Implications of anthracycline-resistant and taxane-resistant metastatic breast cancer and new therapeutic options

Breast Journal

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 252-263

  Rivera, Edgardo ^a  

^a HOUSTON METHODIST HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Chemotherapy; Ixabepilone; Metastatic breast cancer; Multidrug resistance; Taxanes

Indexed keywords

ALKYLATING AGENT; ANTHRACYCLINE; BETA TUBULIN; BREAST CANCER RESISTANCE PROTEIN; CAPECITABINE; CARBOPLATIN; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DNA TOPOISOMERASE INHIBITOR; DOXORUBICIN; EPIPODOPHYLLOTOXIN; EPIRUBICIN; EPOTHILONE A; EPOTHILONE B; FLUOROURACIL; FOLIC ACID ANTAGONIST; GEMCITABINE; GLYCOPROTEIN P; IXABEPILONE; LAPATINIB; LUNG RESISTANCE PROTEIN; METHOTREXATE; MITOXANTRONE; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE PROTEIN 1; NAVELBINE; PACLITAXEL; PLATINUM DERIVATIVE; TAXANE DERIVATIVE; TRASTUZUMAB; VINCA ALKALOID; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE PROTEIN; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 1; RIBONUCLEOPROTEIN; TAXOID; TUBULIN;

ADJUVANT THERAPY; ADVANCED CANCER; APOPTOSIS; BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; BREAST CANCER; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER RESISTANCE; CANCER SURVIVAL; CELL CYCLE ARREST; CELL CYCLE G2 PHASE; CELL CYCLE M PHASE; CELL DAMAGE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DETOXIFICATION; DNA REPAIR; DRUG ACTIVITY; DRUG BINDING; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INACTIVATION; DRUG MEGADOSE; FATIGUE; FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA; GENE MUTATION; HAND FOOT SYNDROME; HUMAN; LEUKOPENIA; LIVER METASTASIS; LUNG METASTASIS; METASTASIS; MICROTUBULE; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; MONOTHERAPY; MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; NEUTROPENIA; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; PROGRESSION FREE SURVIVAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; SENSORY NEUROPATHY; VISCERAL METASTASIS; VOMITING; BREAST NEOPLASMS; DRUG RESISTANCE; FEMALE; PATHOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY;

ANTHRACYCLINES; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; APOPTOSIS; BREAST NEOPLASMS; DRUG RESISTANCE, NEOPLASM; FEMALE; HUMANS; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS; P-GLYCOPROTEIN; TAXOIDS; TUBULIN; VAULT RIBONUCLEOPROTEIN PARTICLES;

EID: 77953579968     PISSN: 1075122X     EISSN: 15244741     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4741.2009.00896.x     Document Type: Review

References (108)

