Shift-work research: Where do we stand, where should we go?

Sleep and Biological Rhythms

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 95-105

  Kantermann, Thomas ^a   Juda, Myriam ^a   Vetter, Céline ^a   Roenneberg, Till ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

Author keywords

Chronotype; Health; Internal time; Shift work; Sleep

Indexed keywords

MELATONIN; METHAMPHETAMINE; PER1 PROTEIN; PER2 PROTEIN; TRIAZOLAM; ZOLPIDEM;

CANCER RISK; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHRONOBIOLOGY; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; COMPUTER MODEL; COPING BEHAVIOR; DAYTIME SOMNOLENCE; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LONGEVITY; MEDICAL RESEARCH; OCCUPATIONAL HAZARD; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PHOTOSTIMULATION; POLYSOMNOGRAPHY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL BEING; REM SLEEP; REVIEW; SHIFT WORKER; SLEEP DISORDER; SLEEP PARAMETERS; SLEEP QUALITY; SLEEP TIME; SLEEP WAKING CYCLE;

EID: 77953187909     PISSN: 14469235     EISSN: 14798425     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1479-8425.2010.00432.x     Document Type: Review

References (149)

1. Akerstedt T. Shift work and disturbed sleep/wakefulness. Occup. Med. (Lond) 2003, 53:89-94.
2. Baker D. The use and health consequences of shift work. Int. J. Health Serv. 1980, 10:405-21.
3. Costa G. Factors influencing health of workers and tolerance to shift work. Theor. Issues Ergon. Sci. 2003, 4:263-88.
4. Costa G, Apostoli P, d'Andrea F, Gaffuri E. Gastrointestinal and neurotic disorders in textile shift workers. 1980, Fifth International Symposium on Night and Shift Work, Scientific Committee on Shift Work of the Permanent Commission and International Association on Occupational health (PCIAOH), Rouen
5. Dijk DJ, Duffy JF. Circadian regulation of human sleep and age-related changes in its timing, consolidation and EEG characteristics. Ann. Med. 1999, 31:130-40.
6. Folkard S, Tucker P. Shift work, safety and productivity. Occup. Med. (Lond) 2003, 53:95-101.
7. Tilley AJ, Wilkinson RT, Warren PS, Watson B, Drud M. The sleep and performance of shift workers. Hum. Factors 1982, 24:629-41.
8. Foster RG, Wulff K. The rhythm of rest and excess. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2005, 6:407-14.
9. Haus E, Smolensky M. Biological clocks and shift work: circadian dysregulation and potential long-term effects. Cancer Causes Control 2006, 17:489-500.
10. Knutsson A. Health disorders of shift workers. Occup. Med. (Lond) 2003, 53:103-8.
11. Khaleque A. Shiftworkers' attitudes towards shiftwork and perception of quality of life. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 1984, 53:291-7.
12. Rutenfranz J, Colquhoun WP, Knauth P, Ghata JN. Biomedical and psychosocial aspects of shift work. A review. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1977, 3:165-82.
13. Whitehead DC, Thomas H, Slapper DR. A rational approach to shift work in emergency medicine. Ann. Emerg. Med. 1992, 21:1250-8.
14. Thompson E. Understanding How Night Work Influences the Everyday Family Lives of Nurses, Their Husbands and Children 2009, Department of Sociology, University of Surrey, Guildford
15. Knutsson A. Methodological aspects of shift-work research. Chronobiol. Int. 2004, 21:1037-47.
16. Kantermann T, Roenneberg T. Shift-work affects health, but how? in process
17. Roenneberg T, Kuehnle T, Juda M. Epidemiology of the human circadian clock. Sleep Med. Rev. 2007, 11(6):429-38.
18. Roenneberg T, Daan S, Merrow M. The art of entrainment. J. Biol. Rhythms 2003, 18:183-94.
19. Freedman MS, Lucas RJ, Soni B. Regulation of mammalian circadian behavior by non-rod, non-cone, ocular photoreceptors. Science 1999, 284:502-4.
20. Kantermann T, Juda M, Merrow M, Roenneberg T. The human circadian clock's seasonal adjustment is disrupted by daylight saving time. Curr. Biol. 2007, 17:1996-2000.
21. Panda S, Sato TK, Castrucc AM. Melanopsin (Opn4) requirement for normal light-induced circadian phase shifting. Science 2002, 298:2213-6.
22. Roenneberg T, Kumar CJ, Merrow M. The human circadian clock entrains to sun time. Curr. Biol. 2007, 17:R44-5.
