Editorial: What insights can we gain from studying early-onset schizophrenia? the neurodevelopmental pathway and beyond

Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics

Volumn 10, Issue 8, 2010, Pages 1243-1247

  Vyas, Nora S ^a,b   Kumra, Sanjiv ^c   Puri, Basant K ^d,e  

^a IMPERIAL COLLEGE HEALTHCARE NHS TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^b KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^d HAMMERSMITH HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY OF LIMERICK   (Ireland)

Author keywords

adolescent; copy number variation; IQ; memory; schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

CHILDHOOD DISEASE; CLINICAL FEATURE; COPY NUMBER VARIATION; DISEASE COURSE; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; EDITORIAL; GENETIC ANALYSIS; HUMAN; INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT; MEMORY; NERVE CELL DIFFERENTIATION; NEUROBIOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; SCHIZOPHRENIA; ARTICLE; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; COGNITION; GENETICS; NERVE TRACT; ONSET AGE; PATHOLOGY;

AGE OF ONSET; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; COGNITION; HUMANS; NEURAL PATHWAYS; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

EID: 77955062483     PISSN: 14737175     EISSN: 17448360     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/ern.10.109     Document Type: Editorial

References (74)

1. Cannon M, Caspi A, Mofftt TE et al. Evidence for early-childhood, pan-developmental impairment specifc to schizophreniform disorder: results from a longitudinal birth cohort. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 59, 449-456 (2002).
2. Fatemi SH, Folsom TD. The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia, revisited. Schizophr. Bull. 35(3), 528-548 (2009).
3. Weinberger DR. Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 44(7), 660-669 (1987).
4. Cannon M, Jones P, Huttunen MO et al. School performance in Finnish children and later development of schizophrenia: a population-based longitudinal study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 56(5), 457-463 (1999).
5. Häfner H, Maurer K, Loffer W, Riecher-Rossler A. The infuence of age and sex on the onset and early course of schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry 162, 80-86 (1993).
6. Asarnow RF, Nuechterlein KH, Fogelson D et al. Schizophrenia and schizophrenia-spectrum personality disorders in the frst-degree relatives of children with schizophrenia: the UCLA family study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 58(6), 581-588 (2001).
7. Hollis C. Adult outcomes of child-and adolescent-onset schizophrenia: diagnostic stability and predictive validity. Am. J. Psychiatry 157(10), 1652-1659 (2000).
8. Asarnow RF, Asamen J, Granholm E, Sherman T, Watkins JM, Williams ME. Cognitive/neuropsychological studies of children with a schizophrenic disorder. Schizophr. Bull. 20(4), 647-669 (1994).
9. Frazier JA, Giedd JN, Hamburger SD et al. Brain anatomic magnetic resonance imaging in childhood-onset schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 53(7), 617-624 (1996).
10. Vyas NS, Hadjulis M, Vourdas A, Byrne P, Frangou S. The Maudsley Early Onset Schizophrenia Study. Predictors of psychosocial outcome at 4-year follow-up. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 16(7), 465-470 (2007).
11. Walker EF, Savoie T, Davis D. Neuromotor precursors of schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 20(3), 441-451 (1994).
12. Alaghband-Rad J, McKenna K, Gordon CT et al. Childhood-onset schizophrenia: the severity of premorbid course. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 34(10), 1273-1283 (1995).
13. Asarnow RF, Brown N, Strandburg R. Children with a schizophrenic disorder: neurobehavioural studies. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 245(2), 70-79 (1995).
14. Jacobsen LK, Rapoport JL. Research update: childhood-onset schizophrenia: implications of clinical and neurobiological research. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 39(1), 101-113 (1998).
15. Nicolson R, Lenane M, Singaracharlu S et al. Premorbid speech and language impairments in childhood-onset schizophrenia: association with risk factors. Am. J. Psychiatry 157(5), 794-800 (2000).
16. McClellan J, Breiger D, McCurry C, Hlastala SA. Premorbid functioning in early-onset psychotic disorders. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 42(6), 666-672 (2003).
17. Frazier JA, Alaghband-Rad J, Jacobsen L et al. Pubertal development and onset of psychosis in childhood onset schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 70(1), 1-7 (1997). (Pubitemid 27223984)
18. Rabinowitz J, Lewine SZ, Hafner H. A population based elaboration of the role of age of onset on the course of schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 88(1-3), 96-101 (2006).
19. Kenny JT, Friedman L, Findling RL et al. Cognitive impairment in adolescents with schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 154(11), 1613-1615 (1997).
20. Kumra S, Wiggs E, Bedwell J et al. Neuropsychological defcits in pediatric patients with childhood-onset schizophrenia and psychotic disorder not otherwise specifed. Schizophr. Res. 42(2), 135-144 (2000).