1. O'Shaughnessy J. Extending survival with chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer. Oncologist 2005;10(Suppl 3):20-29
2. Chung CT, Carlson RW. Goals and objectives in the management of metastatic breast cancer. Oncologist 2003;8:514-520
3. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology - Breast Cancer, V.1.2009. National Comprehensive Cancer Network Web site. Available at: http://www.nccn.org (accessed February 25, 2009).
4. Cortes J, Baselga J. Targeting the microtubules in breast cancer beyond taxanes: the epothilones. Oncologist 2007;12:271-280
5. Gralow JR. Optimizing the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2005;89(Suppl 1):S9-15.
6. Gradishar WJ, Tjulandin S, Davidson N, et al. Phase III trial of nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel compared with polyethylated castor oil-based paclitaxel in women with breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:7794-7803
7. Porkka K, Blomqvist C, Rissanen P, et al. Salvage therapies in women who fail to respond to first-line treatment with fluorouracil, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide for advanced breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 1994;12:1639-1647
8. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures 2008. American Cancer Society Web site. Available at: http://www.cancer.org (accessed February 25, 2009).
9. Giaccone G, Pinedo HM. Drug resistance. Oncologist 1996;1:82-87
10. Ershler WB. Capecitabine monotherapy: safe and effective treatment for metastatic breast cancer. Oncologist 2006;11:325-335
11. Blum JL, Dieras V, Lo Russo PM, et al. Multicenter, phase II study of capecitabine in taxane-pretreated metastatic breast carcinoma patients. Cancer 2001;92:1759-1768
12. Reichardt P, Von Minckwitz G, Thuss-Patience PC, et al. Multicenter phase II study of oral capecitabine (Xeloda® ) in patients with metastatic breast cancer relapsing after treatment with a taxane-containing therapy. Ann Oncol 2003;14:1227-1233
13. Wist EA, Sommer HH, Ostenstad B, et al. Oral capecitabine in anthracycline- and taxane-pretreated advanced / metastatic breast cancer. Acta Oncol 2004;43:186-189
14. Lee JJ, Swain SM. Development of novel chemotherapeutic agents to evade the mechanisms of multidrug resistance (MDR). Semin Oncol 2005;32:S22-6.
15. Seidman AD. Monotherapy options in the management of metastatic breast cancer. Semin Oncol 2003;30:6-10.
16. Shigeoka Y, Itoh K, Igarashi T, et al. Clinical effect of irinotecan in advanced and metastatic breast cancer patients previously treated with doxorubicin- and docetaxel-containing regimens. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2001;31:370-374
17. Degardin M, Bonneterre J, Hecquet B, et al. Vinorelbine (navelbine) as a salvage treatment for advanced breast cancer. Ann Oncol 1994;5:423-426
18. Esteva FJ, Valero V, Pusztai L, et al. Chemotherapy of metastatic breast cancer: what to expect in 2001 and beyond. Oncologist 2001;6:133-146
19. Slamon DJ, Leyland-Jones B, Shak S, et al. Use of chemotherapy plus a monoclonal antibody against HER2 for metastatic breast cancer that overexpresses HER2. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:783-792
20. Geyer CE, Forster J, Lindquist D, et al. Lapatinib plus capecitabine for HER2-positive advanced breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2006;355:2733-2743
21. Mariani G, Gianni L. Adjuvant trastuzumab in early breast cancer. Ann Oncol 2006;17(Suppl 10):x54-8.
22. Nahta R, Esteva FJ. HER2 therapy: molecular mechanisms of trastuzumab resistance. Breast Cancer Res 2006; 8:215. Available at: http://www.breast- cancer-research.com/content/8/6/215 (accessed February 25, 2009).
23. Dean M, Fojo T, Bates S. Tumour stem cells and drug resistance. Nat Rev Cancer 2005;5:275-284
24. Lynch MD, Cariati M, Purushotham AD. Breast cancer, stem cells and prospects for therapy. Breast Cancer Res 2006; 8:211. Available at: http://www.breast-cancer-research.com/content/8/3/211 (accessed February 25, 2009).
25. Yague E, Arance A, Kubitza L, et al. Ability to acquire drug resistance arises early during the tumorigenesis process. Cancer Res 2007;67:1130-1137
26. Lee FY, Borzilleri R, Fairchild CR, et al. BMS-247550: a novel epothilone analog with a mode of action similar to paclitaxel but possessing superior antitumor efficacy. Clin Cancer Res 2001;7:1429-1437
27. Altmann KH, Wartmann M, O'Reilly T. Epothilones and related structures-a new class of microtubule inhibitors with potent in vivo antitumor activity. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000;1470: M79-91.
28. Longley DB, Johnston PG. Molecular mechanisms of drug resistance. J Pathol 2005;205:275-292
29. Leonessa F, Clarke R. ATP binding cassette transporters and drug resistance in breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2003;10: 43-73.
30. Trock BJ, Leonessa F, Clarke R. Multidrug resistance in breast cancer: a meta-analysis of MDR1/ gp170 expression and its possible functional significance. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997;89:917-931