23. Roenneberg T, Dragovic Z, Merrow M. Demasking biological oscillators: properties and principles of entrainment exemplified by the Neurospora circadian clock. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2005, 102:7742-7.
24. Roenneberg T, Wirz-Justice A, Merrow M. Life between clocks - daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes. J. Biol. Rhythms 2003, 18:80-90.
25. Burgess HJ, Sharkey KM, Eastman CI. Bright light, dark and melatonin can promote circadian adaptation in night shift workers. Sleep Med. Rev. 2002, 6:407-20.
26. Pati AK, Chandrawanshi A, Reinberg A. Shift work: consequences and management. Curr. Sci. 2001, 81:32-52.
27. Morikawa Y, Nakagawa H, Miura K. Shift work and the risk of diabetes mellitus among Japanese male factory workers. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 2005, 31:179-83.
28. Suwazono Y, Sakata K, Okubo Y. Long-term longitudinal study on the relationship between alternating shift work and the onset of diabetes mellitus in male Japanese workers. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2006, 48:455-61.
29. Di Lorenzo L, De Pergola G, Zocchetti C. Effect of shift work on body mass index: results of a study performed in 319 glucose-tolerant men working in a Southern Italian industry. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 2003, 27:1353-8.
30. Lasfargues G, Vol S, Caces E, Le Clesiau H, Lecomte P, Tichet J. Relations among night work, dietary habits, biological measure, and health status. Int. J. Behav. Med. 1996, 3:123-34.
31. Nakamura K, Shimai S, Kikuchi S. Shift work and risk factors for coronary heart disease in Japanese blue-collar workers: serum lipids and anthropometric characteristics. Occup. Med. (Lond) 1997, 47:142-6.
32. Karlsson BH, Knutsson AK, Lindahl BO, Alfredsson LS. Metabolic disturbances in male workers with rotating three-shift work. Results of the WOLF study. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 2003, 76:424-30.
33. Knutsson A, Akerstedt T, Jonsson BG. Prevalence of risk factors for coronary artery disease among day and shift workers. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1988, 14:317-21.
34. Romon M, Nuttens MC, Fievet C. Increased triglyceride levels in shift workers. Am. J. Med. 1992, 93:259-62.
35. Sookoian S, Gemma C, Gianotti TF. Effects of rotating shift work on biomarkers of metabolic syndrome and inflammation. J. Intern. Med. 2007, 261:285-92.
36. Morikawa Y, Nakagawa H, Miura K. Relationship between shift work and onset of hypertension in a cohort of manual workers. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1999, 25:100-4.
37. Ohira T, Tanigawa T, Iso H. Effects of shift work on 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure and its variability among Japanese workers. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 2000, 26:421-6.
38. Oishi M, Suwazono Y, Sakata K. A longitudinal study on the relationship between shift work and the progression of hypertension in male Japanese workers. J. Hypertens. 2005, 2173-8.
39. Yamasaki F, Schwartz JE, Gerber LM, Warren K, Pickering TG. Impact of shift work and race/ethnicity on the diurnal rhythm of blood pressure and catecholamines. Hypertension 1998, 32:417-23.
40. Ishii N, Dakeishi M, Sasaki M, Iwata T, Murata K. Cardiac autonomic imbalance in female nurses with shift work. Auton. Neurosci. 2005, 122:94-9.
41. Ishii N, Iwata T, Dakeishi M, Murata K. Effects of shift work on autonomic and neuromotor functions in female nurses. J. Occup. Health 2004, 46:352-8.
42. Ellingsen T, Bener A, Gehani AA. Study of shift work and risk of coronary events. J. R. Soc. Promot. Health 2007, 127:265-7.
43. Karlsson B, Alfredsson L, Knutsson A, Andersson E, Toren K. Total mortality and cause-specific mortality of Swedish shift- and dayworkers in the pulp and paper industry in 1952-2001. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 2005, 31:30-5.
44. Knutsson A, Akerstedt T, Jonsson BG, Orth-Gomer K. Increased risk of ischaemic heart disease in shift workers. Lancet 1986, 2:89-92.
45. Kubo T, Ozasa K, Mikami K. Prospective cohort study of the risk of prostate cancer among rotating-shift workers: findings from the Japan collaborative cohort study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2006, 164:549-55.
