Rhythms of life: The biological clocks that control the daily lives of every living thing

Rhythms of Life: The Biological Clocks That Control the Daily Lives of Every Living Thing

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 1-278

  Foster, Russell G ^a   Kreitzman, Leon ^b  

^a IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84902913681     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (253)

1. ABC (2001) Good Morning America, 3 December.
2. Aggelopoulos, N. C. & Meissl, H. (2000) Responses of neurones of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus to retinal illumination under photopic and scotopic conditions. J Physiol, 523, 211-22.
3. Aguilar-Roblero, R., Aréchiga, H., Ashkenazi, I., Burioka, N., Cipolla-Neto, J., Cornélissen, G., Markus, R., Marques, N., Menezes, A. A. L., Monk, T. H., Ralph, M., Valdez-Ramirez, P. & Menna-Bareto, L. (2001) The brain decade in debate: IV. Chronobiology. Braz J Med Biol Res, 34, 831-841
4. Arendt, J., Aldhous, M. & Wright, J. (1988) Synchronisation of a disturbed sleep-wake cycle in a blind man by melatonin treatment. Lancet, 1, 772-73.
5. Arendt, J., Deacon, S., English, J., Hampton, S. & Morgan, L. (1995) Melatonin and adjustment to phase shift. J Sleep Res, 4, 74-79.
6. Aristophanes (1978) The Knights, Peace, Wealth, The Birds, The Assembly Women (Transl. D. Barrett & A. H. Sommerstein). Viking Press, New York.
7. Aristotle (2002) Historia Animalium (ed. D. M. Balme). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
8. Aschoff, J. (1960) Exogenous and endogenous components in circadian rhythms. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology: Biological Clocks. Long Island Biological Association, Cold Spring Harbor, L.I., New York, The Biological Laboratory Cold Spring Harbor, pp. 11-28.
9. Aschoff, J. (1964) Survival value of diurnal rhythms. Symp Zool Soc (Lond), 13, 79-98.
10. Aschoff, J. (1965) Circadian rhythms in man. Science, 148, 1427-32.
11. Aschoff, J., Gerecke, U. & Wever, R. (1967) Phase relations between the circadian activity periods and core temperature in humans. [In German.] Pflügers Arch Gesamte Physiol Menschen Tiere, 295, 173-83.
12. Aschoff, J., Fatranska, M., Giedke, H., Doerr, P., Stamm, D. & Wisser, H. (1971) Human circadian rhythms in continuous darkness: entrainment by social cues. Science, 171, 213-15.
13. Atkinson, G. & Reilly, T. (1996) Circadian variation in sports performance. Sports Med, 21, 292-312.
14. Augustine of Hippo (1998) Confessions (ed. J. J. O'Donnell). Oxford University Press, Oxford.
15. Aveni, A. (1990) Empires of Time. Tauris Parke, New York.
16. Baldwin, S. (1986) John Ray, Essex Naturalist. Baldwin Books, Witham.
17. Balsalobre, A., Damiola, F. & Schibler, U. (1998) A serum shock induces circadian gene expression in mammalian tissue culture cells. Cell, 93, 929-37.
18. Barlow, R. B., Jr (1990) What the brain tells the eye. Sci Am, 262, 90-95.
19. Barnes, J. W., Tischkau, S. A., Barnes, J. A., Mitchell, J. W., Burgoon, P. W., Hickok, J. R. & Gillette, M. U. (2003) Requirement of mammalian Timeless for circadian rhythmicity. Science 302, 439-442.
20. Batt, S. (2000) What light through window wreaks - circadian rhythms and breast cancer. Breast Cancer Action News Letter.
21. Bennett, M., Schatz, M. F., Rockwood, H. & Wiesenfeld, K. (2002) Huygens's clocks. Proc R Soc Lond A, 458, 563-79.
22. Bernard, C. (1859) Leçons sur les Propriétés Physiologiques et les Alterations Pathologiques de L'Organisme. Baillière's, Paris.
23. Berson, D. M., Dunn, F. A. & Takao, M. (2002) Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock. Science, 295, 1070-73.
24. Biebach, H., Falk, H. & Krebs, J. R. (1991) The effect of constant light and phase shifts on a learned time-place association in garden warblers (Sylvia borin): hourglass or circadian clock? J Biol Rhythms, 6, 353-65.
25. Bjarnason, G. A., Jordan, R. C. & Sothern, R. B. (1999) Circadian variation in the expression of cell-cycle proteins in human oral epithelium. Am J Pathol, 154, 613-22.
26. Black, H. R., Elliott, W. J., Neaton, J. D., Grandits, G., Grambsch, P., Grimm, R. H., Jr, Hansson, L., Lacoucière, Y., Muller, J., Sleight, P., Weber, M. A., White, W. B., Williams, G., Wittes, J., Zanchetti, A., Fakouhi, T. D. & Anders, R. J. (2001) Baseline characteristics and early blood pressure control in the CONVINCE trial. Hypertension, 37, 12-18.
