconochie, M., Krishnamurthy, R., Nonchev, S., Meier, P., Manzanares, M., Mitchell, P. J. and Krumlauf, R. (1999). Regulation of Hoxa2 in cranial neural crest cells involves members of the AP-2 family. Development 126, 1483-1494. (Pubitemid 29195237)
121. Manley, N. R. and Capecchi, M. R. (1995). The role of Hoxa-3 in mouse thymus and thyroid development. Development 121, 1989-2003.
122. Manley, N. R. and Capecchi, M. R. (1997). Hox group 3 paralogous genes act synergistically in the formation of somitic and neural crest-derived structures. Dev. Biol. 192, 274-288.
123. Marcucio, R. S., Cordero, D. R., Hu, D. and Helms, J. A. (2005). Molecular interactions coordinating the development of the forebrain and face. Dev. Biol. 284, 48-61.
124. Mark, M., Ghyselinck, N. B. and Chambon, P. (2004). Retinoic acid signalling in the development of branchial arches. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 14, 591-598.
125. Matsuo, I., Kuratani, S., Kimura, C., Takeda, N. and Aizawa, S. (1995). Mouse Otx2 functions in the formation and patterning of rostral head. Genes Dev. 9, 2646-2658.
126. Matsuoka, T., Ahlberg, P. E., Kessaris, N., Iannarelli, P., Dennehy, U., Richardson, W. D., McMahon, A. P. and Koentges, G. (2005). Neural crest origins of the neck and shoulder. Nature 436, 347-355. (Pubitemid 41059040)
127. Matt, N., Ghyselinck, N. B., Wendling, O., Chambon, P. and Mark, M. (2003). Retinoic acid-induced developmental defects are mediated by RARbeta/RXR heterodimers in the pharyngeal endoderm. Development 130, 2083-2093. (Pubitemid 36656705)
128. Matthews, H. K., Marchant, L., Carmona-Fontaine, C., Kuriyama, S., Larrain, J., Holt, M. R., Parsons, M. and Mayor, R. (2008). Directional migration of neural crest cells in vivo is regulated by Syndecan-4/Rac1 and non-canonical Wnt signaling/RhoA. Development 135, 1771-1780.
129. Mayor, R. and Carmona-Fontaine, C. (2010). Keeping in touch with contact inhibition of locomotion. Trends Cell Biol. Epub ahead of print.
130. McBratney-Owen, B., Iseki, S., Bamforth, S. D., Olsen, B. R. and Morriss-Kay, G. M. (2008). Development and tissue origins of the mammalian cranial base. Dev. Biol. 322, 121-132.
131. McLennan, R. and Kulesa, P. M. (2007). In vivo analysis reveals a critical role for neuropilin-1 in cranial neural crest cell migration in chick. Dev. Biol. 301, 227-239.
132. McLennan, R., Teddy, J. M., Kasemeier-Kulesa, J. C., Romine, M. H. and Kulesa, P. M. (2010). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) regulates cranial neural crest migration in vivo. Dev. Biol. 339, 114-125.
133. Mellott, D. O. and Burke, R. D. (2008). Divergent roles for Eph and ephrin in avian cranial neural crest. BMC Dev. Biol. 8, 56.
134. Mendelsohn, C., Lohnes, D., Decimo, D., Lufkin, T., LeMeur, M., Chambon, P. and Mark, M. (1994). Function of the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) during development (II). Multiple abnormalities at various stages of organogenesis in RAR double mutants. Development 120, 2749-2771.
135. Merrill, A. E., Eames, B. F., Weston, S. J., Heath, T. and Schneider, R. A. (2008). Mesenchyme-dependent BMP signaling directs the timing of mandibular osteogenesis. Development 135, 1223-1234.
136. Miller, C. T., Schilling, T. F., Lee, K., Parker, J. and Kimmel, C. B. (2000). sucker encodes a zebrafish Endothelin-1 required for ventral pharyngeal arch development. Development 127, 3815-3828.
137. Miller, C. T., Yelon, D., Stainier, D. Y. and Kimmel, C. B. (2003). Two endothelin 1 effectors, hand2 and bapx1, pattern ventral pharyngeal cartilage and the jaw joint. Development 130, 1353-1365.