31. Larkin A, O'Driscoll L, Kennedy S, et al. Investigation of MRP-1 protein and MDR-1 P-glycoprotein expression in invasive breast cancer: a prognostic study. Int J Cancer 2004;112:286-294
32. Lizard-Nacol S, Genne P, Coudert B, et al. MDR1 and thymidylate synthase (TS) gene expressions in advanced breast cancer: relationships to drug exposure, p53 mutations, and clinical outcome of the patients. Anticancer Res 1999;19:3575-3581
33. Rudas M, Filipits M, Taucher S, et al. Expression of MRP1, LRP and Pgp in breast carcinoma patients treated with preoperative chemotherapy. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2003;81:149-157
34. Tsukamoto F, Shiba E, Taguchi T, et al. Immunohistochemical detection of P-glycoprotein in breast cancer and its significance as a prognostic factor. Breast Cancer 1997;4:259-263
35. Burger H, Foekens JA, Look MP, et al. RNA expression of breast cancer resistance protein, lung resistance-related protein, multidrug resistance-associated proteins 1 and 2, and multidrug resistance gene 1 in breast cancer: correlation with chemotherapeutic response. Clin Cancer Res 2003;9:827-836
36. Schneider J, Lucas R, Sanchez J, et al. Modulation of molecular marker expression by induction chemotherapy in locally advanced breast cancer: correlation with the response to therapy and the expression of MDR1 and LRP. Anticancer Res 2000;20: 4373-4377
37. Borst P, Evers R, Kool M, et al. A family of drug transporters: the multidrug resistance-associated proteins. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92:1295-1302
38. Filipits M, Pohl G, Rudas M, et al. Clinical role of multidrug resistance protein 1 expression in chemotherapy resistance in early-stage breast cancer: the Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:1161-1168
39. Doyle LA, Ross DD. Multidrug resistance mediated by the breast cancer resistance protein BCRP (ABCG2). Oncogene 2003;22:7340-7358
40. Bunting KD. ABC transporters as phenotypic markers and functional regulators of stem cells. Stem Cells 2002;20:11-20.
41. Staud F, Pavek P. Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP / ABCG2). Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005;37:720-725
42. Berger W, Steiner E, Grusch M, et al. Vaults and the major vault protein: novel roles in signal pathway regulation and immunity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009;66:43-61.
43. Scheper RJ, Broxterman HJ, Scheffer GL, et al. Overexpression of a M(r) 110,000 vesicular protein in non-P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance. Cancer Res 1993;53:1475-1479
44. Izquierdo MA, Scheffer GL, Flens MJ, et al. Broad distribution of the multidrug resistance-related vault lung resistance protein in normal human tissues and tumors. Am J Pathol 1996;148: 877-887
45. Pohl G, Filipits M, Suchomel RW, et al. Expression of the lung resistance protein (LRP) in primary breast cancer. Anticancer Res 1999;19:5051-5055 (Pubitemid 30103322)
46. Kanzaki A, Toi M, Nakayama K, et al. Expression of multidrug resistance-related transporters in human breast carcinoma. Jpn J Cancer Res 2001;92:452-458
47. Schneider J, Gonzalez-Roces S, Pollán M, et al. Expression of LRP and MDR1 in locally advanced breast cancer predicts axillary node invasion at the time of rescue mastectomy after induction chemotherapy. Breast Cancer Res 2001;3:183. Available at: http://breast-cancer-research.com/content/3/3/183 (accessed February 25, 2009).
48. Zhou J, Giannakakou P. Targeting microtubules for cancer chemotherapy. Curr Med Chem Anticancer Agents 2005;5:65-71.
49. Drukman S, Kavallaris M. Microtubule alterations and resistance to tubulin-binding agents (review). Int J Oncol 2002;21: 621-628
50. Kavallaris M, Tait AS, Walsh BJ, et al. Multiple microtubule alterations are associated with vinca alkaloid resistance in human leukemia cells. Cancer Res 2001;61:5803-5809
51. Wang Y, Cabral F. Paclitaxel resistance in cells with reduced β-tubulin. Biochim Biophys Acta 2005;1744:245-255
52. Kamath K, Wilson L, Cabral F, et al. bIII-tubulin induces paclitaxel resistance in association with reduced effects on microtubule dynamic instability. J Biol Chem 2005;280:12902-12907
53. Giannakakou P, Gussio R, Nogales E, et al. A common pharmacophore for epothilone and taxanes: molecular basis for drug resistance conferred by tubulin mutations in human cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97:2904-2909
54. He L, Yang CP, Horwitz SB. Mutations in β-tubulin map to domains involved in regulation of microtubule stability in epothilone- resistant cell lines. Mol Cancer Ther 2001;1:3-10.
55. Verrills NM, Flemming CL, Liu M, et al. Microtubule alterations and mutations induced by desoxyepothilone B: implications for drug-target interactions. Chem Biol 2003;10:597-607.
56. Zhang CC, Yang JM, White E, et al. The role of MAP4 expression in the sensitivity to paclitaxel and resistance to vinca alkaloids in p53 mutant cells. Oncogene 1998;16:1617-1624
57. Rouzier R, Rajan R, Wagner P, et al. Microtubule-associated protein tau: a marker of paclitaxel sensitivity in breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005;102:8315-8320