27. Black, H. R., Elliott, W. J., Grandits, G., Grambsch, P., Lucente, T., White, W. B., Neaton, J. D., Grimm, R. H. Jr, Hansson, L., Lacourcière, Y., Muller, J., Sleight, P., Weber, M. A., Williams, G., Wittes, J., Zanchetti, A. & Anders, R. J. (2003) Principal results of the Controlled Onset Verapamil Investigation of Cardiovascular End Points (CONVINCE) trial. JAMA, 289, 2073-82.
28. Bolles, R. C. & Stokes, L.W. (1965) Rat's anticipation of diurnal and a-diurnal feeding. J Comp Physiol Psychol, 60, 290-94.
29. Borbely, A. A. (1982) A two process model of sleep regulation. Hum Neurobiol, 1, 195-204.
30. Bos, J.L. (1989) ras oncogenes in human cancer: a review. Cancer Res, 49, 4682-89.
31. Brady, J. (1979) Biological Clocks. Edward Arnold, London.
32. Brady, J. (1982) Biological Timekeeping. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
33. Brandstatter, R. (2002) The circadian pacemaking system of birds. In Kumar, V. (ed.) Biological Rhythms. Narose Publishing House, New Delhi.
34. Broughton, R. J. (1998) SCN controlled circadian arousal and the afternoon 'nap zone'. Sleep Res Online, 1, 166-78.
35. Brown, J. F. A. (1960) Response to pervasive geophysical factors and the biological clock problem. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology: Biological Clocks. Long Island Biological Association, Cold Spring Harbor, L.I., New York, The Biological Laboratory Cold Spring Harbor, pp. 57-71.
36. Buguet, A., Moroz, D. E. & Radomski, M. W. (2003) Modafinil - medical considerations for use in sustained operations. Aviat Space Environ Med, 74, 659-63.
37. Buijs, R. M. & Kalsbeek, A. (2001) Hypothalamic integration of central and peripheral clocks. Nat Rev Neurosci, 2, 521-26.
38. Bunk, S. (2002) Big genes are back. Scientist, 16, 24-29.
39. Bünning, E. (1973) The Physiological Clock - Circadian Rhythms in Biological Chronometry. The English Universities Press Ltd, London.
40. Burns, E. R. (2000) Biological time and in vivo research: a field guide to pitfalls. Anat Rec, 261, 141-52.
41. Buysse, D. J., Barzansky, B., Dinges, D., Hogan, E., Hunt, C. E., Owens, J., Rosekind, M., Rosen, R., Simon, F., Veasey, S. & Wiest, F. (2003) Sleep, fatigue, and medical training: setting an agenda for optimal learning and patient care. Sleep, 26, 218-25.
42. Cahill, G. M. (2002) Clock mechanisms in zebrafish. Cell Tissue Res, 309, 27-34.
43. Cajochen, C., Zeitzer, J. M., Czeisler, C. A. & Dijk, D. J. (2000) Dose-response relationship for light intensity and ocular and electroencephalographic correlates of human alertness. Behav Brain Res, 115, 75-83.
44. Cambrosio, A. & Keating, P. (1983) The disciplinary stake: the case of chronobiology. Soc Stud Sci, 13, 323-53.
45. Camhi, J. M. (1984) Neuroethology: Nerve Cells and the Natural Behavior of Animals. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
46. Cannon, W. B. (1947) The Wisdom of the Body. Kegan Paul, London.
47. Carrier, J. & Monk, T. H. (2000) Circadian rhythms of performance: new trends. Chronobiol Int, 17, 719-32.
48. Chew, M. K. & Laubichler, M. D. (2003) Perceptions of science. Natural enemies - metaphor or misconception? Science, 301, 52-53.
49. Cho, K., Ennaceur, A., Cole, J. C. & Suh, C. K. (2000) Chronic jet lag produces cognitive deficits. J Neurosci, 20, RC66.
50. Cockell, C. S. & Rothschild, L. J. (1999) The effects of UV radiation A and B on diurnal variation in photosynthesis in three taxonomically and ecologically diverse microbial mats. Photochem Photobiol, 69, 203-10.
51. Cohen, R. A. & Albers, H. E. (1991) Disruption of human circadian and cognitive regulation following a discrete hypothalamic lesion: a case study. Neurology, 41, 726-29.
52. Cole, R. J., Kripke, D. F., Wisbey, J., Mason, W. J., Gruen, W., Hauri, P. J. & Juarez, S. (1995) Seasonal variation in human illumination exposure at two different latitudes. J Biol Rhythms, 10, 324-34.
53. Cromie, W. J. (1999) Human biological clock set back an hour. Harvard University Gazette.
54. Czeisler, C. A., Shanahan, T. L., Klerman, E. B., Martens, H., Brotman, D. J., Emens, J. S., Klein, T. & Rizzo, J. F., III (1995) Suppression of melatonin secretion in some blind patients by exposure to bright light. N Engl J Med, 332, 6-11.
55. Czeisler, C. A., Duffy, J. F., Shanahan, T. L., Brown, E. N., Mitchell, J. F., Rimmer, D. W., Ronda, J. M., Silva, E. J., Allan, J. S., Emens, J. S., Dijk, D. J. & Kronauer, R. E. (1999) Stability, precision, and near-24-hour period of the human circadian pacemaker. Science, 284, 2177-81.
