Flourishing in teams: Developing creativity and innovation

Creative Management and Development, Third Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 25-44

  West, Michael A ^a   Sacramento, Claudia A ^a  

^a ASTON UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77953851976     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4135/9781446213704.n3     Document Type: Chapter

References (111)

1. Abbey, A. and Dickson, J.W. (1983) R & D work climate and innovation in semiconductors. Academy of Management Journal, 26(2), 362-8. doi:10.2307/255984 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/255984
2. Alper, S. and Tjosvold, D. (1993) Cooperation theory and self-managing teams on the manufacturing floor. Paper presented at the International Association for Conflict Management, Eugene, OR.
3. Amabile, T.M. (1983) The social psychology of creativity: A componential conceptualization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 357-76. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.45.2.357 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.45.2.357
4. Amabile, T.M. (1988) A model of creativity and innovation in organizations. in B.M. Staw and L.L. Cummings (eds) Research in Organizational Behavior, 10. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. (pp. 123-67).
5. Amabile, T.M. Conti, R., Coon, H., Lazenby J., and Herron, M. (1996) Assessing the work environment for creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 1154-84. doi:10.2307/256995 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/256995
6. Ancona, D.G. and Caldwell, D.F. (1992) Bridging the boundary: external process and performance in organizational teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37, 634-65. doi:10.2307/2393475 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2393475
7. Anderson, N. and West, M.A. (1998) Measuring climate for work group innovation: Development and validation of the Team Climate Inventory. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, 235-58. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199805)19:3<235::AID-JOB837>3.0.CO;2-C http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199805)19:3<235::AID-JOB837>3.0.CO;2-C
8. Andrews, F. M. (ed.) (1979) Scientific Productivity. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
9. Barrick, M.R., Stewart, G.L., Neubert, M.J., Mount, M.K. (1998) Relating member ability and personality to work-team processes and team effectiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 377-91. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.83.3.377 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.83.3.377
10. Barron, F.B. and Harrington, D.M. (1981) Creativity, intelligence and personality. in M.R. Rosenzweig and L.W. Porter (eds) Annual Review of Psychology, 32, 439-76. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews.
11. Barry, D. (1991) Managing the bossless team: Lessons in distributed leadership. Organizational Dynamics, 20, 31-47. doi:10.1016/0090-2616(91)90081-J http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0090-2616(91)90081-J
12. Borrill, C.S., Carletta, J., Carter, A.J., Dawson, J., Garrod, S., Rees, A., Richards, A., Shapiro, D. and West, M.A. (2000a) The Effectiveness of Health Care Teams in the National Health Service, Birmingham: Aston Centre for Health Service Organization Research.
13. Borrill, C.S., West, M.A., Shapiro, D. and Rees, A. (2000b) Team Working and Effectiveness in Health Care. British Journal of Health Care Management, 6, 364-71.
14. Bunce, D. and West, M.A. (1995) Changing work environments: Innovative coping responses to occupational stress. Work and Stress, 8, 319-31.
15. Bunce, D. and West, M.A. (1996) Stress management and innovation interventions at work. Human Relations, 49, 209-32. doi:10.1177/001872679604900205 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001872679604900205
16. Burgoyne, J., Pedler, M. and Boydell, T. (1999) The Learning Company, a Strategy for Sustainable Development. New York: Maidenhead.
17. Claxton, G.L. (1997) Have Brain, Tortoise Mind: Why intelligence increases when you think less. London: Fourth Estate.
18. Claxton, G.L. (1998) Knowing without Knowing why: Investigating human intuition. The Psychologist, 11, 217-20.
19. Cotton, J.L. (1996) Employee involvement. in C.L. Cooper and I.T. Robertson (eds) International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 11. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. (pp. 219-42).
