Materials degradation in pvc medical devices, dehp leaching and neonatal outcomes

Current Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 17, Issue 26, 2010, Pages 2979-2989

  Latini, G ^a,b   Ferri, M ^c   Chiellini, F ^c  

^a PERRINO HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^b CNR   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PISA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Di (2 ethylhexyl) phthalate; Medical devices; Newborns; Polyvinyl chloride

Indexed keywords

DI (2 ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE; PHTHALIC ACID; POLYVINYLCHLORIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ARTICLE; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; DEGRADATION; GAMMA RADIATION; HEPATOBLASTOMA; HUMAN; LEACHING; LUNG INJURY; NEWBORN CARE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; POPULATION RISK; ROOM TEMPERATURE;

DIETHYLHEXYL PHTHALATE; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES; HEALTH; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; PLASTICIZERS; POLYVINYL CHLORIDE; RISK FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 77955590517     PISSN: 09298673     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/092986710792064992     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. Tickner, J.A.; Schettler, T.; Guidotti, T.; McCally, M.; Rossi, M. Health risks posed by use of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) in PVC medical devices: a critical review. Am. J. Ind. Med., 2001, 39, 100-11.
2. Rahman, M.; Brazel C. S. The plasticizer market: an assessment of traditional plasticizers and research trends to meet new challenges. Prog. Polym. Sci., 2004, 29, 1223-48.
3. Jaeger, R.J.; Rubin, R.J. Plasticizers from plastic devices extraction, metabolism, and accumulation by biological systems. Science, 1970, 170, 460-2.
4. Jaeger, R.J.; Rubin, R.J. Migration of a phthalate ester plasticizer from polyvinyl chloride blood bags into stored human blood and its localization in human tissues. N. Engl. J. Med., 1972, 287, 1114-8.
5. Editorial: P. V.C. Plasticisers, and the paediatrician. Lancet, 1975, 1, 1172-3.
6. Roth, B.; Herkenrath, P.; Lehmann, H.J.; Ohles, H.D.; Homig, H.J.; Benz-Bohm, G.; Kreuder, J.; Younossi-Hartenstein, A. Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate as plasticizer in PVC respiratory tubing systems: indications of hazardous effects on pulmonary function in mechanically ventilated, preterm infants. Eur. J. Pediatr., 1988, 147, 41-6.
7. Barry, Y.A.; Labow, R.S.; Keon, W.J.; Tocchi, M.; Rock, G. Perioperative exposure to plasticizers in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., 1989, 97, 900-5.
8. Karle, V.A.; Short, B.L.; Martin, G.R.; Bulas, D.I.; Getson, P.R.; Luban, N.L.; O'Brien, A.M.; Rubin, R.J. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation exposes infants to the plasticizer, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate. Crit. Care Med., 1997, 25, 696-703.
9. Latini, G.; Avery, G.B. Materials degradation in endotracheal tubes: A potential contributor to bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Acta Pediatr., 1999, 88, 1174-1175.
10. Faouzi, M.A.; Dine, T.; Gressier, B.; Kambia, K.; Luyckx, M.; Pagniez, D.; Brunet, C.; Cazin, M.; Belabed, A.; Cazin, J.C. Exposure of hemodialysis patients to di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate. Int. J. Pharm, 1999, 780, 113-21.
11. Loff, S.; Kabs, F.; Subotic, U.; Schaible, T.; Reinecke, F.; Lang-bein, M. Kinetics of diethylhexyl-phthalate extraction from poly-vinylchloride-infusion lines. J. Parenter Enteral Nutr., 2002, 26, 305-9.
12. Buchta, C.; Bittner, C.; Höcker, P.; Macher, M.; Schmid, R.; Seger, C.; Dettke, M. Donor exposure to the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate during plateletpheresis. Transfusion, 2003, 43, 1115-20.