56. Darwin, C. & Darwin, F. (1880) The Power of Movement in Plants. John Murray, London.
57. David-Gray, Z. K., Janssen, J. W., DeGrip, W. J., Nevo, E. & Foster, R. G. (1998) Light detection in a 'blind' mammal. Nat Neurosci, 1, 655-56.
58. Dawkins, R. (1976) The Selfish Gene. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
59. Dawson, A., Goldsmith, A. R., Nicholls, T. J. & Follett, B. K. (1986) Endocrine changes associated with the termination of photorefractoriness by short daylengths and thyroidectomy in starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). J Endocrinol, 110, 73-79.
60. de Candolle, M. (1832) De l'influence de la lumière sur les végétaux. Physiol Vég, 4, 1069.
61. de Mairan, J. J. O. (1729) Observation botanique. Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, 35-36.
62. DeCoursey, P. J., Krulas, J. R., Mele, G. & Holley, D. C. (1997) Circadian performance of suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)-lesioned antelope ground squirrels in a desert enclosure. Physiol Behav, 62, 1099-108.
63. DeCoursey, P. J., Walker, J. K. & Smith, S. A. (2000) A circadian pacemaker in free-living chipmunks: essential for survival? J Comp Physiol A, 186, 169-80.
64. Deinlein, M. (1997) Have wings, will travel: avian adaptations to migration. Migratory Bird Center (Smithsonian National Zoological Park), Washington DC. Fact sheet 4.
65. Dement, W. C. & Vaughan, C. (1999) The Promise of Sleep. Macmillan, London.
66. Dement, W. C. & Vaughan, C. (1996) Internal rhythms in humans. Semin Cell Dev Biol, 7, 831-36.
67. Dijk, D. J. & Czeisler, C. A. (1994) Paradoxical timing of the circadian rhythm of sleep propensity serves to consolidate sleep and wakefulness in humans. Neurosci Lett, 166, 63-68.
68. Dijk, D. J. & Czeisler, C. A. (2001) Sleep, performance, circadian rhythms, and light-dark cycles during two space shuttle flights. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 281, R1647-64.
69. du Nouy, L. C. (1937) Biological Time. Macmillan, New York.
70. Dunbar, R. (1995) The Trouble with Science. Faber & Faber, London.
71. Dunlap, J. C. (1999) Molecular bases for circadian clocks. Cell, 96, 271-90.
72. Edery, I. (2000) Circadian rhythms in a nutshell. Physiol Genomics, 3, 59-74.
73. Edgar, D. M., Dement, W. C. & Fuller, C. A. (1993) Effect of SCN lesions on sleep in squirrel monkeys: evidence for opponent processes in sleep-wake regulation. J Neurosci, 13, 1065-79.
74. Elliott, W. J. (2001) Timing treatment to the rhythm of disease. A short course in chronotherapeutics. Postgrad Med, 110, 119-22, 125-26, 129.
75. Fischer-Perroudon, C., Mouret, J. & Jouvet, M. (1974) Case of agrypnia (4 months without sleep) in Morvan's disease. Favorable action of 5-hydroxytryptophan. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol, 36, 1-18.
76. Folkard, S. (1983) Diurnal variation. In Hockey, R. (ed.) Stress and Fatigue in Human Performance. John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 245-72.
77. Folkard, S. (2000) Shift-work and Health. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, Dublin.
78. Follett, B. K. (1985) The environment and reproduction. In Austin, C. R. & Short, R. V. (eds) Reproduction in Mammals: 4. Reproductive Fitness. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 103-32.
79. Follett, B. K. & Sharp, P. J. (1969) Circadian rhythmicity in photoperiodically induced gonadotrophin release and gonadal growth in the quail. Nature, 223, 968-71.
80. Forel, A. (1910) Das Sinnesleben der Insekten. Reinhardt, München.
81. Foster, R. G. (1998) Photoentrainment in the vertebrates: a comparative analysis. In Lumsden, P. J. & Millar, A. J. (eds) Biological Rhythms and Photoperiodism in Plants. BIOS, Oxford, pp. 135-49.
82. Foster, R. G. & Hankins, M. W. (2002) Non-rod, non-cone photoreception in the vertebrates. Prog Retinal Eye Res, 21, 507-27.
83. Foster, R. G. & Soni, B. G. (1998) Extraretinal photoreceptors and their regulation of temporal physiology. Rev of Reprod, 3, 145-50.
84. Fox Keller, E. (2001) Century of the Gene. Harvard University Press, Boston.
85. Fraser, J. T. (1987) Time: The Familiar Stranger. University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst.
86. Froy, O., Gotter, A. L., Casselman, A. L. & Reppert, S. M. (2003) Illuminating the circadian clock in monarch butterfly migration. Science, 300, 1303-05.
87. Fu, L., Pelicano, H., Liu, J., Huang, P. & Lee, C. (2002) The circadian gene Period2 plays an important role in tumor suppression and DNA damage response in vivo. Cell, 111, 41-50.