20. Coser, L.A. (1970) Continuities in the Study of Social Conflict. New York: Free Press.
21. Cosier, R., and Rose, G. (1977) Cognitive conflict and goal conflict effects on task performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 19, 378-91. doi:10.1016/0030-5073(77)90071-X http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(77)90071-X
22. Cowen, E.L. (1952) The influence of varying degrees of psychological stress on problem-solving rigidity. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 47, 420-4. doi:10.1037/h0057196 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0057196
23. De Dreu, C.K.W. (1997) Productive Conflict: The importance of conflict management and conflict issue. in C.K.W. De Dreu and E. Van De Vliert (eds) Using Conflict in Organizations. London: Sage. (pp. 9-22). doi:10.4135/9781446217016 http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446217016
24. De Dreu, C.K.W. and De Vries, N.K. (1993) Numerical support, information processing and attitude change. European Journal of Social Psychology, 23, 647-62. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420230608 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420230608
25. De Dreu, C.K.W. and De Vries, N.K. (1997) Minority dissent in organizations. in C. K. W. De Dreu and E. Van De Vliert (eds) Using Conflict in Organizations. London: Sage. (pp. 72-86). doi:10.4135/9781446217016 http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446217016
26. De Dreu, C.K.W. and Weingart, L.R. (2003) A Contingency Theory of Task Conflict and Performance in Groups and Organizational Teams. in M. West, D. Tjosvold and K. Smith (eds) International Handbook of Organizational Teamwork and Cooperative Working. Chichester, England: Wiley. (pp. 151-65).
27. De Dreu, C.K.W. and West, M.A. (2001) Minority dissent and team innovation: The importance of participation in decision-making. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68, 1191-201. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.6.1191 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.6.1191
28. Economist (2003) Innovating by numbers. Economist: Economist Technology Quarterly, June 21st, 2003, 3.
29. Edmondson, A.C. (1996) Learning from mistakes is easier said than done: Group and organizational influences on the detection and correction of human error. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 32, 5-28. doi:10.1177/0021886396321001 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021886396321001
30. Edmondson, A.C. (1999) Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, 350-83. doi:10.2307/2666999 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2666999
31. Eisenberger, R. and Cameron, J. (1996) Detrimental effects of reward: Reality of myth? American Psychologist, 51(11), 1153-66. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.51.11.1153 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.51.11.1153
32. Ghiselli, E.E. and Lodahl, T.M. (1958) Patterns of managerial traits and group effectiveness. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 57, 61-66. doi:10.1037/h0040588 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0040588
33. Gonzalez-Roma, V, Peiro, J.M. and Tordera, N. (2002) An examination of the antecedents and moderator influences of climate strengths. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 465-73. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.3.465 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.3.465
34. Gulowsen, J.A. (1972) A measure of work group autonomy. in L.E. Davis and J.C. Taylor (eds) Design of Jobs. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin. (pp. 374-90).
35. Guzzo, R.A. (1996) Fundamental considerations about work groups. in M.A. West (Ed.) Handbook of Work Group Psychology. Chichester, England: Wiley.
36. Hackman, J.R. (1990) Groups that Work (and Those that don’t). San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
37. Hackman, J.R. (1992) Group influences on individuals in organizations. in M.D. Dunnette and L.M. Hough (eds) Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology (Vol. 3). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. (pp. 199-267).
38. Hackman, J.R. (2002) Leading Teams: Setting the Stage for Great Performances. Harvard, CN: Harvard Business School.
39. Hackman, J.R. and Oldham, G.R. (1980) Work Redesign. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
40. Heller, F., Pusic, E., Strauss, G. and Wilpert, B. (1998) Organizational Participation: Myth and Reality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
41. Hennessey, B.A. (2003). Is the Social Psychology of Creativity Really Social?: Moving Beyond a Focus on the Individual. in P. Paulus and B. Nijstad (eds) Group Creativity: Innovation through Collaboration. New York: Oxford University Press. (pp. 181-201). doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195147308.001.0001 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195147308.001.0001
42. Hoffman, L.R. and Maier, N.R.F. (1961) Sex differences, sex composition, and group problem-solving. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, 453-6. doi:10.1037/h0043329 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0043329
43. Jackson, S.E. (1992) Consequences of group composition for the interpersonal dynamics of strategic issue processing. Advances in Strategic Management, 8, 45-82.
44. Jackson, S.E. (1996) The consequences of diversity in multidisciplinary work teams. in M.A. West (Ed.) Handbook of Work Group Psychology. Chichester, England: Wiley. (pp. 53-75).