138. Miller, C. T., Maves, L. and Kimmel, C. B. (2004). moz regulates Hox expression and pharyngeal segmental identity in zebrafish. Development 131, 2443-2461.
139. Minoux, M., Antonarakis, G. S., Kmita, M., Duboule, D. and Rijli, F. M. (2009). Rostral and caudal pharyngeal arches share a common neural crest ground pattern. Development 136, 637-645.
140. Moraes, F., Novoa, A., Jerome-Majewska, L. A., Papaioannou, V. E. and Mallo, M. (2005). Tbx1 is required for proper neural crest migration and to stabilize spatial patterns during middle and inner ear development. Mech. Dev. 122, 199-212.
141. Morales, A. V., Barbas, J. A. and Nieto, M. A. (2005). How to become neural crest: from segregation to delamination. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 16, 655-662.
142. Mulder, G. B., Manley, N., Grant, J., Schmidt, K., Zeng, W., Eckhoff, C. and Maggio-Price, L. (2000). Effects of excess vitamin A on development of cranial neural crest-derived structures: a neonatal and embryologic study. Teratology 62, 214-226.
143. Nair, S., Li, W., Cornell, R. and Schilling, T. F. (2007). Requirements for Endothelin type-A receptors and Endothelin-1 signaling in the facial ectoderm for the patterning of skeletogenic neural crest cells in zebrafish. Development 134, 335-345.
144. Nataf, V., Grapin-Botton, A., Champeval, D., Amemiya, A., Yanagisawa, M. and Le Douarin, N. M. (1998). The expression patterns of endothelin-A receptor and endothelin 1 in the avian embryo. Mech. Dev. 75, 145-149.
145. Neidert, A. H., Virupannavar, V., Hooker, G. W. and Langeland, J. A. (2001). Lamprey Dlx genes and early vertebrate evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 1665-1670.
146. Niederreither, K., Subbarayan, V., Dolle, P. and Chambon, P. (1999). Embryonic retinoic acid synthesis is essential for early mouse post-implantation development. Nat. Genet. 21, 444-448.
147. Nissen, R. M., Yan, J., Amsterdam, A., Hopkins, N. and Burgess, S. M. (2003). Zebrafish foxi one modulates cellular responses to Fgf signaling required for the integrity of ear and jaw patterning. Development 130, 2543-2554.
148. Noden, D. M. (1983). The role of the neural crest in patterning of avian cranial skeletal, connective, and muscle tissues. Dev. Biol. 96, 144-165.
149. Offermanns, S., Zhao, L. P., Gohla, A., Sarosi, I., Simon, M. I. and Wilkie, T. M. (1998). Embryonic cardiomyocyte hypoplasia and craniofacial defects in G alpha q/G alpha 11-mutant mice. EMBO J. 17, 4304-4312.
150. Olesnicky Killian, E. C., Birkholz, D. A. and Artinger, K. B. (2009). A role for chemokine signaling in neural crest cell migration and craniofacial development. Dev. Biol. 333, 161-172.
151. Osborne, N. J., Begbie, J., Chilton, J. K., Schmidt, H. and Eickholt, B. J. (2005). Semaphorin/neuropilin signaling influences the positioning of migratory neural crest cells within the hindbrain region of the chick. Dev. Dyn. 232, 939-949.
152. Osumi-Yamashita, N., Ninomiya, Y., Doi, H. and Eto, K. (1994). The contribution of both forebrain and midbrain crest cells to the mesenchyme in the frontonasal mass of mouse embryos. Dev. Biol. 164, 409-419.
153. Ozeki, H., Kurihara, Y., Tonami, K., Watatani, S. and Kurihara, H. (2004). Endothelin-1 regulates the dorsoventral branchial arch patterning in mice. Mech. Dev. 121, 387-395.
154. Pasqualetti, M., Ori, M., Nardi, I. and Rijli, F. M. (2000). Ectopic Hoxa2 induction after neural crest migration results in homeosis of jaw elements in Xenopus. Development 127, 5367-5378.
155. Piotrowski, T., Schilling, T. F., Brand, M., Jiang, Y. J., Heisenberg, C. P., Beuchle, D., Grandel, H., van Eeden, F. J., Furutani-Seiki, M., Granato, M. et al. (1996). Jaw and branchial arch mutants in zebrafish II: anterior arches and cartilage differentiation. Development 123, 345-356.