13. Green, R.; Hauser, R.; Calafat, A.M.; Weuve, J.; Schettler, T.; Ringer, S.; Huttner, K.; Hu, H. Use of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-containing medical products and urinary levels of mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in neonatal intensive care unit infants. Environ. HealthPerspect., 2005, 773, 1222-5.
14. Inoue, K.; Kawaguchi, M.; Yamanaka, R.; Higuchi, T.; Ito, R.; Saito, K.; Nakazawa, H. Evaluation and analysis of exposure levels of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate from blood bags. Clin. Chim. Acta, 2005, 358, 159-66.
15. Latini, G.; De Felice, C.; Del Vecchio, A.; Barducci, A.; Ferri, M.; Chiellini, F. Di-(2-Ethylhexyl)phthalate leakage and color changes in endotracheal tubes after application in high-risk newborns. Neonatology, 2009, 95, 317-323.
16. Koch, H.M.; Preuss, R.; Angerer, J. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP): human metabolism and internal exposure-an update and latest results. Int. J. Androl., 2006,29, 155-165.
17. Latini, G. Monitoring phthalate exposure in humans. Clin. Chim. Acta, 2005, 367, 20-29.
18. Latini, G.; Verzotti, A.; De Felice, C. Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate and endocrine disruption: a review. Curr. Drug Targets Immune Endocr. Metabol. Disord., 2004, 4, 37-40.
19. Latini, G.; Del Vecchio, A.; Massaro, M.; Verzotti, A.; De Felice, C. Phthalate exposure and male infertility. Toxicology, 2006, 226, 90-8.
20. Fisher, J.S. Environmental anti-androgens and male reproductive health: focus on phthalates and testicular dysgenesis syndrome. Reproduction, 2004, 727, 305-315.
21. Skakkebaek, N.E. Endocrine disrupters and testicular dysgenesis syndrome. Horm. Res., 2002, 57 Suppl 2, 43.
22. Sharpe, R.M. Hormones and testis development and the possible adverse effects of environmental chemicals. Toxicol. Lett., 2001, 720, 221.32.
23. Latini, G.; De Felice, C.; Presta, G.; Del Vecchio, A.; Paris, I.; Ruggirei, F.; Mazzeo, P. In utero exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate and duration of human pregnancy. Environ. Health Per-spect., 2003, 777, 1783-5.
24. Latini, G.; Del Vecchio, A.; Massaro, M.; Verzotti, A.; De Felice, C. In utero exposure to phthalates and fetal development. Curr. Med. Chem., 2006, 73, 2527-34.
25. Meeker, J.; Hu, H.; Cantonwine, D.E.; Lamadrid-Figueralt, H.; Calafat, A.; Ettinger, A.S.; Hernandez-Avila, M.; Loch-Caruso, R.; Tellez-Rojo, M.M. Urinary phthalate metabolites in relation to pre-term birth in Mexico City. Environ. Health Perspect. doi: 7 0.7289/ehp. 0800522.
26. Whyatt, R.M.; Adibi, J.J.; Calafat, A.M.; Camann, D.E.; Rauh, V.; Bhat, H.K.; Perera, F. P.; Andrews, H.; Justa, A.C.; Hoepner, L.; Tang, D.; Hauser, R. Prenatal di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure in relation to length of gestation among a color of inner-city mothers and their newborns. Pediatrics, [Epub ahead of print].
27. Danschutter, D.; Braet, F.; Van Gyseghem, E.; Hachimi-Idrissi, S.; Van Bruwaene, B.; Moloney-Harmon, P.; Huyghens, L. Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and deep venous thrombosis in children: a clinical and experimental analysis. Pediatrics, 2007, 119, E742-E753.
28. Von Rettberg, H.; Hannman, T.; Subotic, U.; Brade, J.; Schaible, T.; Waag KL, Loff S. Use of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate-containing infusion systems increases the risk for cholestasis. Pediatrics, 2009;124, 710-6.
29. Takeshita, A.; Inagaki, K.; Igarashi-Migitaka, J.; Ozawa, Y.; Koibuchi, N. The endocrine disrupting chemical, diethylhexyl phthalate, activates MDR1 gene expression in human colon cancer LS174T cells. J. Endocrinol., 2006, 190, 897-902.
