Regulation of mammalian circadian behavior by non-rod, non-cone, ocular photoreceptors

Science

Volumn 284, Issue 5413, 1999, Pages 502-504

  Freedman, Melanie S ^a   Lucas, Robert J ^a   Soni, Bobby ^a   Von Schantz, Malcolm ^a   Muñoz, Marta ^a   David Gray, Zoë ^a   Foster, Russell ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

RETINOL;

ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; EYE; HISTOLOGY; LIGHT; MAMMAL; MODEL; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; PHOTORECEPTOR; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY;

ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; CONES (RETINA); LIGHT; MICE; MICE, TRANSGENIC; MOTOR ACTIVITY; OCULAR PHYSIOLOGY; PHOTORECEPTORS, VERTEBRATE; PIGMENTS, BIOLOGICAL; RETINAL PIGMENTS; RODS (RETINA);

ANIMALIA; MAMMALIA; MURINAE;

EID: 0033574775     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.284.5413.502     Document Type: Article

References (27)

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15. 32P-labeled cDNA probe for glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase. Two micrograms of total RNA from each genotype was used for reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. PCR amplification was then undertaken with primers designed against the published sequences for mouse rod opsin, green cone opsin, UV cone opsin, and tubulin (positive control) over 35 cycles under optimized conditions. Appropriate negative controls (total RNA without RT step) were included for all genotypes. Southern (DNA) blotting of the gel shown in Fig. 1D and hybridization with an appropriate radiolabeled DNA probe resulted in a barely detectable band in both genotypes. The exquisitely sensitive nature of RT-PCR, our failure to find green cone opsin protein (see Fig. 3) or green cone cyclic guanosine monophosphate gamma phosphodiesterase mRNA with RT-PCR (16), and the results of R. J. Lucas, M. S. Freedman, M. Muñoz, J. Garcia-Fernández, and R. G. Foster [Science 284, 505 (1999)] argue that these levels of message are not physiologically significant, Immunocytochemical analysis used polyclonal antisera (14) directed against the human blue cone pigment (1:8000 dilution) and human red-green pigments (1:8000 dilution) and a monoclonal antibody against rat rod opsin (1:20,000 dilution) [ D. Hicks and R. S. Molday, Exp. Eye Res. 42, 55 (1986)].
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17. 32P-labeled cDNA probe for glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase. Two micrograms of total RNA from each genotype was used for reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. PCR amplification was then undertaken with primers designed against the published sequences for mouse rod opsin, green cone opsin, UV cone opsin, and tubulin (positive control) over 35 cycles under optimized conditions. Appropriate negative controls (total RNA without RT step) were included for all genotypes. Southern (DNA) blotting of the gel shown in Fig. 1D and hybridization with an appropriate radiolabeled DNA probe resulted in a barely detectable band in both genotypes. The exquisitely sensitive nature of RT-PCR, our failure to find green cone opsin protein (see Fig. 3) or green cone cyclic guanosine monophosphate gamma phosphodiesterase mRNA with RT-PCR (16), and the results of R. J. Lucas, M. S. Freedman, M. Muñoz, J. Garcia-Fernández, and R. G. Foster [Science 284, 505 (1999)] argue that these levels of message are not physiologically significant, Immunocytochemical analysis used polyclonal antisera (14) directed against the human blue cone pigment (1:8000 dilution) and human red-green pigments (1:8000 dilution) and a monoclonal antibody against rat rod opsin (1:20,000 dilution) [ D. Hicks and R. S. Molday, Exp. Eye Res. 42, 55 (1986)].
18. 32P-labeled cDNA probe for glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase. Two micrograms of total RNA from each genotype was used for reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. PCR amplification was then undertaken with primers designed against the published sequences for mouse rod opsin, green cone opsin, UV cone opsin, and tubulin (positive control) over 35 cycles under optimized conditions. Appropriate negative controls (total RNA without RT step) were included for all genotypes. Southern (DNA) blotting of the gel shown in Fig. 1D and hybridization with an appropriate radiolabeled DNA probe resulted in a barely detectable band in both genotypes. The exquisitely sensitive nature of RT-PCR, our failure to find green cone opsin protein (see Fig. 3) or green cone cyclic guanosine monophosphate gamma phosphodiesterase mRNA with RT-PCR (16), and the results of R. J. Lucas, M. S. Freedman, M. Muñoz, J. Garcia-Fernández, and R. G. Foster [Science 284, 505 (1999)] argue that these levels of message are not physiologically significant, Immunocytochemical analysis used polyclonal antisera (14) directed against the human blue cone pigment (1:8000 dilution) and human red-green pigments (1:8000 dilution) and a monoclonal antibody against rat rod opsin (1:20,000 dilution) [ D. Hicks and R. S. Molday, Exp. Eye Res. 42, 55 (1986)].
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26. The simplest explanation for this enhanced response is that it reflects the presence of the rdta transgene. Previous experiments with rdta mice have suggested that the ablation of rod photoreceptors induced by this construct early in development results in an increase in the amplitude of phase shifts in response to high irradiance light. Our results in rdta/cl mice fall within the range of the published phase shifts for rdta mice (indicated on Fig. 2B) exposed to this irradiance. For a full discussion of the rdta phenotype, see (7).
27. We thank J. Nathans and Y. Wang for donation of the original C57BL/6 cl mice and for the polyclonal antisera to cone, M. McCall for donation of the original C57BL/6 rdta mice, and D. Hicks for the monoclonal antisera to rods. Supported by research grants from the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, UK Medical Research Council, and European Union BioMed 2 Program.