156. Piotrowski, T., Ahn, D. G., Schilling, T. F., Nair, S., Ruvinsky, I., Geisler, R., Rauch, G. J., Haffter, P., Zon, L. I., Zhou, Y. et al. (2003). The zebrafish van gogh mutation disrupts tbx1, which is involved in the DiGeorge deletion syndrome in humans. Development 130, 5043-5052.
157. Prince, V. and Lumsden, A. (1994). Hoxa-2 expression in normal and transposed rhombomeres: independent regulation in the neural tube and neural crest. Development 120, 911-923. (Pubitemid 24111555)
158. Qiu, M., Bulfone, A., Martinez, S., Meneses, J. J., Shimamura, K., Pedersen, R. A. and Rubenstein, J. L. (1995). Null mutation of Dlx-2 results in abnormal morphogenesis of proximal first and second branchial arch derivatives and abnormal differentiation in the forebrain. Genes Dev. 9, 2523-2538.
159. Qiu, M., Bulfone, A., Ghattas, I., Meneses, J. J., Christensen, L., Sharpe, P. T., Presley, R., Pedersen, R. A. and Rubenstein, J. L. (1997). Role of the Dlx homeobox genes in proximodistal patterning of the branchial arches: mutations of Dlx-1, Dlx-2, and Dlx-1 and -2 alter morphogenesis of proximal skeletal and soft tissue structures derived from the first and second arches. Dev. Biol. 185, 165-184.
160. Ramirez-Solis, R., Zheng, H., Whiting, J., Krumlauf, R. and Bradley, A. (1993). Hoxb-4 (Hox-2.6) mutant mice show homeotic transformation of a cervical vertebra and defects in the closure of the sternal rudiments. Cell 73, 279-294. (Pubitemid 23123307)
161. Reijntjes, S., Rodaway, A. and Maden, M. (2007). The retinoic acid metabolising gene, CYP26B1, patterns the cartilaginous cranial neural crest in zebrafish. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 51, 351-360.
162. Rijli, F. M. and Chambon, P. (1997). Genetic interactions of Hox genes in limb development: learning from compound mutants. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 7, 481-487.
163. Rijli, F. M., Mark, M., Lakkaraju, S., Dierich, A., Dolle, P. and Chambon, P. (1993). A homeotic transformation is generated in the rostral branchial region of the head by disruption of Hoxa-2, which acts as a selector gene. Cell 75, 1333-1349. (Pubitemid 24021908)
164. Rivera-Perez, J. A., Mallo, M., Gendron-Maguire, M., Gridley, T. and Behringer, R. R. (1995). Goosecoid is not an essential component of the mouse
165. Rottner, K., Hall, A. and Small, J. V. (1999). Interplay between Rac and Rho in the control of substrate contact dynamics. Curr. Biol. 9, 640-648.
166. Ruest, L. B. and Clouthier, D. E. (2009). Elucidating timing and function of endothelin-A receptor signaling during craniofacial development using neural crest cell-specific gene deletion and receptor antagonism. Dev. Biol. 328, 94-108.
167. Ruest, L. B., Xiang, X., Lim, K. C., Levi, G. and Clouthier, D. E. (2004). Endothelin-A receptor-dependent and -independent signaling pathways in establishing mandibular identity. Development 131, 4413-4423.
168. Ruest, L. B., Kedzierski, R., Yanagisawa, M. and Clouthier, D. E. (2005). Deletion of the endothelin-A receptor gene within the developing mandible. Cell Tissue Res. 319, 447-453.
169. Ruhin, B., Creuzet, S., Vincent, C., Benouaiche, L., Le Douarin, N. M. and Couly, G. (2003). Patterning of the hyoid cartilage depends upon signals arising from the ventral foregut endoderm. Dev. Dyn. 228, 239-246.
170. Saldivar, J. R., Krull, C. E., Krumlauf, R., Ariza-McNaughton, L. and Bronner-Fraser, M. (1996). Rhombomere of origin determines autonomous versus environmentally regulated expression of Hoxa-3 in the avian embryo. Development 122, 895-904. (Pubitemid 26095995)
171. Santagati, F. and Rijli, F. M. (2003). Cranial neural crest and the building of the vertebrate head. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 4, 806-818.
