Emotional Intelligence and Trust in Formal Mentoring Programs

Group and Organization Management

Volumn 35, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 421-455

  Chun, Jae Uk ^a   Litzky, Barrie E ^b   Sosik, John J ^b   Bechtold, Diane C ^b   Godshalk, Veronica M ^c  

^a Korea University   (South Korea)

^b PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA BEAUFORT   (United States)

Author keywords

emotional intelligence; formal mentoring; mentoring provided; trust; willingness to mentor

Indexed keywords

EID: 77955723880     PISSN: 10596011     EISSN: 15523993     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1059601110378293     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Aiken, L.S., & West, S.G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park: SAGE.
2. Alderfer, C.P. (1972). Existence, relatedness, and growth: Human needs in organizational settings. New York, NY: Free Press.
3. Allen, T.D. (2003). Mentoring others: A dispositional and motivational approach. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 62, 134-154.
4. Allen, T.D., Eby, L.T., & Lentz, E. (2006). Mentor and protégé outcomes associated with formal mentoring programs: Closing the gap between research and practice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 567-578.
5. Allen, T.D., Russell, J.E.A., & Maetzke, S.B. (1997). Formal peer mentoring: Factors related to protégés' satisfaction and willingness to mentor others. Group & Organization Management, 22, 488-507.
6. Aryee, S., Chay, Y.W., & Chew, J. (1996). The motivation to mentor among managerial employees: An interactionist approach. Group & Organization Management, 21, 261-277.
7. Ashforth, B.E., & Humphrey, R.H. (1995). Emotion in the workplace: A reappraisal. Human Relations, 48, 97-125.
8. Ashkanasy, N.M., & Dasborough, M.T. (2003). Emotional awareness and emotional intelligence in leadership teaching. Journal of Education for Business, 79, 18-22.
9. Ashkanasy, N.M., & Daus, C.S. (2005). Rumors of the death of emotional intelligence in organizational behavior are vastly exaggerated. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 441-452.
10. Bar-On, R. (1997). Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i): Technical manual. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.
11. Bem, D.J. (1972). Self-perception theory. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 6, pp. 1-62). New York, NY: Academic Press.
12. Blake-Beard, S.D., O'Neill, R.M., & McGowan, E.M. (2007). Blind dates? The importance of matching in successful formal mentoring relationships. In B. R. Ragins & K. E. Kram (Eds.), The handbook of mentoring at work: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 617-632). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
13. Bouquillon, E.A., Sosik, J.J., & Lee, D.Y. (2005). It's only a phase: Examining trust, identification and mentoring functions received across the mentoring phases. Mentoring and Tutoring, 13, 239-258.
14. Boyatzis, R.E., Goleman, D., & Rhee, K. (2000). Clustering competence in emotional intelligence: Insights from the Emotional Competence Inventory (ECI). In R. Bar-On, & J. D. A. Parker (Eds.), Handbook of emotional intelligence (pp. 343-362). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
15. Bozionelos, N. (2004). Mentoring provided: Relation to mentor's career success, personality and mentoring received. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 64, 24-46.
16. Brackett, M.A., Warner, R.M., & Bosco, J.S. (2005). Emotional intelligence and relationship quality among couples. Personal Relationships, 12, 197-212.
17. Brockner, J., Siegel, P.A., Daly, J.P., Tyler, T., & Martin, C. (1997). When trust matters: The moderating effect of outcome favorability. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42, 558-583.
18. Byrne, D. (1971). The attraction paradigm. New York, NY: Academic Press.
19. Campbell, D., & Fiske, D. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 54, 81-105.
20. Cherniss, C. (2007). The role of emotional intelligence in the mentoring process. In B. R. Ragins & K. E. Kram (Eds.), The handbook of mentoring at work: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 427-446). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
21. Chin, W.W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. In G. A. Marcoulides (Ed.) Modern methods for business research (pp. 295-336). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
22. Chin, W.W., & Newsted, P.R. (1999). Structural equation modeling analysis with small samples using partial least squares. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Strategies for small sample research (pp. 307-341). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
23. Cialdini, R.B. (1993). Influence: The psychology of persuasion. New York, NY: William Morrow.
24. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd Ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
25. Côté, S., & Miners, C.T.H. (2006). Emotional intelligence, cognitive intelligence, and job performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 51, 1-28.
26. Daft, R.L., & Lengel, R.H. (1986). Organizational information requirements, media richness and structural design. Management Science, 32, 554-571.
27. Davies, M., Stankov, L., & Roberts, R.D. (1998). Emotional intelligence: In search of an elusive construct. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 989-1015.
28. DeNisi, A.S., & Shaw, J.B. (1977). Investigation of the uses of self-reports of abilities. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62, 641-644.