45. Jehn, K.A. (1997) A qualitative analysis of conflict types and dimensions in organizational groups. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42, 530-57. doi:10.2307/2393737 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2393737
46. Jehn, K.A., Northcraft, G.B. and Neale, M.A. (1999) Why differences make a difference: A field study of diversity, conflict, and performance in workgroups. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, 741-63. doi:10.2307/2667054 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2667054
47. Katz, R. and Allen, T.J. (1988) Investigating the Not Invented Here (NIH) syndrome: A look at the performance, tenure, and communication patterns of 50 R & D project groups. in Michael L. Tushman and William L. Moore (eds) Readings in the Management of Innovation (2nd ed.). (pp. 293-309).
48. Keller, R.T. (1992) Transformational leadership and the performance of research and development research groups. Journal of Management, 18, 489-501. doi:10.1177/014920639201800304 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014920639201800304
49. Kim, Y., Min, B. and Cha, J. (1999) The roles of R & D team leaders in Korea: A contingent approach. R & D Management, 29, 53-165. doi:10.1111/radm.1999.29.issue-2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/radm.1999.29.issue-2
50. Kogut, B. and Zander, U. (1992) Knowledge of the firm, combinative capabiltiies, and the replication of technology. Organization Science, 3, 383-97. doi:10.1287/orsc.3.3.383 http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/orsc.3.3.383
51. Kruglansky A.W. and Freund, T. (1983) The freezing and unfreezing of lay influences: effects on impressional primacy, ethnic stereotyping and numerical anchoring. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 448-68. doi:10.1016/0022-1031(83)90022-7 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(83)90022-7
52. Maass, A., and Clark, R.D. (1984) Hidden impacts of minorities: fifty years of minority influence research. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 428-50. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.428 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.428
53. Maier, S.F. and Seligman, M. (1976) Learned helplessness: Theory and evidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 105, 3-46. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.105.1.3 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.105.1.3
54. Maznevski, M.L. (1994) Understanding our differences: Performance in decision-making groups with diverse members. Human Relations, 47, 531-52. doi:10.1177/001872679404700504 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001872679404700504
55. McCall, M.W. Jr. (1988) Leadership and the professional. in Katz, R. (Ed.) Managing Professionals in Innovative Organizations. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
56. McGrath, J.E. (1984) Groups, Interaction and Performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
57. McIntyre, R.M. and Salas, E. (1995) Measuring and managing for team performance: lessons from complex environments. in R. Guzzo and E. Salas (eds) Team Effectiveness and Decision-making in Organizations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
58. Milliken, F.J. and Martins, L.L. (1996) Searching for common threads: Understanding the multiple effects of diversity in organizational groups. Academy of Management Review, 21(2), 402-33.
59. Mitroff, J., Barabba, N., and Kilmann, R. (1977) The application of behavior and philosophical technologies to strategic planning: a case study of a large federal agency. Management Studies, 24, 44-58.
60. Mohrman, S.A., Cohen, S.G. and Mohrman, A.M. (1995) Designing Team-based Organizations: New Forms for Knowledge Work. San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass.
61. Mumford, M.D. and Gustafson, S.B. (1988) Creativity syndrome: Integration, application and innovation. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 27-43. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.1.27 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.1.27
62. Nemeth, C. (1986) Differential contributions of majority and minority influence. Psychological Review, 93, 23-32. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.93.1.23 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.93.1.23
63. Nemeth, C, and Chiles, C. (1988) Modelling courage: the role of dissent in fostering independence. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18, 275-80. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420180306 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420180306
64. Nemeth, C., and Kwan, J. (1987) Minority influence, divergent thinking and the detection of correct solutions. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 9, 788-99. doi:10.1111/jasp.1987.17.issue-9 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jasp.1987.17.issue-9
65. Nemeth, C. and Owens, P. (1996) Making work groups more effective: The value of minority dissent. in M.A. West (Ed.) Handbook of Work Group Psychology. Chichester, England: John Wiley. (pp. 125-42).
66. Nemeth, C. and Staw, B.M. (1989) The trade offs of social control and innovation within groups and organizations. in L. Berkowitz (Ed.) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. New York: Academic Press. (pp. 175-210).
67. Nemeth, C.J. and Wachtler, J. (1983). Creative problem solving as a result of majority vs minority influence. European Journal of Social Psychology, 13, 45-55. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420130103 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420130103
68. Nicholson, N. and West, M.A. (1988) Managerial Job Change: Men and Women in Transition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511522116 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511522116
69. Oldham, G.R. and Cummings, A. (1996) Employee creativity: Personal and contextual factors at work. Academy of Management Journal, 39(3), 607-34. doi:10.2307/256657 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/256657
70. O’Reilly, C. and Williams, K.Y. (1998) Group demography and innovation: Does diversity help? in Deborah H Gruenfeld, (Ed.) Research on Managing Groups and Teams, Vol. 1. (pp. 183-207).