172. Santagati, F., Minoux, M., Ren, S. Y. and Rijli, F. M. (2005). Temporal requirement of Hoxa2 in cranial neural crest skeletal morphogenesis. Development 132, 4927-4936.
173. Sato, T., Kawamura, Y., Asai, R., Amano, T., Uchijima, Y., Dettlaff-Swiercz, D. A., Offermanns, S., Kurihara, Y. and Kurihara, H. (2008a). Recombinase-mediated cassette exchange reveals the selective use of Gq/G11-dependent and -independent endothelin 1/endothelin type A receptor signaling in pharyngeal arch development. Development 135, 755-765. (Pubitemid 351405028)
174. Sato, T., Kurihara, Y., Asai, R., Kawamura, Y., Tonami, K., Uchijima, Y., Heude, E., Ekker, M., Levi, G. and Kurihara, H. (2008b). An endothelin-1 switch specifies maxillomandibular identity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105, 18806-18811.
175. Schilling, T. F., Prince, V. and Ingham, P. W. (2001). Plasticity in zebrafish hox expression in the hindbrain and cranial neural crest. Dev. Biol. 231, 201-216.
176. Schneider, R. A. and Helms, J. A. (2003). The cellular and molecular origins of beak morphology. Science 299, 565-568.
177. Schneider, R. A., Hu, D., Rubenstein, J. L., Maden, M. and Helms, J. A. (2001). Local retinoid signaling coordinates forebrain and facial morphogenesis by maintaining FGF8 and SHH. Development 128, 2755-2767.
178. Schwarz, Q., Vieira, J. M., Howard, B., Eickholt, B. J. and Ruhrberg, C. (2008). Neuropilin 1 and 2 control cranial gangliogenesis and axon guidance through neural crest cells. Development 135, 1605-1613. (Pubitemid 351895490)
179. Sechrist, J., Serbedzija, G. N., Scherson, T., Fraser, S. E. and Bronner-Fraser, M. (1993). Segmental migration of the hindbrain neural crest does not arise from its segmental generation. Development 118, 691-703. (Pubitemid 23232778)
180. Serbedzija, G. N., Bronner-Fraser, M. and Fraser, S. E. (1992). Vital dye analysis of cranial neural crest cell migration in the mouse embryo. Development 116, 297-307.
181. Shigetani, Y., Aizawa, S. and Kuratani, S. (1995). Overlapping origins of pharyngeal arch crest cells on the postotic hind-brain. Dev. Growth Differ. 37, 733-746.
182. Shigetani, Y., Nobusada, Y. and Kuratani, S. (2000). Ectodermally derived FGF8 defines the maxillomandibular region in the early chick embryo: epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in the specification of the craniofacial ectomesenchyme. Dev. Biol. 228, 73-85.
183. Shigetani, Y., Sugahara, F., Kawakami, Y., Murakami, Y., Hirano, S. and Kuratani, S. (2002). Heterotopic shift of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in vertebrate jaw evolution. Science 296, 1316-1319. (Pubitemid 34522786)
184. Smith, A., Robinson, V., Patel, K. and Wilkinson, D. G. (1997). The EphA4 and EphB1 receptor tyrosine kinases and ephrin-B2 ligand regulate targeted migration of branchial neural crest cells. Curr. Biol. 7, 561-570.
185. Song, Y., Hui, J. N., Fu, K. K. and Richman, J. M. (2004). Control of retinoic acid synthesis and FGF expression in the nasal pit is required to pattern the craniofacial skeleton. Dev. Biol. 276, 313-329.
186. Soo, K., O'Rourke, M. P., Khoo, P. L., Steiner, K. A., Wong, N., Behringer, R. R. and Tam, P. P. (2002). Twist function is required for the morphogenesis of the cephalic neural tube and the differentiation of the cranial neural crest cells in the mouse embryo. Dev. Biol. 247, 251-270.
187. Steventon, B., Carmona-Fontaine, C. and Mayor, R. (2005). Genetic network during neural crest induction: from cell specification to cell survival. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 16, 647-654.