30. Ponce-Ibarra, V.H.; Benavides, R.; Cadenas-Pliego, G.; Mal-donado, H. Thermal degradation of PVC synthesized with a titanocene catalyst II. Complementary isothermal results. Polym. Degrad. Stab., 2007, 97, 1133-40.
31. Starnes, W.H.Jr. Structural and mechanistic aspect of the thermal degradation of poly(vinyl chloride). Prog. Polym. Sci., 2002, 27, 2133-70.
32. Starnes, W.H.Jr. In: Polymeric Materials Encyclopedia; Salamone JC, Ed.; CRC Press: New York, 1996; Vol. 9, pp.7042-8.
33. Bacaloglu, R.; Fisch, M.H.; Kaufhold, J.; Sander, H.J. In: Plastics Additives Handbook (5th ed.); H. Zweifel, Ed.; Hanser Gardner: Cincinnati, 2001, chp. 3.
34. Troitskii, B.B.; Troitskaya L.S. Some aspects of the thermal degradation of poly(vinyl chloride). Int. J. Polym. Mater., 1998, 47, 285-324.
35. Minsker, K.S. Characteristic effects in degradation and stabilization of halogen-containing polymers Int. J. Polym. Mater., 1994, 24, 235-51.
36. Wypych G. PVC Degradation and Stabilization 2nd edition, ChemTec Publishing: Toronto, 2008.
37. Marongiu, A.; Faravelli, T.; Bozzano, G.; Dente, M.; Ranzi, E. Thermal degradation of poly(vinyl chloride). J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 2003, 70, 519-53.
38. Zaikov, G.E.; Gumargalieva, K.Z.; Pokholok, T.V.; Moiseev, Y.V.; Zaikov, V.G. Kinetic aspects of aging of poly(vinyl chloride)-based polymer materials. Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng., 2000, 39, 567-650.
39. Crawley, S.; McNeill, I.C. Preparation and degradation of head-to- head PVC. J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed., 1978, 76, 2593-606.
40. Lukáš, R.; Prádová, O. thermal dehydrochlorination of poly(vinyl chloride), 2.Transiently and permanently acting structural defects. Makromol. Chem., 1986, 187, 2111-22.
41. Yanborisov, V. M.; Borisevich, S. S. Quantum-chemical modeling of the mechanism of autocatalytic dehydrochlorination of PVC. Theor. Exp. Chem., 2005, 47, 352-8.
42. Starnes, W.H.Jr.; Xianlong, Ge. Mechanism of autocatalysis in the thermal dehydrochlorination of poly(vinyl chloride). Macromolecules, 2004, 37, 352-9.
43. Garcia, J. L.;. Koelling, K. W.; Summers, J.W. Computational prediction of PVC degradation during injection molding in a rectangular channel. Polym. Eng. Sci., 2004, 44, 1295-312.
44. Baum, B.; Wartman, L.H. Structure and mechanism of dehydro-chlorination of polyvinyl chloride. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys., 1958, 28, 537-46.
45. Owen E. D. Degradation and Stabilisation of PVC Elsevier Applied Science Publishers: New York, 1984.
46. Lawton, E. J.; Balwit, J. S. Electron paramagnetic resonance study of irradiated polyvinyl. J. Phys. Chem., 1961, 65, 815-22.
47. Winkler, D. E. Mechanism of polyvinyl chloride degradation and stabilization. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys., 1959, 35, 3-16.
48. Troitskii, B. B.; Troitskaya, L. S.; Yakhnov, A. S.; Novikova, M. A.; Denisova, V. N.; Cherkasov, V. K.; Bubnov, M. P. Investigation of autocatalytic thermal degradation of poly(vinyl chloride) by ESR spectroscopy. Polym. Degrad. Stab., 1997, 58, 83-9.