71. Payne, R.L. (1990) The effectiveness of research teams: A review. in M.A. West and J.L. Farr (eds) Innovation and Creativity at Work: Psychological and Organizational Strategies. Chichester, England: Wiley. (pp. 101-22).
72. Pearce, J.A. and Ravlin, E.C. (1987) The design and activation of self-regulating work groups. Human Relations, 40, 751-82. doi:10.1177/001872678704001104 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001872678704001104
73. Pelled, H.L., Eisenhardt, K.M. and Xin, K.R. (1999) Exploring the black box: An analysis of work group diversity, conflict, and performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, 1-28. doi:10.2307/2667029 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2667029
74. Porac, J.F. and Howard, H. (1990) Taxonomic mental models in competitor definition. Academy of Management Review, 2, 224-40.
75. Rokeach, M. (1950) The effect of perception of time upon the rigidity and concreteness of thinking. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 40, 206-16. doi:10.1037/h0056320 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0056320
76. Roloff, M.E. (1987) Communication and conflict. in CR. Berger and S.H. Chaffee (eds) Handbook of Communication Science. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. (pp. 484-534).
77. Schweiger, D., Sandberg, W. and Rechner, P. (1989) Experimental effects of dialectical inquiry, devil's advocacy, and other consensus approaches to strategic decision making. Academy of Management Journal, 32, 745-72. doi:10.2307/256567 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/256567
78. Shaw, J. B. and Barrett-Power, E. (1998) The effects of diversity on small work group processes and performance. Human Relations, 51(10), 1307-25.
79. Smith, K.G. Smith, K.A., Bannon, D.P., Olian, J.D., Sims, H.P. and Scully, J. (1994) Top Management Team demography and process: The role of social integration and communication. Administrative Science Quarterly, 39, 412. doi:10.2307/2393297 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2393297
80. Sternberg, R.J. and Lubart, T.I. (1996) Investing in creativity. American Psychologist, 51, 677-88. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.51.7.677 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.51.7.677
81. Tannenbaum, S.I., Salas, E. and Cannon-Bowers, J.A. (1996). Promoting team effectiveness. In M.A. West (Ed.) Handbook of Work Group Psychology. Chichester, UK: Wiley. (pp. 503-29).
82. Thomas, K.W. (1979) Organizational conflict. in S. Kerr (Ed.) Organizational Behavior. Columbus, OH: Grid Publishing. (pp. 151-84).
83. Tjosvold, D. (1982) Effects of approach to controversy on superiors’ incorporation of subordinates’ information in decision making. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 189-93. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.67.2.189 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.67.2.189
84. Tjosvold, D. (1985) Implications of controversy research for management. Journal of Management, 11, 21-37. doi:10.1177/014920638501100303 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014920638501100303
85. Tjosvold, D. (1991) Team Organization: An Enduring Competitive Advantage. Chichester, England: Wiley.
86. Tjosvold, D. (1998) Co-operative and competitive goal approaches to conflict: accomplishments and challenges. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 47, 285-342. doi:10.1111/apps.1998.47.issue-3 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/apps.1998.47.issue-3
87. Tjosvold, D. and Field, R.H.G. (1983) Effects of social context on consensus and majority vote decision making. Academy of Management Journal, 26, 500-6. doi:10.2307/256261 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/256261
88. Tjosvold, D., and Johnson, D.W. (1977) The effects of controversy on cognitive perspective-taking. Journal of Education Psychology, 69, 679-85. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.69.6.679 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.69.6.679
89. Tjosvold, D., Wedley W.C. and Field, R.H.G. (1986) Constructive controversy, the Vroom-Yetton Model, and managerial decision-making. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 7, 125-38. doi:10.1002/job.4030070205 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.4030070205
90. Tsai, W (2001) Knowledge transfer in intraorganizational networks: Effects of network position and absorptive capacity on business unit innovation and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 44(5), 996-1004. doi:10.2307/3069443 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3069443
91. Turner, J.C. (1985) Social categorization and the self-concept: A social cognitive theory of group behavior. in E.J. Lawler (Ed.) Advances in Group Processes: Theory and research, vol. 2. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. (pp. 77-121).