188. Stock, D. W., Ellies, D. L., Zhao, Z., Ekker, M., Ruddle, F. H. and Weiss, K. M. (1996). The evolution of the vertebrate Dlx gene family. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 10858-10863.
189. Szabo-Rogers, H. L., Geetha-Loganathan, P., Nimmagadda, S., Fu, K. K. and Richman, J. M. (2008). FGF signals from the nasal pit are necessary for normal facial morphogenesis. Dev. Biol. 318, 289-302.
190. Takio, Y., Pasqualetti, M., Kuraku, S., Hirano, S., Rijli, F. M. and Kuratani, S. (2004). Evolutionary biology: lamprey Hox genes and the evolution of jaws. Nature 429, 1 p following 262.
191. Teddy, J. M. and Kulesa, P. M. (2004). In vivo evidence for short- and long-range cell communication in cranial neural crest cells. Development 131, 6141-6151.
192. Thomas, T., Kurihara, H., Yamagishi, H., Kurihara, Y., Yazaki, Y., Olson, E. N. and Srivastava, D. (1998). A signaling cascade involving endothelin-1, dHAND and msx1 regulates development of neural-crest-derived branchial arch mesenchyme. Development 125, 3005-3014. (Pubitemid 28434401)
193. Trainor, P. A. and Krumlauf, R. (2000a). Plasticity in mouse neural crest cells reveals a new patterning role for cranial mesoderm. Nat. Cell Biol. 2, 96-102.
194. Trainor, P. A. and Krumlauf, R. (2000b). Patterning the cranial neural crest: hindbrain segmentation and Hox gene plasticity. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 1, 116-124.
195. Trainor, P. A., Ariza-McNaughton, L. and Krumlauf, R. (2002a). Role of the isthmus and FGFs in resolving the paradox of neural crest plasticity and prepatterning. Science 295, 1288-1291. (Pubitemid 34157619)
196. Trainor, P. A., Sobieszczuk, D., Wilkinson, D. and Krumlauf, R. (2002b). Signalling between the hindbrain and paraxial tissues dictates neural crest migration pathways. Development 129, 433-442. (Pubitemid 34863809)
197. Trokovic, N., Trokovic, R., Mai, P. and Partanen, J. (2003). Fgfr1 regulates patterning of the pharyngeal region. Genes Dev. 17, 141-153. (Pubitemid 36062515)
198. Trumpp, A., Depew, M. J., Rubenstein, J. L., Bishop, J. M. and Martin, G. R. (1999). Cre-mediated gene inactivation demonstrates that FGF8 is required for cell survival and patterning of the first branchial arch. Genes Dev. 13, 3136-3148.
199. Tucker, A. S. and Lumsden, A. (2004). Neural crest cells provide species-specific patterning information in the developing branchial skeleton. Evol. Dev. 6, 32-40.
200. Tucker, A. S., Yamada, G., Grigoriou, M., Pachnis, V. and Sharpe, P. T. (1999). Fgf-8 determines rostral-caudal polarity in the first branchial arch. Development 126, 51-61.
201. Tucker, A. S., Watson, R. P., Lettice, L. A., Yamada, G. and Hill, R. E. (2004). Bapx1 regulates patterning in the middle ear: altered regulatory role in the transition from the proximal jaw during vertebrate evolution. Development 131, 1235-1245.
202. Tumpel, S., Maconochie, M., Wiedemann, L. M. and Krumlauf, R. (2002). Conservation and diversity in the cis-regulatory networks that integrate information controlling expression of Hoxa2 in hindbrain and cranial neural crest cells in vertebrates. Dev. Biol. 246, 45-56.
203. Tumpel, S., Cambronero, F., Sims, C., Krumlauf, R. and Wiedemann, L. M. (2008). A regulatory module embedded in the coding region of Hoxa2 controls expression in rhombomere 2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105, 20077-20082.
204. Uehara, M., Yashiro, K., Mamiya, S., Nishino, J., Chambon, P., Dolle, P. and Sakai, Y. (2007). CYP26A1 and CYP26C1 cooperatively regulate anteriorposterior patterning of the developing brain and the production of migratory cranial neural crest cells in the mouse. Dev. Biol. 302, 399-411.