49. Wilkes, C.E.; Summers, J.W.; Daniels, C.A. In PVC Handbook; Hamser: Cincinnati, 2005, chp. 4.
50. Fisch, M. H.; Bacaloglu, R. Mechanism of poly(vinyl chloride) stabilisation. Plast. Rubber Compos., 1999, 28, 119-24.
51. Lerke, G.; Lerke, I.; Szymanski, W. Stabilization of gamma-irradiated poly(vinyl chloride) by epoxy compounds. I. Radiation yield of hydrogen chloride and changes of epoxy group concentration in gamma-irradiated PVC-stabilizer mixtures. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 1983, 28, 501-11.
52. Lerke, I.; Szymanski, W. Radiation yield of hydrogen chloride in gamma-irradiated poly(vinyl chloride) stabilized by epoxy compounds. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 1977, 21, 2067-75.
53. Anderson, D. F.; Mc Kenzie, D. A. Mechanism of the thermal stabilization of poly(vinyl chloride) with metal carboxylates and epoxy plasticizers. J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem., 1970, 8, 2905-22.
54. Titow, W. V. PVC Technology Fouth Edition, Elsevier Applied Science Publishers: England, 1984.
55. Hinberg, I. DEHP in medical devices: an exposure and toxicity assessment. Health Canada, Medical Devices Bureau, February 2002.
56. Burgos, N.; Jiménez, A. Degradation of poly(vinyl chloride) plasticized with non-phthalate plasticizers under sterilization conditions. Polym. Degrad. Stab., 2009, in press, 1-6.
57. Atzei, D.; Elsener, B.; Manfredini, M.; Marchetti, A.; Malagoli, M.; Galavotti, F.; Rossi, A. Radiation-induced migration of additives in PVC-based biomedical devices. Part 2. Surface analysis by XPS. Surf. Interface Anal., 2003, 35, 673-81.
58. Vinhas, G.M.; Souto Mayor, R.M.; de Almeida, Y. M. B. Ra-diolytic degradation and stabilization of poly(vinyl chloride). Po-lym. Degrad. Stab., 2004, 83, 429-33.
59. Manfredini, M.; Atzei, D.; Elsener, B.; Marchetti, A.; Rossi, A. Degradation of plasticized PVC for biomedical disposable device under soft x-ray irradiation. Surf. Interface Anal., 2003, 35, 294-300.
60. Ito, R.; Miura, N.; Ushiro, M.; Kawaguchi, M.; Nakamura, H.; Iguchi, H.; Ogino, J.; Oishi, Manabu.; Wakui, N.; Iwasaki, Y.; Saito, K.; Nakazawa, H. Effect of gamma-ray irradiation on degradation of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in polyvinyl chloride sheet. Int. J. Pharm., 2009, 376, 213-18.
61. Ito, R.; Seshimo, F. Miura, N.; Ushiro, M.; Kawaguchi, M.; Saito, K.; Nakazawa, H. Effect of sterilization process on the formation of mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate from di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 2006, 41, 455-60.
62. Ito, R.; Miura, N.; Kawaguchi, M.; Uschiro, M.; Iguchi, H.; Iwa-saki, Y.; Saito, K.; Nakazawa, H. Simultaneous determination of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, and phthalic acid migrating from gamma-ray irradiatedvpolyvinyl chloride sheet by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol., 2008, 31, 198-209.
63. Gray, T.J.; Beamand, J.A. Effect of some phthalate esters and other testicular toxins on primary cultures of testicular cells. Food Chem. Toxicol., 1984, 22,123-31.
64. Awal, M. A.; Kurohmaru, M.; Ishii, M.; Andriana, B. B.; Kanai, Y.; Hayashi, Y. Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) induces spermatogenic cell apoptosis in guinea pig testes at prepubertal stage in vitro. Int. J. Pharm., 2004, 23, 349-55.
65. Dalgaard, M.; Nellemman, C.; Lam, H.R.; Sorensen, I.K.; Lade-foged, O. The acute effects of mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (MEHP) on testes of prepubertal Wistar rats. Toxicol. Lett., 2001, 122, 69-79.