46. Schernhammer ES, Kroenke CH, Laden F, Hankinson SE. Night work and risk of breast cancer. Epidemiology 2006, 17:108-11.
47. Schernhammer ES, Laden F, Speizer FE. Night-shift work and risk of colorectal cancer in the nurses' health study. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2003, 95:825-8.
48. Viswanathan AN, Hankinson SE, Schernhammer ES. Night shift work and the risk of endometrial cancer. Cancer Res. 2007, 67:10618-22.
49. Stevens RG. Light-at-night, circadian disruption and breast cancer: assessment of existing evidence. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2009, 38:963-70.
50. Erren TC, Pape HG, Reiter RJ, Piekarski C. Chronodisruption and cancer. Naturwissenschaften 2008, 95:367-82.
51. Kantermann T, Roenneberg T. Is light-at-night a health risk factor or a health risk predictor? Chronobiol. Int. 2009, 26:1069-74.
52. Akerstedt T, Kecklund G. Stability of day and night sleep - a two-year follow-up of EEG parameters in three-shift workers. Sleep 1991, 14:507-10.
53. Folkard S, Barton J. Does the 'forbidden zone' for sleep onset influence morning shift sleep duration? Ergonomics 1993, 36:85-91.
54. Foret J, Benoit O. Study of sleep of shift workers with alternating schedules: adaptation and recovery in case of rapid shift rotation (3-4 days) (author's transl.). Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. 1978, 38:71-82.
55. Foret J, Latin G. The sleep of train drivers: an example of the effects of irregular work hours on sleep. Aspects of Human Efficiency 1972, 273-82. Colquhoun WP, In, ed., English University Press, London
56. Torsvall L, Akerstedt T, Gillander K, Knutsson A. Sleep on the night shift: 24-hour EEG monitoring of spontaneous sleep/wake behavior. Psychophysiology 1989, 26:352-8.
57. Akerstedt T. Altered sleep/wake patterns and mental performance. Physiol. Behav. 2007, 90:209-18.
58. Akerstedt T, Kecklund G, Gillberg M. Sleep and sleepiness in relation to stress and displaced work hours. Physiol. Behav. 2007
59. Rutenfranz J, Knauth P. Organizational problems of shift work from the medical point of view. WT-Z Ind Fertigung 1981, 71:297-302.
60. Juda M. 2010, Doctoral dissertation in process, Institute for Medical Psychology, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität, (LMU), Munich, in process
61. Torsvall L, Akerstedt T. A diurnal type scale. Construction, consistency and validation in shift work. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1980, 6:283-90.
62. Tepas DI. Shiftworker sleep strategies. J. Hum. Ergol. (Tokyo) 1982, 11:325-36. Suppl
63. Khaleque A. Sleep deficiency and quality of life of shift workers. Soc. Indic. Res. 1999, 46:181-9.
64. Knauth P, Hornberger S. Preventive and compensatory measures for shift workers. Occup. Med. (Lond) 2003, 53:109-16.
65. Akerstedt T, Torsvall L. Napping in shift work. Sleep 1985, 8:105-9.
66. Rosa RR. Napping at home and alertness on the job in rotating shift workers. Sleep 1993, 16:727-35.
67. Lauber JK, Kayten PJ. Sleepiness, circadian dysrhythmia, and fatigue in transportation system accidents. Sleep 1988, 11:503-12.
68. Rouche I, Wild P, Ansiau D, Marquié J-C. Shiftwork experience, age and cognitive performance. Ergonomics 2005, 48:1282-93.
69. Ong CN, Phoon WO, Iskandar N, Chia KS. Shiftwork and work injuries in an iron and steel mill. Appl. Ergon. 1987, 18:51-6.
70. Akerstedt T, Fredlund P, Gillberg M, Jansson B. Work load and work hours in relation to disturbed sleep and fatigue in a large representative sample. J. Psychosom. Res. 2002, 53:585-8.
71. Ribet C, Derriennic F. Age, working conditions, and sleep disorders: a longitudinal analysis in the French cohort E.S.T.E.V. Sleep 1999, 22:491-504.
72. Smith CS, Robie C, Folkard S. A process model of shiftwork and health. J. Occup. Health Psychol. 1999, 4:207-18.
73. Kaliterna L, Vidacek S, Prizmic B, Radosevic-Vidacek B. Is tolerance to shiftwork predictable from individual differences measures? Work Stress 1995, 9:140-7.
74. Koller M. Health risk related to shift work. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 1983, 53:59-75.
75. Boivin DB, James FO. Light treatment and circadian adaptation to shift work. Ind. Health 2005, 43:34-48.