88. Gale, C. & Martyn, C. (1998) Larks and owls and health, wealth, and wisdom. Br Med J, 317, 1675-77.
89. Garcia, C. R., Markus, R. P. & Madeira, L. (2001) Tertian and quartan fevers: temporal regulation in malarial infection. J Biol Rhythms, 16, 436-43.
90. Giebultowicz, J. H. & Hege, D. M. (1997) Circadian clock in malpighian tubules. Nature, 386, 664-65.
91. Glasser, S. P., Neutel, J. M., Gana, T. J. & Albert, K. S. (2003) Efficacy and safety of a once daily graded-release diltiazem formulation in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens, 16, 51-58.
92. Goddard, P. (1998) Paul Dirac: The Man and His Work. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
93. Goldman, B. D., Darrow, J. M. & Yogev, L. (1984) Effects of timed melatonin infusions on reproductive development in the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus). Endocrinology, 114, 2074-83.
94. Golombek, D. A. & Yannielli, P. C. (1996) Chronoliterature: biological rhythms in Argentine fiction. Chronobiol Int, 13, 487-88.
95. Gould, J. L. & Gould, C. G. (1999) The Animal Mind. W. H. Freeman, New York.
96. Greene, B. (1999) The Elegant Universe. Vintage, London.
97. Griffin, D. R. (1964) Bird Migration. The Natural History Press, New York.
98. Groopman, J. (2001) Eyes wide open. New Yorker, 3 December, 52-57.
99. Gwinner, E. (1996a) Circannual clocks in avian reproduction and migration. Ibis, 138, 47-63.
100. Gwinner, E. (1996b) Circadian and circannual programmes in avian migration. J Exp Biol, 199, 39-48.
101. Halberg, F. (1976) Chronobiology in 1975. Chronobiologia, 3, 1-11.
102. Halberg, F., Cornelissen, G., Otsuka, K., Katinas, G. & Schwartzkopff, O. (2001) Essays on chronomics spawned by transdisciplinary chronobiology. Witness in time: Earl Elmer Bakken. Neuroendocrinol Lett, 22, 359-84.
103. Hall, J. C. (2003) Genetics and molecular biology of rhythms in Drosophila and other insects. Adv Genet, 48, 1-280.
104. Hardin, P. E., Hall, J. C. & Rosbash, M. (1990) Feedback of the Drosophila period gene product on circadian cycling of its messenger RNA levels. Nature, 343, 536-40.
105. Harkness, J. A., Richter, M. B., Panayi, G. S., Van de Pette, K., Unger, A., Pownall, R. & Geddawi, M. (1982) Circadian variation in disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), 284, 551-54.
106. Harper, D.G., Stopa, E. G., McKee, A. C., Satlin, A., Harlan, P. C., Goldstein, R. & Volicer, L. (2001) Differential circadian rhythm disturbances in men with Alzheimer disease and frontotemporal degeneration. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 58, 353-60.
107. Hastings, J. W. (2001) Fifty years of fun. J Biol Rhythms, 16, 5-18.
108. Hastings, J. W. & Sweeney, B. M. (1958) A persistent diurnal rhythm on luminescence in Gonyaulax polyedra. Biol Bull, 115, 440-458.
109. Hattar, S., Lucas, R. J., Mrosovsky, N., Thompson, S., Douglas, R. H., Hankins, M. W., Lem, J., Biel, M., Hofmann, F., Foster, R. G. & Yau, K. W. (2003) Melanopsin and rod-cone photoreceptive systems account for all major accessory visual functions in mice. Nature, 424, 76-81.
110. Hauser, M. (2000) Wild Minds. Penguin, London.
111. Hendricks, J. C. (2003) Genetic models in applied physiology: invited review. Sleeping flies don't lie: the use of Drosophila melanogaster to study sleep and circadian rhythms. J Appl Physiol, 94, 1660-72.
112. Herodotus (2003) The Histories, Book II (ed. J. M. Marincola & A. de Selincourt). Penguin, Londonr.
113. Highkin, H. R. & Hanson, J. B. (1954) Possible interactions between lightdark cycles and endogenous daily rhythms on the growth of tomato plants. Plant Physiol, 29, 301-02.
114. Hodge, W.(2001) Reindeer herders at home on a very cold range. New York Times International, 26 March.
115. Homer (1991) The Iliad (ed. B. Knox). Penguin, London.
116. Hoyert, D. L., Kochanek, K. D. & Murphy, S. L. (1999) Deaths: final data for 1997. Natl Vital Stat Rep, 47, 1-104.
117. Hrushesky, W. J. (1985) Circadian timing of cancer chemotherapy. Science, 228, 73-75.
118. Hrushesky, W. J. (1991) The multifrequency (circadian, fertility cycle, and season) balance between host and cancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 618, 228-56.
119. Hutchenson, C. (1999) New York Times, 14 December.
120. Huygens, C. (1893) Oeuvres complètes de Christiaan Huygens. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague.
121. Inouye, S. T. & Kawamura, H. (1979) Persistence of circadian rhythmicity in a mammalian hypothalamic 'island' containing the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA, 76, 5962-66.