58. Dumontet C, Jaffrezou JP, Tsuchiya E, et al. Resistance to microtubule-targeted cytotoxins in a K562 leukemia cell variant associated with altered tubulin expression and polymerization. Bull Cancer 2004;91:E81-112.
59. Berrieman HK, Lind MJ, Cawkwell L. Do β-tubulin mutations have a role in resistance to chemotherapy? Lancet Oncol 2004;5:158-164
60. Paradiso A, Mangia A, Chiriatti A, et al. Biomarkers predictive for clinical efficacy of taxol-based chemotherapy in advanced breast cancer. Ann Oncol 2005;16(Suppl 4):iv14-9.
61. Tommasi S, Mangia A, Lacalamita R, et al. Cytoskeleton and paclitaxel sensitivity in breast cancer: the role of β-tubulins. Int J Cancer 2007;120:2078-2085
62. Mozzetti S, Ferlini C, Concolino P, et al. Class III β-tubulin overexpression is a prominent mechanism of paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res 2005;11:298-305.
63. Valkov NI, Sullivan DM. Drug resistance to DNA topoisomerase I and II inhibitors in human leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. Semin Hematol 1997;34:48-62.
64. Lage H, Dietel M. Involvement of the DNA mismatch repair system in antineoplastic drug resistance. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1999;125:156-165
65. Fedier A, Schwarz VA, Walt H, et al. Resistance to topoisomerase poisons due to loss of DNA mismatch repair. Int J Cancer 2001;93:571-576
66. Mackay HJ, Cameron D, Rahilly M, et al. Reduced MLH1 expression in breast tumors after primary chemotherapy predicts disease-free survival. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:87-93.
67. Son BH, Ahn SH, Ko CD, et al. Significance of mismatch repair protein expression in the chemotherapeutic response of sporadic invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. Breast J 2004;10: 20-26
68. Oudin C, Bonnetain F, Boidot R, et al. Patterns of loss of heterozygosity in breast carcinoma during neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Int J Oncol 2007;30:1145-1151
69. O'Donovan N, Crown J, Stunell H, et al. Caspase 3 in breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2003;9:738-742
70. Vegran F, Boidot R, Oudin C, et al. Overexpression of caspase- 3s splice variant in locally advanced breast carcinoma is associated with poor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:5794-5800
71. O'Connor PM, Jackman J, Bae I, et al. Characterization of the p53 tumor suppressor pathway in cell lines of the National Cancer Institute anticancer drug screen and correlations with the growth-inhibitory potency of 123 anticancer agents. Cancer Res 1997;57:4285-4300
72. Aas T, Borresen AL, Geisler S, et al. Specific P53 mutations are associated with de novo resistance to doxorubicin in breast cancer patients. Nat Med 1996;2:811-814
73. Andersson J, Larsson L, Klaar S, et al. Worse survival for TP53 (p53)-mutated breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant CMF. Ann Oncol 2005;16:743-748
74. Dumontet C, Sikic BI. Mechanisms of action of and resistance to antitubulin agents: microtubule dynamics, drug transport, and cell death. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:1061-1070
75. Pandolfi PP. Breast cancer-loss of PTEN predicts resistance to treatment. N Engl J Med 2004;351:2337-8.
76. Brown I, Shalli K, McDonald SL, et al. Reduced expression of p27 is a novel mechanism of docetaxel resistance in breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res 2004;6:R601-7.
77. Sladek NE, Kollander R, Sreerama L, et al. Cellular levels of aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH1A1 and ALDH3A1) as predictors of therapeutic responses to cyclophosphamide-based chemotherapy of breast cancer: a retrospective study. Rational individualization of oxazaphosphorine-based cancer chemotherapeutic regimens. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2002;49:309-321
78. DeGregorio MW, Perez EA. Molecular mechanisms of drug resistance. In: Bennett JC, Plum F, eds. Cecil Textbook of Medicine. Philadelphia: W.B.Saunders Company, 1996:1056-1060
79. Nahta R, Esteva FJ. Trastuzumab: triumphs and tribulations. Oncogene 2007;26:3637-3643
80. Sergina NV, Rausch M, Wang D, et al. Escape from HERfamily tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy by the kinase-inactive HER3. Nature 2007;445:437-441
81. Chen FL, Xia W, Spector NL. Acquired resistance to small molecule ErbB2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:6730-6734
82. Bollag DM, McQueney PA, Zhu J, et al. Epothilones, a new class of microtubule-stabilizing agents with a axol-like mechanism of action. Cancer Res 1995;55:2325-2333
83. Gerth K, Bedorf N, Hofle G, et al. Epothilons A and B: antifungal and cytotoxic compounds from Sorangium cellulosum (Myxobacteria). Production, physico-chemical and biological properties. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1996;49:560-563 (Pubitemid 26235665)
84. Nogales E, Wolf SG, Khan IA, et al. Structure of tubulin at 6.5 A and location of the taxol-binding site. Nature 1995;375: 424-427
85. Bode CJ, Gupta ML Jr, Reiff EA, et al. Epothilone and paclitaxel: unexpected differences in promoting the assembly and stabilization of yeast microtubules. Biochemistry 2002;41: 3870-3874