205. Vermot, J., Niederreither, K., Garnier, J. M., Chambon, P. and Dolle, P. (2003). Decreased embryonic retinoic acid synthesis results in a DiGeorge syndrome phenotype in newborn mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 1763-1768.
206. Vitelli, F., Morishima, M., Taddei, I., Lindsay, E. A. and Baldini, A. (2002). Tbx1 mutation causes multiple cardiovascular defects and disrupts neural crest and cranial nerve migratory pathways. Hum. Mol. Genet. 11, 915-922.
207. Wada, N., Javidan, Y., Nelson, S., Carney, T. J., Kelsh, R. N. and Schilling, T. F. (2005). Hedgehog signaling is required for cranial neural crest morphogenesis and chondrogenesis at the midline in the zebrafish skull. Development 132, 3977-3988.
208. Walker, M. B., Miller, C. T., Coffin Talbot, J., Stock, D. W. and Kimmel, C. B. (2006). Zebrafish furin mutants reveal intricacies in regulating Endothelin1 signaling in craniofacial patterning. Dev. Biol. 295, 194-205.
209. Walker, M. B., Miller, C. T., Swartz, M. E., Eberhart, J. K. and Kimmel, C. B. (2007). phospholipase C, beta 3 is required for Endothelin1 regulation of pharyngeal arch patterning in zebrafish. Dev. Biol. 304, 194-207.
210. Walshe, J. and Mason, I. (2003). Fgf signalling is required for formation of cartilage in the head. Dev. Biol. 264, 522-536.
211. Washington Smoak, I., Byrd, N. A., Abu-Issa, R., Goddeeris, M. M., Anderson, R., Morris, J., Yamamura, K., Klingensmith, J. and Meyers, E. N. (2005). Sonic hedgehog is required for cardiac outflow tract and neural crest cell development. Dev. Biol. 283, 357-372.
212. Waskiewicz, A. J., Rikhof, H. A. and Moens, C. B. (2002). Eliminating zebrafish pbx proteins reveals a hindbrain ground state. Dev. Cell 3, 723-733.
213. Wendling, O., Dennefeld, C., Chambon, P. and Mark, M. (2000). Retinoid signaling is essential for patterning the endoderm of the third and fourth pharyngeal arches. Development 127, 1553-1562. (Pubitemid 30234913)
214. Wilson, J. and Tucker, A. S. (2004). Fgf and Bmp signals repress the expression of Bapx1 in the mandibular mesenchyme and control the position of the developing jaw joint. Dev. Biol. 266, 138-150.
215. Wu, P., Jiang, T. X., Suksaweang, S., Widelitz, R. B. and Chuong, C. M. (2004). Molecular shaping of the beak. Science 305, 1465-1466.
216. Wu, P., Jiang, T. X., Shen, J. Y., Widelitz, R. B. and Chuong, C. M. (2006). Morphoregulation of avian beaks: comparative mapping of growth zone activities and morphological evolution. Dev. Dyn. 235, 1400-1412.
217. Yamada, G., Mansouri, A., Torres, M., Stuart, E. T., Blum, M., Schultz, M., De Robertis, E. M. and Gruss, P. (1995). Targeted mutation of the murine goosecoid gene results in craniofacial defects and neonatal death. Development 121, 2917-2922.
218. Yanagisawa, H., Yanagisawa, M., Kapur, R. P., Richardson, J. A., Williams, S. C., Clouthier, D. E., de Wit, D., Emoto, N. and Hammer, R. E. (1998). Dual genetic pathways of endothelin-mediated intercellular signaling revealed by targeted disruption of endothelin converting enzyme-1 gene. Development 125, 825-836.
219. Yanagisawa, H., Clouthier, D. E., Richardson, J. A., Charite, J. and Olson, E. N. (2003). Targeted deletion of a branchial arch-specific enhancer reveals a role of dHAND in craniofacial development. Development 130, 1069-1078.
220. Yu, H. H. and Moens, C. B. (2005). Semaphorin signaling guides cranial neural crest cell migration in zebrafish. Dev. Biol. 280, 373-385.
221. Zuniga, E., Stellabotte, F. and Crump, J. G. (2010). Jagged-Notch signaling ensures dorsal skeletal identity in the vertebrate face. Development 137, 1843-1852.