122. Jacob, F. (1994) The Possible and the Actual. University of Washington Press, Seattle.
123. Johnson, C., Knight, M., Trewavas, A. & Kondo, T. (1998) A clockwork green: circadian programmes in photosynthetic organisms. In Lumsden, P. J. & Millar, A. J. (eds) Biological Rhythms and Photoperiodism in Plants. BIOS, Oxford, pp. 1-34.
124. Johnson, C. H. & Golden, S. S. (1999) Circadian programs in cyanobacteria: adaptiveness and mechanism. Annu Rev Microbiol, 53, 389-409.
125. Karban, R., Black, C. A. & Weinbaum, S. A. (2000) How 17-year cicadas keep track of time. Ecology Lett, 3, 253-56.
126. Klein, D. C. (1993) The mammalian melatonin rhythm generating system. In Wetterberg, L. (ed.) Light and Biological Rhythms in Man. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 55-71.
127. Kleitman, N. (1963) Sleep and Wakefulness. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
128. Kloner, R. A., Poole, W. K. & Perritt, R. L. (1999) When throughout the year is coronary death most likely to occur? A 12-year population-based analysis of more than 220,000 cases. Circulation, 100, 1630-34.
129. Kmietowicz, Z. (1997) Chemotherapy better tolerated when matched to body's rhythm. Br Med J, 315, 623-28.
130. Koltermann, R. (1974) Periodicity in the activity and learning performance of the honey bee. In Browne, L. B. (ed.) Experimental Analysis of Insect Behaviour. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 218-27.
131. Kondo, T. (1998) Circadian oscillator of prokaryote: circadian timing by Kai clock proteins and associates in cyanobacteria. In Honma, K., Honma, S. (eds) Zeitgebers, Entrainment and Masking of the Circadian System. Hokkaido University Press, Sapporo, pp. 267-79.
132. Kondo, T., Strayer, C. A., Kulkarni, R. D., Taylor, W., Ishiura, M., Golden, S. S. & Johnson, C. H. (1993) Circadian rhythms in prokaryotes: luciferase as a reporter of circadian gene expression in cyanobacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 90, 5672-76.
133. Konopka, R. J. & Benzer, S. (1971) Clock mutants of Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 68, 2112-16.
134. Kramer, G. (1949) Über Richtungstendenzen bei der nächtlichen Zugunruhe gekäfigter Vögel. In Mayr, E. & Schüz, E. (eds) Ornithologie als Biologische Wissenschaft. Winter, Heidelberg, pp. 269-83.
135. Kramer, G. (1952) Experiments on bird orientation. Ibis, 94, 265-85.
136. Kreitzman, L. (1999) The 24 Hour Society. Profile Books, London.
137. Kripke, D. F., Garfinkel, L., Wingard, D. L., Klauber, M. R. & Marler, M. R. (2002) Mortality associated with sleep duration and insomnia. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 59, 131-36.
138. Kruszelnicki, K. S. (1998) Rhythm of life. Great Moments in Science. ABC, Sydney.
139. Lakin-Thomas, P. L. (2000) Circadian rhythms: new functions for old clock genes. Trends Genet, 16, 135-42.
140. Landes, D. (2000) Revolution in Time. Viking, New York.
141. Lévi, F., Giacchetti, S., Zidani, R., Brezault-Bonnet, C., Tigaud, J. M., Goldwasser, F. & Misset, J. L. (2001) Chronotherapy of colorectal cancer metastases. Hepatogastroenterology, 48, 320-22.
142. Lévi, F., Giacchetti, S., Zidani, R., Brezault-Bonnet, C., Tigaud, J. M., Goldwasser, F. & Misset, J. L. (2002) The Mind in the Cave: Consciousness and the Origins of Art. Thames & Hudson, London.
143. Lincoln, G. (1999) Melatonin modulation of prolactin and gonadotrophin secretion. Systems ancient and modern. Adv Exp Med Biol, 460, 137-53.
144. Lockley, S. W., Skene, D. J., Arendt, J., Tabandeh, H., Bird, A. C. & Defrance, R. (1997) Relationship between melatonin rhythms and visual loss in the blind. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 82, 3763-70.
145. Loehle, C. (1990) A guide to increased creativity in research? Inspiration or perspiration? BioScience, 40, 123-29.
146. Loewe, M. (1999) Cyclical and linear concepts of time in China. In Lippincott, K. (ed.) The Story of Time. Merrell Holberton, London, pp. 76-79.
147. Lofts, B. (1970) Animal Photoperiodism. Edward Arnold, London.
148. Magnusson, A. & Boivin, D. (2003) Seasonal affective disorder: an overview. Chronobiol Int, 20, 189-207.
149. Manning, A. & Stamp-Dawkins, M. (1998) Introduction to Animal Behaviour. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
150. Margulis, L. (1998) The Symbiotic Planet: A New Look at Evolution. Basic Books, New York.
151. Marvell, M. (1681) Miscellaneous Poems (facsimile edition, 1969). Scolar Press, Marston.
152. Marvell, M. (2000) Cell cycle control as a basis for cancer drug development (Review). Int J Oncol, 16, 871-86.
153. Menaker, M. (1972) Nonvisual light reception. Sci Am, March, 22-29.
154. Menaker, M. & Binkley, S. (1981) Neural and endocrine control of circadian rhythms in the vertebrates. In Aschoff, J. (ed.) Handbook of Behavioral Neurobiology. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 243-55.