21. Brickman AM, Buchsbaum MS, Bloom R et al. Neuropsychological functioning in frst-break, never-medicated adolescents with psychosis. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 192(9), 615-622 (2004).
22. Rhinewine JP, Lencz T, Thaden EP et al. Neurocognitive profle in adolescents with early-onset schizophrenia: clinical correlates. Biol. Psychiatry 58(9), 705-712 (2005).
23. Cervellione KL, Burdick KE, Cottone JG, Rhinewine, JP, Kumra S. Neurocognitive defcits in adolescents with schizophrenia: longitudinal stability and predictive utility for short-term functional outcome. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 46(7), 867-878 (2007).
24. Sharma T, Harvey PD. The Early Course of Schizophrenia. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK (2006).
25. Ueland T, Øie MN, Inge Landrø N, Rund BR. Cognitive functioning in adolescents with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Psychiatry Res. 126(3), 229-239 (2004).
26. Øie M, Rund BR. Neuropsychological defcits in adolescent-onset schizophrenia compared with attention defcit hyperactivity disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 156(8), 1216-1222 (1999).
27. Kravariti E, Morris RG, Rabe-Hesketh S, Murray RM, Frangou S. The Maudsley early onset schizophrenia study: cognitive function in adolescents with recent onset schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 61(2-3), 137-148 (2003).
28. Kondel TK, Mortimer AM, Leeson VC, Laws KR, Hirsch SR. Intellectual differences between schizophrenic patients and normal controls across the adult lifespan. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 25(8), 1045-1056 (2003).
29. Hoff AL, Svetina C, Shields G, Stewart J, DeLisi LE. Ten year longitudinal study of neuropsychological functioning subsequent to a frst episode of schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 78(1), 27-34 (2005).
30. Kurtz MM. Neurocognitive impairment across the lifespan in schizophrenia: an update. Schizophr. Res. 74(1), 15-26 (2005).
31. Gochman PA, Greenstein D, Sporn A et al. IQ stabilization in childhood-onset schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 77(2-3), 271-277 (2005).
32. Huttenlocher PR. Synaptic density in human frontal cortex-developmental changes and effects of aging. Brain Res. 163(2), 195-205 (1979).
33. McGlashan TH, Hoffman RE. Schizophrenia as a disorder of developmentally reduced synaptic connectivity. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 57(7), 637-648 (2000).
34. Puri BK. Progressive structural brain changes in schizophrenia. Expert Rev. Neurother. 10(1), 33-42 (2010).
35. Wright IC, Rabe-Hesketh S, Woodruff PW, David AS, Murray RM, Woodruff ET. Meta-analysis of regional brain volume in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 157, 16-25 (2000).
36. Lawrie SM, Abukmeil SS. Brain abnormality in schizophrenia: a systematic and quantitative review of volumetric magnetic resonance imaging studies. Br. J. Psychiatry 172, 110-120 (1998).
37. Wright IC, Rabe-Hesketh S, Woodruff PW, David AD, Murray RM, Bullmore ET. Meta-analysis of regional brain volumes in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 157(1), 16-25 (2000).
38. Gur RE, Cowell PE, Latshaw A et al. Reduced dorsal and orbital prefrontal gray matter volumes in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 57(8), 761-768 (2000).
39. Gur RE, Turetsky BI, Cowell PE et al. Temporolimbic volume reductions in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 57(8), 769-775 (2000).
40. Konick LC, Friedman L. Meta-analysis of thalamic size in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 49(1), 28-38 (2001).
41. Pagsberg AK, Baare WF, Raabjerg Christensen AM et al. Structural brain abnormalities in early onset frst-episode psychosis. J. Neural Transm. 114(4), 489-498 (2007).
42. Jacobsen LK, Giedd JN, Berquin PC et al. Quantitative morphology of the cerebellum and fourth ventricle in childhood-onset schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 154(12), 1663-1669 (1997).
43. Dasari M, Friedman L, Jesberger J et al. A magnetic resonance imaging study of thalamic area in adolescent patients with either schizophrenia or bipolar disorder as compared to healthy controls. Psychiatry Res. 91(3), 155-162 (1999). (Pubitemid 29474050)
44. Marquardt RK, Levitt JG, Blanton RE et al. Abnormal development of the anterior cingulated in childhood-onset schizophrenia: a preliminary quantitative MRI study. Psychiatry Res. 138(3), 221-233 (2005).
45. Nelson MD, Saykin AJ, Flashman LA, Riordan HJ. Hippocampal volume reduction in schizophrenia as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging: a meta-analytic study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 55(5), 433-440 (1998).
46. Matsumoto H, Simmons A, Williams S, et al. Superior temporal gyrus abnormalities in early-onset schizophrenia: similarities and differences with adult-onset schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 158(8), 1299-1304 (2001).
47. Jacobsen LK, Giedd N, Vaituzis AC et al. Temporal lobe morphology in childhood-onset schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 153(3), 355-361 (1996).