76. Revell VL, Eastman CI. How to trick mother nature into letting you fly around or stay up all night. J. Biol. Rhythms 2005, 20:353-65.
77. Crowley S, Lee C, Tseng C, Fogg L, Eastman C. Complete or partial circadian re-entrainment improves performance, alertness, and mood during night-shift work. Sleep 2004, 27:1077-87.
78. Crowley SJ, Lee C, Tseng CY, Fogg LF, Eastman CI. Combinations of bright light, scheduled dark, sunglasses, and melatonin to facilitate circadian entrainment to night shift work. J. Biol. Rhythms 2003, 18:513-23.
79. Dawson D, Campbell SS. Timed exposure to bright light improves sleep and alertness during simulated night shifts. Sleep 1991, 14:511-6.
80. Dumont M, Blais H, Roy J, Paquet J. Controlled patterns of daytime light exposure improve circadian adjustment in simulated night work. J. Biol. Rhythms 2009, 24:427-37.
81. Eastman CI, Liu L, Fogg LF. Circadian rhythm adaptation to simulated night shift work: effect of nocturnal bright-light duration. Sleep 1995, 18:399-407.
82. Foret J, Daurat A, Tirilly G. Effect of bright light at night on core temperature, subjective alertness and performance as a function of exposure time. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1998, 24(3):115-20. Suppl
83. Horowitz TS, Cade BE, Wolfe JM, Czeisler CA. Efficacy of bright light and sleep/darkness scheduling in alleviating circadian maladaptation to night work. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2001, 281:E384-91.
84. Lee C, Smith MR, Eastman CI. A compromise phase position for permanent night shift workers: circadian phase after two night shifts with scheduled sleep and light/dark exposure. Chronobiol. Int. 2006, 23:859-75.
85. Martin SK, Eastman CI. Medium-intensity light produces circadian rhythm adaptation to simulated night-shift work. Sleep 1998, 21:154-65.
86. Mitchell PJ, Hoese EK, Liu LW, Fogg LF, Eastman CI. Conflicting bright light exposure during night shifts impedes circadian adaptation. J. Biol. Rhythms 1997, 12:5-15.
87. Reid K, Dawson D. Comparing performance on a simulated 12 hour shift rotation in young and older subjects. Occup. Environ. Med. 2001, 58:58-62.
88. Smith MR, Cullnan EE, Eastman CI. Shaping the light/dark pattern for circadian adaptation to night shift work. Physiol. Behav. 2008, 95:449-56.
89. Smith MR, Eastman CI. Night shift performance is improved by a compromise circadian phase position: study 3. Circadian phase after 7 night shifts with an intervening weekend off. Sleep 2008, 31:1639-45.
90. Smith MR, Fogg LF, Eastman CI. Practical interventions to promote circadian adaptation to permanent night shift work: study 4. J. Biol. Rhythms 2009, 24:161-72.
91. Sharkey KM, Fogg LF, Eastman CI. Effects of melatonin administration on daytime sleep after simulated night shift work. J. Sleep Res. 2001, 10:181-92.
92. Sharkey KM, Eastman CI. Melatonin phase shifts human circadian rhythms in a placebo-controlled simulated night-work study. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2002, 282:R454-63.
93. Walsh JK, Schweitzer PK, Anch AM, Muehlbach MJ, Jenkins NA, Dickins QS. Sleepiness/alertness on a simulated night shift following sleep at home with triazolam. Sleep 1991, 14:140-6.
94. Walsh JK, Sugerman JL, Muehlbach MJ, Schweitzer PK. Physiological sleep tendency on a simulated night shift: adaptation and effects of triazolam. Sleep 1988, 11:251-64.
95. Walsh JK, Randazzo AC, Stone KL, Schweitzer PK. Modafinil improves alertness, vigilance, and executive function during simulated night shifts. Sleep 2004, 27:434-9.
96. Schweitzer PK, Randazzo AC, Stone K, Erman M, Walsh JK. Laboratory and field studies of naps and caffeine as practical countermeasures for sleep-wake problems associated with night work. Sleep 2006, 29:39-50.
97. Sallinen M, Harma M, Akerstedt T, Rosa R, Lillqvist O. Promoting alertness with a short nap during a night shift. J. Sleep Res. 1998, 7:240-7.
98. Eastman CI, Boulos Z, Terman M, Campbell SS, Dijk DJ, Lewy AJ. Light treatment for sleep disorders: consensus report .6. Shift work. J. Biol. Rhythms 1995, 10:157-64.