155. Menaker, M. & Tosini, G. (1996) The evolution of vertebrate circadian systems. In Honma, K. & Honma, S. (eds) Circadian Organization and Oscillatory Coupling: Proceedings of the sixth Sapporo Symposium on Biological Rhythms. Hokkaido University Press, Sapporo, Japan, pp. 39-52.
156. Merrow, M., Brunner, M. & Roenneberg, T. (1999) Assignment of circadian function for the Neurospora clock gene frequency. Nature, 399, 584-86.
157. Mignot, E., Taheri, S. & Nishino, S. (2002) Sleeping with the hypothalamus: emerging therapeutic targets for sleep disorders. Nat Neurosci, 5 Suppl, 1071-75.
158. Millar, A. J. (1998) The cellular organisation of circadian rhythms in plants: not one but many clocks. In Lumsden, P. J. & Millar, A. J. (eds) Biological Rhythms and Photoperiodism in Plants. Oxford BIOS Scientific, Oxford, pp. 51-68.
159. Mohawk, J. (2000)
160. Moore, J. (2002) Controlled onset, extended release verapamil similar to standard of care. Today in Cardiology, July.
161. Moore, R. Y. & Eichler, V. B. (1972) Loss of a circadian adrenal corticosterone rhythm following suprachiasmatic lesions in the rat. Brain Res., 42, 201-06.
162. Moore-Ede, M. C. (1993) The 24 hour Society. Addison-Wesley, New York.
163. Moore-Ede, M. C. (1982) The Clocks that Time Us: Physiology of the Circadian Timing System. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
164. Moran, T. H. & Schulkin, J. (2000) Curt Richter and regulatory physiology. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 279, R357-63.
165. Morell, V. (1996) Setting a biological stopwatch. Science, 271, 905-06.
166. Mori, T. & Johnson, C. H. (2001) Circadian programming in cyanobacteria. Semin Cell Dev Biol, 12, 271-78.
167. Morris, S. (2003) How have the coalition troops kept going on so little sleep? The Guardian, London, 10 April.
168. Moss, L. (2003) What Genes Can't Do. MIT Press, Boston.
169. Mrosovsky, N. (1990) Rheostasis: The Physiology of Change. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford.
170. National Commission on Sleep Disorders Research (1992) Wake Up America: A National Sleep Alert. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland.
171. Nowotny, H. (1994) Time - The Modern and Postmodern Experience. Polity Press, Cambridge.
172. Okawa, M., Uchiyama, M., Ozaki, S., Shibui, K. & Ichikawa, H. (1998) Circadian rhythm sleep disorders in adolescents: clinical trials of combined treatments based on chronobiology. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 52, 483-490.
173. Oklejewicz, M., Hut, R. A., Daan, S., Loudon, A. S. I. & Stirland, J. A. (1997) Metabolic rate changes proportionally to circadian frequency in tau mutant hamsters. J Biol Rhythms, 12, 413-22.
174. Olden, K. & Wilson, S. (2000) Environmental health and genomics: visions and implications. Nat Rev Genet, 1, 149-53.
175. Olden, K. & Wilson, S. (2002) The neurobiology of sleep: genetics, cellular physiology and subcortical networks. Nat Rev Neurosci, 3, 591-605.
176. Palevitz, B. A. (2002) Flower of a find. Scientist, 16, 23-24.
177. Pengelley, E. T. & Fisher, K. C. (1966) Locomotor activity patterns and their relation to hibernation in the golden-mantled ground squirrel. J Mammal, 47, 63-73.
178. Pittendrigh, C. S. (1960) Circadian rhythms and the circadian organisation of living systems. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology: Biological Clocks. Long Island Biological Association, Cold Spring Harbor, L.I., New York, The Biological Laboratory Cold Spring Harbor, pp. 159-84.
179. Pittendrigh, C. S. (1993) Temporal organization: reflections of a Darwinian clock-watcher. Annu Rev Physiol, 55, 17-54.
180. Preston, R. (2000) The genome warrior. The New Yorker, 12 June.
181. Prigogine, I. & Stengers, I. (1984) Order Out of Chaos. Flamingo, London.
182. Provencio, I., Rodriguez, I. R., Jiang, G., Hayes, W. P., Moreira, E. F. & Rollag, M. D. (2000) A novel human opsin in the inner retina. J Neurosci, 20, 600-605.
183. Ptácek, L. J. (2001) First human circadian rhythm gene identified. Howard Hughes Medical Institute Research News, 12 January.
184. Rajaratnam, S. M. & Arendt, J. (2001) Health in a 24-h society. Lancet, 358, 999-1005.
185. Ralph, M. R. & Menaker, M. (1988) A mutation of the circadian system in golden hamsters. Science, 241, 1225-27.
186. Ralph, M. R., Foster, R. G., Davis, F. C. & Menaker, M. (1990) Transplanted suprachiasmatic nucleus determines circadian period. Science, 247, 975-78.