86. Nettles JH, Li H, Cornett B, et al. The binding mode of epothilone A on a,β-tubulin by electron crystallography. Science 2004;305:866-869 (Pubitemid 39038421)
87. Kolman A. Activity of epothilones. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2005;6:616-622
88. Jordan MA, Miller H, Ray A, et al. The Pat-21 breast cancer model derived from a patient with primary Taxol® resistance recapitulates the phenotype of its origin, has altered β-tubulin expression and is sensitive to ixabepilone. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 2006; 47 (Abstract #LB-280).
89. Lee FY, Camuso A, Castenada S, et al. Preclinical studies of ixabepilone (BMS-247550) demonstrate optimal antitumor activity against both chemotherapy-sensitive and -resistant tumor types. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 2006; 47 (Abstract #503).
90. Pivot X, Dufresne A, Villanueva C. Efficacy and safety of ixabepilone, a novel epothilone analogue. Clin Breast Cancer 2007;7:543-549
91. Long BH, Wang L, Lorico A, et al. Mechanisms of resistance to etoposide and teniposide in acquired resistant human colon and lung carcinoma cell lines. Cancer Res 1991;51:5275-5283
92. Giannakakou P, Sackett DL, Kang YK, et al. Paclitaxel-resistant human ovarian cancer cells have mutant β-tubulins that exhibit impaired paclitaxel-driven polymerization. J Biol Chem 1997;272: 17118-17125
93. Wartmann M, Altmann KH. The biology and medicinal chemistry of epothilones. Curr Med Chem Anticancer Agents 2002;2:123-148
94. Vansteenkiste J, Lara PN Jr, Le CT, et al. Phase II clinical trial of the epothilone B analog, ixabepilone, in patients with nonsmall- cell lung cancer whose tumors have failed first-line platinumbased chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:3448-3455
95. Fojo AT, Menefee M, Poruchynsky MS, et al. A translational study of ixabepilone (BMS-247550) in renal cell cancer (RCC): assessment of its activity and demonstration of target engagement in tumor cells. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23 (Abstract #4541).
96. Whitehead RP, McCoy S, Rivkin SE, et al. A phase II trial of epothilone B analogue BMS-247550 (NSC #710428) ixabepilone, in patients with advanced pancreas cancer: a Southwest Oncology Group study. Invest New Drugs 2006;24:515-520
97. Thomas E, Tabernero J, Fornier M, et al. Phase II clinical trial of ixabepilone (BMS-247550), an epothilone B analog, in patients with taxane-resistant metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:3399-3406
98. Perez EA, Lerzo G, Pivot X, et al. Efficacy and safety of ixabepilone (BMS-247550) in a phase II study of patients with advanced breast cancer resistant to an anthracycline, a taxane, and capecitabine. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:3407-3414
99. Bunnell CA, Klimovsky J, Thomas E. Final efficacy results of a phase I / II trial of ixabepilone in combination with capecitabine in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) previously treated with a taxane and an anthracycline. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24 (Abstract #10511).
100. Thomas E, Gomez HL, Li RK, et al. Ixabepilone plus capecitabine for metastatic breast cancer progressing after anthracycline and taxane treatment. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:5210-5217
101. Cleator S, Heller W, Coombes RC. Triple-negative breast cancer: therapeutic options. Lancet Oncol 2007;8:235-244
102. Lerzo GL, Lee RK, Thomas ES, et al. Phase III study of ixabepilone plus capecitabine in metastatic breast cancer (MBC) progressing after anthracyclines and taxanes: subgroup analysis in HER2+ disease. ASCO Annual Meeting Proc September 8, 2007 (Abstract #151).
103. Moulder S, Wang M, Gradishar W, et al. A phase II trial of trastuzumab, weekly ixabepilone and carboplatin (TIC) in patients with HER2 / neu-positive (HER2+) metastatic breast cancer (MBC): a trial coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (E2103). ASCO Annual Meeting Proc September 8, 2007 (Abstract #152).
104. Pivot XB, Lee RK, Thomas ES, et al. Phase III study of ixabepilone plus capecitabine in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) resistant to anthracyclines / taxanes: subgroup analysis by estrogen receptor (ER) status. ASCO Annual Meeting Proc September 8, 2007 (Abstract #221).
105. Nabholtz JM, Gelmon K, Bontenbal M, et al. Multicenter, randomized comparative study of two doses of paclitaxel in patients with metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:1858-1867
106. Winer EP, Berry DA, Woolf S, et al. Failure of higher-dose paclitaxel to improve outcome in patients with metastatic breast cancer: Cancer and Leukemia Group B Trial 9342. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:2061-2068
107. Jones SE, Erban J, Overmoyer B, et al. Randomized phase III study of docetaxel compared with paclitaxel in metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:5542-5551
108. Lee JJ, Swain SM. Peripheral neuropathy induced by microtubule- stabilizing agents. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:1633-1642