99. Boquet A, Cruz C, Nesthus T, Detwiler C, Knecht W, Holcomb K. Clockwise and counterclockwise rotating shifts: effects on temperature and neuroendocrine measures. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 2004, 75:898-904.
100. Cruz C, Boquet A, Detwiler C, Nesthus T. Clockwise and counterclockwise rotating shifts: effects on vigilance and performance. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 2003, 74:606-14.
101. Cruz C, Detwiler C, Nesthus T, Boquet A. Clockwise and counterclockwise rotating shifts: effects on sleep duration, timing, and quality. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 2003, 74:597-605.
102. Czeisler CA, Moore-Ede MC, Coleman RH. Rotating shift work schedules that disrupt sleep are improved by applying circadian principles. Science 1982, 217:460-3.
103. Duchon JC, Wagner J, Keran CM. Forward vs backward shift rotation. 1989, 33. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society, Santa Monica
104. Stokkan KA, Yamazaki S, Tei H, Sakaki Y, Menaker M. Entrainment of the circadian clock in the liver by feeding. Science 2001, 291:490-3.
105. Yamazaki S, Numano R, Abe M. Resetting central and peripheral circadian oscillators in transgenic rats. Science 2000, 288:682-5.
106. James FO, Cermakian N, Boivin DB. Circadian rhythms of melatonin, cortisol, and clock gene expression during simulated night shift work. Sleep 2007, 30:1427-36.
107. Horne JA, Östberg O. A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms. Int. J. Chronobiol. 1976, 4:97-110.
108. Folkard S, Monk TH, Lobban MC. Towards a predictive test of adjustment to shift work. Ergonomics 1979, 22:79-91.
109. Smith CS, Folkard S, Schmieder RA. Investigation of morning-evening orientation in six countries using the preferences scale. Pers. Individ. Dif. 2002, 32:949-68.
110. Di Milia L, Smith PA, Folkard S. A validation of the revised circadian type inventory in a working sample. Pers. Individ. Dif. 2005, 39:1293-305.
111. Smith CS, Reilly C, Midkiff K. Evaluation of three circadian rhythm questionnaires with suggestions for an improved measure of morningness. J. Appl. Psychol. 1989, 74:728-38.
112. Bailey SL, Heitkemper MM. Circadian rhythmicity of cortisol and body temperature: morningness-eveningness effects. Chronobiol. Int. 2001, 18:249-61.
113. Duffy JF, Dijk DJ, Hall EF, Czeisler CA. Relationship of endogenous circadian melatonin and temperature rhythms to self-reported preference for morning or evening activity in young and older people. J. Investig. Med. 1999, 47:141-50.
114. Duffy JF, Rimmer DW, Czeisler CA. Association of intrinsic circadian period with morningness-eveningness, usual wake time, and circadian phase. Behav. Neurosci. 2001, 115:895-9.
115. Di Milia L, Smith PA, Folkard S. Refining the psychometric properties of the circadian type inventory. Pers. Individ. Dif. 2004, 36:1953-64.
116. Natale V, Cicogna P. Morningness-eveningness dimension: is it really a continuum? Pers. Individ. Dif. 2002, 32:809-16.
117. Foster RG, Kreitzman L. Rhythms of Life: The Biological Clock That Control the Daily Lives of Every Living Thing 2004, Yale University Press, London
118. Ostberg O. Interindividual differences in circadian fatigue patterns of shift workers. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1973, 30:341-51.
119. Duffy JF, Viswanathan N, Davis FC. Free-running circadian period does not shorten with age in female Syrian hamsters. Neurosci. Lett. 1999, 271:77-80.
120. Harma M. Individual differences in tolerance to shiftwork: a review. Ergonomics 1993, 36:101-9.
121. Vidacek S, Kaliterna L, Radosevic-Vidacek B, Folkard S. Personality differences in the phase of circadian rhythms: a comparison of morningness and extraversion. Ergonomics 1988, 31:873-88.
122. Folkard S, Monk TH. Individual differences in the circadian response to a weekly rotating shift system. Night and Shift Work: Biological and Social Aspects 1981, 367-74. Reinberg A, Vieux NAndlauer P. In, eds., Pergamon Press, Oxford
123. Hildebrandt G, Stratmann I. Circadian system response to nightwork in relation to the circadian phase position. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 1979, 43:73-83.
124. Griefahn B, Kunemund C, Golka K, Thier R, Degen G. Melatonin synthesis: a possible indicator of intolerance to shiftwork. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2002, 42:427-36.