92. Van Dyck, C. (2000) Putting Errors to Good Use: Error Management Culture in Organizations. Amsterdam: Kurt Lewin Institute.
93. Waldman, D.A. and Atwater, L.E. (1994) The nature of effective leadership and championing processes at different levels in a R & D hierarchy. The Journal of High Technology Management Research, 5, 233-45. doi:10.1016/1047-8310(94)90004-3 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1047-8310(94)90004-3
94. Webber, S.S. and Donahue, L.M. (2001) Impact of highly and less job-related diversity on work group cohesion and performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Management, 27(2), 141-62.
95. West, M.A. (1987) Role innovation in the world of work. British Journal of Social Psychology, 26, 305-15. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00793.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00793.x
96. West, M.A. (1989) Innovation among health care professionals. Social Behavior, 4, 173-84.
97. West, M.A. (1990) The social psychology of innovation in groups. in M.A. West and J.L. Farr (eds) Innovation and Creativity at Work: Psychological and Organizational Strategies. Chichester, England: John Wiley. (pp. 309-33).
98. West, M.A. (1996) Reflexivity and work group effectiveness: A conceptual integration. in M.A. West (Ed.) Handbook of Work Group Psychology. Chichester, England: Wiley. (pp. 555-79).
99. West, M.A. (2000) Reflexivity, revolution, and innovation in work teams. in M.M. Beyerlein, D.A. Johnson and S.T. Beyerlein (eds) Advances in Interdisciplinary Studies of Work Teams: Product Development Teams. Stamford, CT: JAI Press. (pp. 1-29).
100. West, M.A. (2002) Sparkling fountains or stagnant ponds: An integrative model of creativity and innovation implementation in work groups. Applied Psychology: An International Review. 51, 355-87. doi:10.1111/1464-0597.00951 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.00951
101. West, M.A. and Anderson, N. (1996) Innovation in top management teams. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 680-93. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.81.6.680 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.81.6.680
102. West, M.A., Borrill, CS., Dawson, J.F., Brodbeck, F., Shapiro, D.A. and Haward, B. (2003a) Leadership clarity and team innovation in health care. The Leadership Quarterly, 14(4-5), 393-410. doi:10.1016/S1048-9843(03)00044-4 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(03)00044-4
103. West, M.A., and Farr, J.L. (1990) Innovation at work. in M.A. West and J.L. Farr (eds), Innovation and Creativity at Work: Psychological and Organizational Strategies. Chichester, England: Wiley. (pp. 3-13).
104. West, M.A., Hirst, G., Richter, A. and Shipton, H. (2004) Twelve steps to heaven: Successfully managing change through developing innovative teams. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 13(2), 269-99. doi:10.1080/13594320444000092 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13594320444000092
105. West, M.A., Patterson, M., Pillinger, T. and Nickell, S. (1998) Innovation and Change in Manufacturing. Institute of Work Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN.
106. West, M.A. and Rushton, R. (1989) Mismatches in work role transitions. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 62, 271-86. doi:10.1111/joop.1989.62.issue-4 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joop.1989.62.issue-4
107. West, M.A., Tjosvold, D. and Smith, K.G. (2003b) (eds), International Handbook of Organisational Teamwork and Co-operative Working. Chichester, England: Wiley. doi:10.1002/9780470696712 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470696712
108. Willems, E.P. and Clark, R.D. III (1971) Shift toward risk and heterogeneity of groups. Journal of Experimental and Social Psychology, 7, 302-12. doi:10.1016/0022-1031(71)90030-8 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(71)90030-8
109. Wood, W. (1987) Meta-analytic review of sex differences in group performance. Psychological Bulletin, 102, 53-71. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.102.1.53 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.102.1.53
110. Wright, M. (1954). A study of anxiety in a general hospital setting. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 8, 195-203. doi:10.1037/h0083619 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0083619
111. Yukl, G., Wall, S. and Lepsinger, R. (1990) Preliminary report on validation of the Managerial Practices Survey. in K.E. Clark and M.B. Clark (eds), Measures of Leadership. NJ: Leadership Library of America.