66. Dalman, A.; Eimani, H.; Sepehri, H.; Ashtiani, S.K.; Valojerdi, M.R.; Eftekhari-Yazdi, P.; Shahverdi, A. Effect of mono-(2- ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) on resumption of meiosis, in vitro maturation and embryo development of immature mouse oocytes. BioFactors, 2008, 33,149-55.
67. Rahman, M.; Brazel, C.S. The plasticizer market: an assessment of traditional plasticizers and research trends to meet new challenges. Prog. Polym. Sci.,2004, 29, 1223-48.
68. Chen, C. Y.; Ghule, A.V.; Chen, W. Y.; Wang, C.C.; Chiang Y.S.; Ling Y.C. Rapid identification of phthalates in blood bags and food packaging using ToF-SIMS. Appl. Surf. Sci., 2004, 231-2, 447-51.
69. Kaul,A.F.; Souney, P. F.; Osathanondh, R. A review of possible toxicity of di-2-ethylhexylphthalate (DEHP) in plastic intravenous containers: effects on reproduction. Drug Int. Clin. Pharm., 1982, 16, 689-92.
70. Calafat, A.M.; Needham, L.L.; Silva, M.J.; Lambert, G. Exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate among premature neonates in a neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatrics, 2004, 113, 429-34.
71. Haishima, Y.; Matsuda, R.; Hayashi, Y.; Hasegawa, C.; Yagami, T.; Tsuchuya, T. Risk assessment of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate released from PVC blood circuits during hemodialysis and pump-oxygenation therapy. Int. J. Pharm., 2004, 27, 119-29.
72. Takehisa, H.; Naoko E.; Masahiko, S.; Katsuhide, T.; Moriyuki, O.; Keizoh, S.; Mutsuko, T.; Kenji, K.; Shin'ichiro, N.; Toshio, O. Release behavior of diethylhexyl phthalate from the polyvinyl-chloride tubing used for intravenous administration and the plasti-cized PVC membrane. Int. J. Pharm., 2005, 297, 30-7.
73. Contreras, T.J.; Sheibley, R.H.; Valeri, C.R. Accumulation of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) in whole blood, platelet concentrates, and platelet-poor plasma. Transfusion, 1974, 14, 34-46.
74. Rock,G.; Labow R.S.; Tocchi, M. Distribution of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and products in blood and blood components. Environ. Health Perspect., 1986, 65, 309-316.
75. Kambia, K.; Dine, T.; Gressier, B.; Bah, S.; Germe, A.F.; Luyckx, M.; Brunet, C., Michaud, L.; Gottrand, F. Evaluation of childhood exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate from perfusion kits during long-term parenteral nutrition. Int. J. Pharm., 2003, 262, 83-91.
76. Hanawa, T.; Muramatsu, E.; Asakawa, K., Suzuki, M.; Tanaka, M.; Kawano, K.; Seki, T.; Juni, K.; Nakajima, S: Investigation of the release behavior of diethylhexyl phthalate from the polyvinyl-chloride tubing for intravenous administration. Int. J. Pharm., 2000, 210, 109-15.
77. Hanawa, T.; Endoh, N.; Kazuno, F.; Suzuki, M.; Kobayashi, D.; Tanaka, M.; Kawano, K.; Morimoto, Y.; Nakajima, S; Oguchi, T. Investigation of the release behavior of diethylhexyl phthalate from polyvinyl chloride tubing for intravenous administration based on HCO60. Int. J. Pharm., 2003, 267, 141-49.
78. Pearson, S.D.; Trissel, L.A. Leaching of diethylhexylphthalate from polyvinyl chloride containers by selected drugs and formulation components. Am. J. Hosp. Pharm., 1993, 50,1405-9.
79. Trissel, L.A.; Xu, Q.; Kwan, J.; Martinez, J.F. Compatibility of paclitaxel injection vehicle with intravenous administration and extension sets. Am. J. Hosp. Pharm., 1994, 51, 2804-10.