29. Dreher, G.F., & Cox, T.H. (1996). Race, gender and opportunity: A study of compensation attainment and the establishment of mentoring relationships. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 297-308.
30. Eby, L., Butts, M., Lockwood, A., & Simon, S.A. (2004). Protégé's negative mentoring experiences: Construct development and nomological validation. Personnel Psychology, 57, 411-447.
31. Elfenbein, H.A. (2006). Learning in emotion judgments: Training and the cross-cultural understanding of facial expressions. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 30, 21-36.
32. Ensher, E.A., & Murphy, S.E. (1997). Effects of race, gender, perceived similarity, and contact on mentor relationships. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 50, 460-481.
33. Falk, R.F., & Miller, N.B. (1992). A primer for soft modeling. Akron, OH: The University of Akron Press.
34. Ferrin, D.L., Bligh, M.C., & Kohles, J.C. (2007). Can I trust you to trust me? A theory of trust, monitoring, and cooperation in interpersonal and intergroup relationships. Group & Organization Management, 32, 465-499.
35. Fisher, R., & Shapiro, D. (2006). Beyond reason: Using emotions as you negotiate. New York, NY: Penguin Books.
36. Fletcher, J.K., & Ragins, B.R. (2007). Stone center relational cultural theory: A window on relational mentoring. In B. R. Ragins & K. E. Kram (Eds.), The handbook of mentoring at work: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 373-399). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
37. Fornell, C., & Bookstein, F.L. (1982). Two structural equation models: LISREL and PLS applied to consumer exit-voice theory. Journal of Marketing Research, 19, 440-452.
38. Fredrickson, B.L. (1998). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology, 2, 300-319.
39. George, J.M. (2000). Emotions and leadership: The role of emotional intelligence. Human Relations, 53, 1027-1055.
40. Gross, J.J. (1998). Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 224-237.
41. Hatch, N.W., & Dyer, J.H. (2004). Human capital and learning as a source of sustainable competitive advantage. Strategic Management Journal, 25, 1155-1178.
42. Higgins, M.C., & Kram, K.E. (2001). Reconceptualizing mentoring at work: A developmental network perspective. Academy of Management Review, 26, 264-288.
43. Hinde, R.A. (1997). Relationships: A dialectical perspective. East Sussex, England: Psychology Press.
44. Howard, G.S. (1994). Why do people say nasty things about self-reports? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15, 399-404.
45. Humphrey, R.H. (2006). Promising research opportunities in emotions and coping with conflict. Journal of Management and Organization, 12, 179-186.
46. Jones, G.R., & George, J.M. (1998). The experience and evolution of trust: Implications for cooperation and teamwork. Academy of Management Review, 23, 531-546.
47. Jordan, P.J., Ashkanasy, N.M., & Hartel, C.E.J. (2002). Emotional intelligence as a moderator of emotional and behavioral reactions to job insecurity. Academy of Management Review, 27, 361-372.
48. Kafetsios, K. (2004). Attachment and emotional intelligence abilities across the life course. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 129-145.
49. Koller, M. (1988). Risk as a determinant of trust. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 9, 265-276.
50. Kram, K.E. (1985). Mentoring at work: Developmental relationships in organizational life. Glenview, IL: Scott Foresman.
51. Kram, K.E., & Cherniss, C. (2001). Developing emotional competence through relationships at work. In C. Cherniss & D. Goleman (Eds.), The emotionally intelligent workplace (pp. 254-285). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
52. Kram, K.E., & Ragins, B.R. (2007). The landscape of mentoring in the 21st century. In B. R. Ragins & K. E. Kram (Eds.), The handbook of mentoring at work: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 659-692). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
53. Law, K.S., Wong, C., & Song, L.J. (2004). The construct and criterion validity of emotional intelligence and its potential utility for management studies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 483-496.
54. Lentz, E., & Allen, T.D. (2009). The role of mentoring others in the career plateauing phenomenon. Group & Organization Management, 34, 358-384.
55. Levinson, D.J., Darrow, C.N., Klein, E.B., Levinson, M.H., & McKee, B. (1978). Seasons of a man's life. New York, NY: Knopf.
56. Mabe, P.A., & West, S.G. (1982). Validity of self-evaluation of ability: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 280-296.
57. Matthews, G., Roberts, R.D., & Zeidner, M. (2004). Seven myths about emotional intelligence. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 179-196.
58. Mayer, J.D., & Cobb, C.D. (2000). Educational policy on emotional intelligence: Does it make sense? Educational Psychology Review, 12, 163-183.
59. Mayer, J.D., Roberts, R.D., & Barsade, S.G. (2008). Human abilities: Emotional intelligence. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 507-536.
60. Mayer, J.D., & Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In P. Salovey & D. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Educational applications (pp. 3-31). New York, NY: Basic Books.
61. Mayer, J.D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D.R. (2002). Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) user's manual. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.
62. Mayer, R.C., Davis, J.H., & Schoorman, F.D. (1995). An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of Management Review, 20, 709-734.
63. McAllister, D. (1995). Affect- and cognition-based trust as foundations for interpersonal cooperation in organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 24-59.
64. Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.B., Lee, J.L., & Podsakoff, N.P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879-903.
65. Ragins, B.R. (2007). Diversity and workplace mentoring relationships: A review and positive social capital approach. In T. D. Allen & L. T. Eby (Eds.), The Blackwell handbook of mentoring: A multiple perspectives approach (pp. 281-300). Oxford, England: Blackwell.
66. Ragins, B.R., & Cotton, J.L. (1993). Gender and willingness to mentor in organizations. Journal of Management, 19, 97-111.
67. Ragins, B.R., Cotton, J.L., & Miller, J.S. (2000). Marginal mentoring: The effects of type of mentor, quality of relationship, and program design on work and career attitudes. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 1177-1194.
68. Ragins, B.R., & Scandura, T.A. (1999). Burden or blessing? Expected costs and benefits of being a mentor. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20, 493-509.
69. Ringle, C.M., Wende, S., & Will, A. (2005). SmartPLS (Version 2.0) [Computer software]. Hamburg, Germany: University of Hamburg.
70. Saarni, C. (2001). Emotional competence: A developmental perspective. In R. Bar-On & J. D. A. Parker (Eds.), The handbook of emotional intelligence (pp. 68-91). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
71. Scandura, T.A. (1992). Mentoring and career mobility: An empirical investigation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13, 169-174.
72. Scandura, T.A., & Ragins, B.R. (1993). The effects of sex and gender role orientation on mentorship in male-dominated occupations. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 43, 251-265.
73. Scandura, T.A., & Williams, E.A. (2001). An investigation of the moderating effects of gender on the relationships between mentorship initiation and protégé perceptions of mentoring functions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 59, 342-363.
74. Simon, R.W., & Nath, L.E. (2004). Gender and emotion in the United States: Do men and women differ in self-reports of feelings and expressive behavior? American Journal of Sociology, 109, 1137-1176.
75. Society for Human Resource Management. (2008). 2008 Employee benefits survey report. Retrieved from http://www.shrm.org/research.
76. Sosik, J.J., Kahai, S.S., & Piovoso, M.J. (2009). Silver bullet or voodoo statistics? A primer for using the partial least squares data analytic technique in group and organization research. Group & Organization Management, 5, 5-36.
77. Sosik, J.J., & Lee, D.L. (2002). Mentoring in organizations: A social judgment perspective for developing tomorrow's leaders. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 8, 17-32.
78. Sosik, J.J., Lee, D.Y., & Bouquillon, E.A. (2005). Context and mentoring: Examining formal and informal relationships in high tech firms and K-12 schools. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 12, 94-108.
79. Sosik, J.J., & Megerian, L.E. (1999). Understanding leader emotional intelligence and performance: The role of self-other agreement on transformational leadership perceptions. Group & Organization Management, 24, 367-390.
80. Sy, T., Tram, S., & O'Hara, L.A. (2006). Relation of employee and manager emotional intelligence to job satisfaction and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68, 461-473.
81. Totterdell, P., & Parkinson, B. (1999). Use and effectiveness of self-regulation strategies for improving mood in a group of trainee teachers. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 4, 219-232.
82. Tse, H.H.M., & Dasborough, M.T. (2008). A study of exchange and emotions in team member relationships. Group & Organization Management, 33, 194-215.
83. van Knippenberg, D., De Dreu, C.K.W., & Homan, A.C. (2004). Work group diversity and group performance: An integrative model and research agenda. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 1008-1022.
84. Wanberg, C.R., Kammeyer-Mueller, J., & Marchese, M. (2006). Mentor and protégé predictors and outcomes of mentoring in a formal mentoring program. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69, 410-423.
85. Wanberg, C.R., Welsh, E.T., & Hezlett, S.A. (2003). Mentoring research: A review and dynamic process model. In J. J. Martocchio & G. R. Ferris (Eds.), Research in personnel and human resources management (Vol. 22, pp. 39-124). Oxford, England: Elsevier.
86. Wang, S., Noe, R.A., Wang, Z., & Greenberger, D.B. (2009). What affects willingness to mentor in the future? An investigation of attachment styles and mentoring experiences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74, 245-256.
87. Weiss, H.M., & Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective events theory: A theoretical discussion of the structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at work. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 19, pp. 1-74). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
88. Wold, H. (1985). Systems analysis by partial least squares. In P. Nijkamp, H. Leitner, & N. Wrigley (Eds.), Measuring the unmeasurable (pp. 221-252). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff.
89. Wolff, S.B., Pescosolido, A.T., & Druskat, V.U. (2002). Emotional intelligence as the basis of leadership emergence in self-managing teams. Leadership Quarterly, 13, 505-522.
90. Wong, C., & Law, K.S. (2002). The effects of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. Leadership Quarterly, 13, 243-274.
91. Young, A.M., & Perrewe, P.L. (2000). What did you expect? An examination of career-related support and social support among mentors and protégés. Journal of Management, 26, 611-632.