187. Recht, L. D., Lew, R. A. & Schwartz, W. J. (1995) Baseball teams beaten by jet lag. Nature, 377, 583.
188. Redman, J., Armstrong, S. & Ng, K. T. (1983) Free-running activity rhythms in the rat: entrainment by melatonin. Science, 219, 1089-91.
189. Redman, J., Armstrong, S. & Ng, K. T. (2002) Biological rhythms in Arctic animals. In Kumar, V. (ed.) Biological Rhythms. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, pp. 216-23.
190. Reierth, E., Van't Hof, T. J. & Stokkan, K. A. (1999) Seasonal and daily variations in plasma melatonin in the high-Arctic Svalbard ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus hyperboreus). J Biol Rhythms, 14, 314-19.
191. Reiter, R. J. (1975) Exogenous and endogenous control of the annual reproductive cycle in the male golden hamster: participation of the pineal gland. J Exp Zool, 191, 111-20.
192. Rensing, L., Meyer-Grahle, U. & Ruoff, P. (2001) Biological timing and the clock metaphor: oscillatory and hourglass mechanisms. Chronobiol Int, 18, 329-69.
193. Reppert, S. M. (1997) Melatonin receptors: molecular biology of a new family of G protein-coupled receptors. J Biol Rhythms, 12, 528-31.
194. Richter, C. (1967) Sleep and activity: their relation to the 24 hour clock. In Kety, S. S., Evarts, E. V. & Williams, H. L. (eds) Sleep and Altered States of Consciousness. Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore, pp. 8-29.
195. Richter, C. (1985) It's a long way to Tipperary: land of my genes. In Dewsdury, D.A. (ed.) Leaders in the Study of Animal Behavior. Bucknell University Press, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania.
196. Rivard, G. E., Infante-Rivard, C., Dresse, M. F., Leclerc, J. M. & Champagne, J. (1993) Circadian time-dependent response of childhood lymphoblastic leukemia to chemotherapy: a long-term follow-up study of survival. Chronobiol Int, 10, 201-04.
197. Roenneberg, T. & Merrow, M. (2001) The role of feedback in circadian systems. In Honma, K. & Honma, S. (eds) Zeitgebers, Entrainment and Masking of the Circadian System. Hokkaido University Press, Sapporo, pp. 113-29.
198. Rose, S. (1998) Lifelines. Penguin, London.
199. Rossi, B., Zani, A. & Mecacci, L. (1983) Percept Mot Skills, 57, 27-30.
200. Rossi, E. L. (1992) Ultradian Rhythms in Life Processes: An Inquiry into Fundamental Principles of Chronobiology and Psychobiology. Springer-Verlag Palisades Gateway Publishing, New York.
201. Rothschild, L. (1998) Protists, UV and evolution.
202. Rothschild, L. J. & Cockell, C. S. (1999) Radiation: microbial evolution, ecology, and relevance to mars missions. Mutat Res, 430, 281-91.
203. Rowan, W. (1925) Relation of light to bird migration and developmental changes. Nature, 115, 494-95.
204. Rowan, W. (1929) Experiments in bird migration I: manipulation of the reproductive cycle. Proc Boston Soc Nat Hist, 39, 151-208.
205. Rozin, P. (1976). In Blass, E. (ed.) The Psychobiology of Curt Richter. York Press, Baltimore, pp. xv-xxix.
206. Russo, E. (1999) Circadian Rhythms. Scientist, 13, 16.
207. Sacks, O. (1991) Awakenings. Picador, London.
208. Saper, C. B., Chou, T. C. & Scammell, T. E. (2001) The sleep switch: hypothalamic control of sleep and wakefulness. Trends Neurosci, 24, 726-31.
209. Saper, C. B., Chou, T. C. & Scammell, T. E. (2000) Sporadic fatal insomnia: a case study. Ann Neurol, 48, 665-68.
210. Schäfer, E. A. (1907) On the incidence of daylight as a determining factor in bird migration. Nature, 77, 159-63.
211. Scheuerlein, A. & Gwinner, E. (2002) Is food availability a circannual zeitgeber in tropical birds? A field experiment on stonechats in tropical Africa. J Biol Rhythms, 17, 171-80.
212. Schmidt-Nielsen, K., Schmidt-Nielsen, B., Jarnum, S. A. & Houpt, T. R. (1957) Body temperature of the camel and its relation to water economy. Am J Physiol, 188, 103-12.
213. Schopf, W. (1999) The Cradle of Life. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
214. Schrödinger, E. (1992) What Is Life?: With Mind and Matter and Autobiographical Sketches (CANTO). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
215. Schwartz, W. J., Davidsen, L. C. & Smith, C. B. (1980) In vivo metabolic activity of a putative circadian oscillator, the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Comp Neurol, 189, 157-67.
216. Sehgal, A., Rothenfluh-Hilfiker, A., Hunter-Ensor, M., Chen, Y., Myers, M. P. & Young, M. W. (1995) Rhythmic expression of timeless: a basis for promoting circadian cycles in period gene autoregulation. Science, 270, 808-10.
217. Sekaran, S., Foster, R. G., Lucas, R. J. & Hankins, M. W. (2003) Calcium imaging reveals a network of intrinsically light-sensitive inner-retinal neurons. Curr Biol, 13, 1290-98.