80. Faouzi, M.A.; Khalfi, F.; Dine, T.; Luyckx, M.; Brunet, C.; Gressier, B.; Goudaliez, F.; Cazin, M.; Kablan, J.; Belabed, A. Stability, compatibility and plasticizer extraction of quinine injection added to infusion solutions and stored in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) containers. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 1999, 21, 923-30.
81. Loff, S.; Kabs, F.; Witt, K.; Sartoris, J.; Mandl, B.; Niessen, K.H.; Waag, K.L. Polyvinylchloride infusion lines expose infants to large amounts of toxic plasticizers. J. Pediatr. Surg., 2000, 35, 1775-81.
82. Pak, V.M.; Nailon, R.E.; McCauley, L.A. Controversy: neonatal exposure to plasticizers in the NICU. MCN Am. J. Matern. Child Nurs., 2007, 32, 244-9.
83. Weuve, J.; Sánchez, B.N.; Calafat, A.M.; Schettler, T.; Green, R.A.; Hu, H.; Hauser, R. Exposure to phthalates in neonatal intensive care unit infants: urinary concentrations of monoesters and oxidative metabolites. Environ. Health Perspect., 2006, 114, 1424-31.
84. Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U. S. F. D. A. (2001). Safety Assessment of Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) Released from PVC Medical Devices, pp. http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/ost/dehp-pvc.pdf. Center for Devices and Radiological Health, US.
85. Jaeger, R.J.; Weiss, A.L.; Brown, K. Infusion of di-2-ethylhexylphthalate for neonates: a review of potential health risk. J. Infus. Nurs., 2005, 28, 54-60.
86. Calafat, A.M.; Weuve, J.; Ye, X.; Jia, L.T.; Hu, H.; Ringer, S.; Huttner, K.; Hauser, R. Exposure to bisphenol A and other phenols in neonatal intensive care unit premature infants. Environ. Health Perspect., 2009, 117, 639-44.
87. Hall, A.G. Nurses: Taking precautionary action on a pediatric environmental exposure: DEHP. Pediatr. Nurs., 2006, 32, 91-3.
88. Reynolds, P.; Urayama, K.Y.; Von Behren, J.; Feusner, J. Birth characteristics and hepatoblastoma risk in young children. Cancer, 2004, 100, 1070-6.
89. Spector, L.G.; Puumala, S.E.; Carozza, S.E.; Chow, E.J.; Fox, E.E.; Horel, S.; Johnson, K.J.; McLaughlin, C.C.; Reynolds, P.; Behren, J.V.; Mueller. B.A. Cancer risk among children with very low birth weights. Pediatrics, 2009, 124, 96-104.
90. Spector, L.G.; Johnson, K.J.; Soler, J.T.; Puumala, S.E. Perinatal risk factors for hepatoblastoma. Br. J. Cancer, 2008, 98, 1570-3.
91. Oue, T.; Kubota, A.; Okuyama, H.; Kawahara, H.; Nara, K.; Kawa, K.; Kitajima, H. Hepatoblastoma in children of extremely low birth weight: a report from a single perinatal center. J. Pediatr. Surg., 2003, 38, 134-7.
92. Latini, G.; Gallo, F.; De Felice, C. Birth characteristics and hepatoblastoma risk in young children. Cancer, 2004, 707, 210.
93. Salvatore, M.; Lorenzetti, S.; Maranghi, F.; Mantovani, A.; Tarus-cio, D. Molecular link(s) between hepatoblastoma pathogenesis and exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate: a hypothesis. Folia Med. (Plovdiv)., 2008, 50, 17-23.
94. von Rettberg, H.; Hannman, T.; Subotic, U.; Brade, J.; Schaible, T.; Waag, K.L.; Loff, S. Use of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate-containing infusion systems increases the risk for cholestasis. Pediatrics, 2009, 124, 710-6.
95. Rosicarelli, B.; Stefanini, S. DEHP effects on histology and cell proliferation in lung of newborn rats. Histochem. Cell Biol., 2009, 131, 491-500.