125. Bohle P, Tilley AJ. The impact of night work on psychological well-being. Ergonomics 1989, 32:1089-99.
126. Costa G, Lievore F, Casaletti G, Gaffuri E, Folkard S. Circadian characteristics influencing interindividual differences in tolerance and adjustment to shiftwork. Ergonomics 1989, 32:373-85.
127. Hauke P, Kittler H, Moog R. Interindividual differences in tolerance to shift-work related to morningness - eveningness. Chronobiologia 1979, 6:109-109.
128. Terman M, White TM. MORNINGNESS-EVENINGNESS QUESTIONNAIRE - Self-Assessment Version (AutoMEQ-SA). 2001, http://www.ceg.org, [Cited 2001.] Available from URL:
129. Zavada A, Gordijn MCM, Beersma DGM, Daan S, Roenneberg T. Comparison of the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire with the Horne-Östberg's Morningness-Eveningness score. Chronobiol. Int. 2005, 22:267-78.
130. Wittmann M, Dinich J, Merrow M, Roenneberg T. Social jetlag: misalignment of biological and social time. Chronobiol. Int. 2006, 23:497-509.
131. Allebrandt K, Roenneberg T. The search for circadian clock components in humans: new perspectives for association studies. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 2008
132. Baehr EK, Fogg LF, Eastman CI. Intermittent bright light and exercise to entrain human circadian rhythms to night work. Am. J. Physiol. 1999, 277:R1598-604.
133. Baehr EK, Revelle W, Eastman CI. Individual differences in the phase and amplitude of the human circadian temperature rhythm: with an emphasis on morningness-eveningness. J. Sleep Res. 2000, 9:117-27.
134. Eastman CI, Stewart KT, Mahoney MP, Liu L, Fogg LF. Dark goggles and bright light improve circadian rhythm adaptation to night-shift work. Sleep 1994, 17:535-43.
135. Folkard S, Minors DS, Waterhouse JW. "Demasking" the temperature rhythm after simulated time zone transitions. 1991, 6:81-92.
136. Minors DS, Waterhouse JM. Separating the endogenous and exogenous components of the circadian rhythm of body temperature during night work using some 'purification' models. Ergonomics 1993, 36:497-507.
137. Deacon S, Arendt J. Posture influences melatonin concentrations in plasma and saliva in humans. Neurosci. Lett. 1994, 167:191-4.
138. Murphy PJ, Myers BL, Badia P. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs alter body temperature and suppress melatonin in humans. Physiol. Behav. 1996, 59:133-9.
139. Nathan PJ, Jeyaseelan AS, Burrows GD, Norman TR. Modulation of plasma melatonin concentrations by changes in posture. J. Pineal. Res. 1998, 24:219-23.
140. Shilo L, Sabbah H, Hadari R. The effects of coffee consumption on sleep and melatonin secretion. Sleep Med. 2002, 3:271-3.
141. Stoschitzky K, Sakotnik A, Lercher P. Influence of beta-blockers on melatonin release. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1999, 55:111-5.
142. Wright KP, Badia P, Myers BL, Plenzler SC, Hakel M. Caffeine and light effects on nighttime melatonin and temperature levels in sleep-deprived humans. Brain Res. 1997, 747:78-84.
143. Lowden A, Akerstedt T, Wibom R. Suppression of sleepiness and melatonin by bright light exposure during breaks in night work. J. Sleep Res. 2004, 13:37-43.
144. Thorne H, Hampton S, Morgan L, Skene DJ, Arendt J. Differences in sleep, light, and circadian phase in offshore 18:00-06:00 h and 19:00-07:00 h shift workers. Chronobiol. Int. 2008, 25:225-35.
145. Hebert M, Martin SK, Lee C, Eastman CI. The effects of prior light history on the suppression of melatonin by light in humans. J. Pineal. Res. 2002, 33:198-203.
146. Smith KA, Schoen MW, Czeisler CA. Adaptation of human pineal melatonin suppression by recent photic history. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2004, 89:3610-4.
147. Folkard S. Do permanent night workers show circadian adjustment? A review based on the endogenous melatonin rhythm. Chronobiol. Int. 2008, 25:215-24.
148. Aschoff J, Paul Saint UV. Longevity among blowflies Phormia terraenovae R.D. kept in non-24-hour light-dark cycles. J. Comp. Physiol. 1978, 127:191-5.
149. Davidson AJ, Sellix MT, Daniel J, Yamazaki S, Menaker M, Block GD. Chronic jet-lag increases mortality in aged mice. Curr. Biol. 2006, 16:R914-16.