48. Findling RL, Friedman L, Kenny JT, Swales TP, Cola DM, Schulz SC. Adolescent schizophrenia: a methodologic review of the current neuroimaging and neuropsychologic literature. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 25(6), 627-639 (1995).
49. Levitt JG, Blanton RE, Caplan R et al. Medial temporal lobe in childhood-onset schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 108(1), 17-27 (2001).
50. Giedd JN, Jeffries NO, Blumenthal J et al. Childhood-onset schizophrenia: progressive brain changes during adolescence. Biol. Psychiatry 46(7), 892-898 (1999).
51. Jacobsen LK, Giedd JN, Castellanos FX, et al. Progressive reduction of temporal lobe structures in childhood-onset schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 155(5), 678-685 (1998).
52. Nugent TF III, Herman DH, Ordonez A et al. Dynamic mapping of hippocampal development in childhood onset schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 90(1-3), 62-70 (2006).
53. Roofeh D, Cottone J, Burdick KE et al. Defcits in memory strategy use are related to verbal memory impairments in adolescents with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Schizophr. Res. 85(1-3), 201-212 (2006).
54. Thompson PM, Vidal C, Giedd JN et al. Mapping adolescent brain change reveals dynamic wave of accelerated gray matter loss in very early-onset schizophrenia. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98(20), 11650-11655 (2001).
55. Vidal CN, Rapoport JL, Hayashi KM et al. Dynamically spreading frontal and cingulate defcits mapped in adolescents with schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 63(1), 25-34 (2006).
56. Greenstein D, Lerch J, Shaw P et al. Childhood-onset schizophrenia: cortical brain abnormalities as young adults. J. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 47(10), 1003-1012 (2006).
57. Patel NH, Vyas NS, Puri BK, Nijran KS, Al-Nahhas A. Positron emission tomography in schizophrenia: a new perspective. J. Nucl. Med. 51(4), 511-520 (2010).
58. Sullivan PF, Kendler KS, Neale MC. Schizophrenia as a complex traits: evidence from a meta-analysis of twin studies. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 60(12), 1187-1192 (2003).
59. Kallmann FJ, Roth B. Genetic aspects of preadolescent schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 112(8), 599-606 (1956).
60. Kolvin I, Ounsted C, Humphrey M, McNay A. Studies in the childhood psychoses. II. The phenomenology of childhood psychoses. Br. J. Psychiatry 118(545), 385-395 (1971).
61. Murray RM, Jones PB, Susser E, van Os J, Cannon M. The Epidemiology of Schizophrenia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (2003).
62. Nicolson R, Brookner FB, Lenane M et al. Parental schizophrenia spectrum disorders in childhood-onset and adult-onset schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 160(3), 490-495 (2003).
63. Addington AM, Gornick M, Sporn AL et al. Polymorphisms in the 13q33.2 gene G72/G30 are associated with childhood-onset schizophrenia and psychosis not otherwise specifed. Biol. Psychiatry 55, 876-880 (2004).
64. Addington AM, Gornick M, Duckworth J et al. GAD (2q31.1), which encodes glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67) is associated with childhood onset schizophrenia and cortical gray matter volume loss. Mol. Psychiatry 10(6), 581-588 (2005).
65. Addington AM, Gornick MC, Shaw P, et al. Neuregulin 1 (8p12) and childhood-onset schizophrenia: susceptibility haplotypes for diagnosis and brain developmental trajectories. Mol. Psychiatry 12(2), 195-205 (2007).
66. Gornick MC, Addington AM, Sporn A, et al. Dysbindin (DTNBP1, 6p22.3) is associated with childhood-onset psychosis and endophenotypes measured by the Premorbid Adjustment Scale (PAS). J. Autism Dev. Disord. 35(6), 831-838 (2005).
67. Bray NJ, Holmans PA, van den Bree MB et al. Cis-and trans loci infuence expression of the schizophrenia susceptibility gene DTNBP1. Hum. Mol. Genet. 17(8), 1169-1174 (2008).
68. Bray NJ, Preece A, Williams NM et al. Haplotypes at the dystrobrevin binding protein 1 (DTNBP1) gene locus mediate risk for schizophrenia through reduced DTNBP1 expression. Hum. Mol. Genet. 14(14), 1947-1954 (2005).
69. Kumra S, Wiggs E, Krasnewich D et al. Brief Report: association of sex chromosome anomalies with childhood-onset psychotic disorders. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 37(3), 292-296 (1998).
70. Eckstrand K, Addington AM, Stromberg T et al. Sex chromosome anomalies in childhood onset schizophrenia. Mol. Psychiatry 13(10), 910-911 (2008).
71. Stefansson H, Rujescu D, Cichon S et al. Large recurrent microdeletions associated with schizophrenia. Nature 455(7210), 232-236 (2008).
72. Sebat J, Lakshmi B, Malhotra D et al. Strong association of de novo copy number mutations with autism. Science 316(5823), 445-449 (2007).
73. Üçok A, Alpsan H, Cakir S, Saruhan-Direskeneli G. Association of a serotonin receptor 2A gene polymorphism with cognitive functions in patients with schizophrenia. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 144B(5), 704-707 (2007).
74. Groom MJ, Jackson GM, Calton TG et al. Cognitive defcits in early-onset schizophrenia spectrum patients and their non-psychotic siblings: a comparison with ADHD. Schizophr. Res. 99(1-3), 85-95 (2008).