96. Magliozzi, R.; Nardacci, R.; Scarsella, G.; Di Carlo, V.; Stefanini, S. Effects of the plasticiser DEHP on lung of newborn rats: catalase immunocytochemistry and morphometric analysis. Histochem. Cell Biol., 2003, 120, 41-9.
97. Northway, W.H. Jr.; Rosan, R.C.; Porter, D.Y. Pulmonary disease following respirator therapy of hyaline-membrane disease. Bron-chopulmonary dysplasia. N. Engl. J. Med., 1967, 276, 357-68.
98. Coalson, J.J. Pathology of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Semin. Perinatol., 2006, 30, 179-84.
99. Bhandari, V.; Gruen, J.R. The genetics of bronchopulmonary dys- plasia. Semin. Perinatol., 2006, 30, 185-91.
100. Speer, C. P. Inflammation and bronchopulmonary dysplasia: A continuing story. Semin. Fetal Neonatal. Med., 2006, 11, 354-62.
101. Thomson, M.A.; Yoder, B.A.; Winter, V.T. Martin, H.; Catland, D.; Siler-Khodr, T.M.; Coalson, J.J. Treatment of immature baboons for 28 days with early nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2004, 169, 1054-1062.
102. Thurlbeck, W.M. Postnatal human lung growth. Thorax, 1982, 37, 564-571.
103. Ambalavanan, N.; Carlo, W.A. Ventilatory strategies in the prevention and management of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Semin. Perinatol., 2006, 30, 192-9.
104. Bhandari, V.; Finer, N.N.; Ehrenkranz, R.A.; Saha, S.; Das, A.; Walsh, M.C.; Engle, W.A.; VanMeurs, K. P. Synchronized nasal intermittent positive-pressure ventilation and neonatal outcomes. Pediatrics, 2009,124, 517-26.
105. Verder, H.; Bohlin, K.; Kamper, J.; Lindwall, R.; Jonsson, B. Nasal CPAP and surfactant for treatment of respiratory distress syndrome and prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Acta Paediatr., 2009,98, 1400-8.
106. Kugelman, A.; Feferkorn, I.; Riskin, A.; Chistyakov, I.; Kaufman, B.; Bader, D. Nasal intermittent mandatory ventilation versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure for respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized, controlled, prospective study. J. Pediatr., 2007, 150, 521-6.
107. Jobe, A.H.; Bancalari, E. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2001, 163, 1723-1729.
108. Latini, G.; De Felice, C.; Presta, G.; Rosati, E.; Vacca, P. Minimal handling and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely low birth weight infants. Eur. J. Pediat.2003, 162, 227-229.
109. De Klerk, A.M.; de Klerk, R.K. Use of continuous positive airway pressure in preterm infants: comments and experience from New Zealand. Pediatrics, 2001, 108, 761-763.
110. Jacobsen, T.; Gronvall, J.; Petersen, S.; Andersen, G,E. "Mini-touch" treatment of very low birth weight babies. Acta Paediatr. Scand., 1993, 82, 934-938.
111. Aly, H.; Milner, J.D.; Patel, K.; El-Mohandes, A.A. Does the experience with the use of nasal continuous positive airway pressure improve over time in extremely low birth weight infants? Pediatrics., 2004, 114, 697-702.
112. Poets, C.F.; Sens, B. Changes in intubation rates and outcome of very low birth weight infants: a population-based study. Pediatrics, 1996, 98, 24-27.
113. Hampton, T. Groups urge warning label for medical devices containing toxic chemical. JAMA, 2007, 298, 1267.
114. Ito, R.; Seshimo, F.; Miura, N.; Kawaguchi, M.; Saito, K.; Naka-zawa, H. High-throughput determination of mono- and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate migration from PVC tubing to drugs using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J. Pharm. Bio-med. Anal., 2005, 39, 1036-41.
115. Health Canada Expert Advisory Panel on DEHP in medical devices. Final Report 2002 January 11.