218. Shettleworth, S. J. (1998) Cognition, Evolution and Behaviour. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
219. Silver, R., Lesauter, J., Tresco, P. A. & Lehman, M. N. (1996) A diffusible coupling signal from the transplanted suprachiasmatic nucleus controlling circadian locomotor rhythms. Nature, 382, 810-13.
220. Simpson, S. & Galbraith, J. J. (1905) An investigation into the diurnal variation of the body temperature of nocturnal and other birds and a few mammals. J Physiol (Lond), 33, 225-38.
221. Singer, C. M. & Lewy, A. J. 1999 Does our DNA determine when we sleep? Nat Med, 5, 983.
222. Siwicki, K. K., Eastman, C., Petersen, G., Rosbash, M. & Hall, J. C. (1988) Antibodies to the period gene product of Drosophila reveal diverse tissue distribution and rhythmic changes in the visual system. Neuron, 1, 141-50.
223. Smolensky, M. H. (1998) Knowledge and attitudes of American physicians and public about medical chronobiology and chronotherapeutics. Findings of two 1996 Gallup surveys. Chronobiol Int, 15, 377-94.
224. Smolensky, M. H. & Lamberg, L. (2000) The Body Clock Guide to Better Health: How to Use Your Body's Natural Clock to Fight Illness and Achieve Maximum Health. Henry Holt and Company, New York.
225. Somers, D. E., Devlin, P. F. & Kay, S. A. (1998) Phytochromes and cryptochromes in the entrainment of the Arabidopsis circadian clock. Science, 282, 1488-90.
226. Soni, B. G., Philp, A. R., Knox, B. E. & Foster, R. G. (1998) Novel retinal photoreceptors. Nature, 394, 27-28.
227. Spaceflight Now (2002) Humans' internal clock not ready for Mars time (National Space Biomedical Research Institute News Release, 24 January).
228. Stephan, F. K. & Zucker, I. (1972) Circadian rhythms in drinking behavior and locomotor activity of rats are eliminated by hypothalamic lesions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 69, 1583-86.
229. Stevens, R. G. & Rea, M. S. (2001) Light in the built environment: potential role of circadian disruption in endocrine disruption and breast cancer. Cancer Causes Control, 12, 279-87.
230. Stokkan, K. A., Yamazaki, S., Tei, H., Sakaki, Y. & Menaker, M. (2001) Entrainment of the circadian clock in the liver by feeding. Science, 291, 490-93.
231. Storch, K. F., Lipan, O., Leykin, I., Viswanathan, N., Davis, F. C., Wong, W. H. & Weitz, C. J. (2002) Extensive and divergent circadian gene expression in liver and heart. Nature, 417, 78-83.
232. Toh, K. L., Jones, C. R., He, Y., Eide, E. J., Hinz, W. A., Virshup, D. M., Ptácek, L. J. & Fu, Y. H. (2001) An hPer2 phosphorylation site mutation in familial advanced sleep phase syndrome. Science, 291, 1040-43.
233. UNEP (1995) Global Biodiversity Assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
234. Van Someren, E. J., Swaab, D. F., Colenda, C. C., Cohen, W., McCall, W. V. & Rosenquist, P. B. (1999) Bright light therapy: improved sensitivity to its effects on rest-activity rhythms in Alzheimer patients by application of nonparametric methods. Chronobiol Int, 16, 505-18.
235. Vitaterna, M. H., King, D. P., Chang, A., Kornhauser, J. M., Lowrey, P. L., McDonald, J. D., Dove, W. F., Pinto, L. H., Turek, F. W. & Takahashi, J. S. (1994) Mutagenesis and mapping of a mouse gene, clock, essential for circadian behavior. Science, 264, 719-25.
236. von Economo, C. (1931) Sleep as a problem of localisation. J Nerv Mental Dis, 71, 249-69.
237. von Frisch, K. (1953) The Dancing Bees. Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, New York.
238. Wayne, N. L., Malpaux, B. & Karsch, F. J. (1988) How does melatonin code for day length in the ewe: duration of nocturnal melatonin release or coincidence of melatonin with a light-entrained sensitive period? Biol Reprod, 39, 66-75.
239. Weinberg, S. (1998) The revolution that didn't happen. New York Review of Books, vol. 45.
240. Weiner, J. (1999) Time, Love, Memory. Vintage Books, New York.
241. Welsh, D. K., Logothetis, D. E., Meister, M. & Reppert, S. M. (1995) Individual neurons dissociated from rat suprachiasmatic nucleus express independently phased circadian firing rhythms. Neuron, 14, 697-706.
242. Went, F. W. (1960) Photo- and thermoperiodic effects in plant growth. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology: Biological Clocks. Long Island Biological Association, The Biological Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, L.I., New York., pp. 221-30.
243. Whitehead, D. C., Thomas, H., Jr. & Slapper, D. R. (1992) A rational approach to shift work in emergency medicine. Ann Emerg Med, 21, 1250-58.
244. Whitmore, D., Foulkes, N. S. & Sassone-Corsi, P. (2000) Light acts directly on organs and cells in culture to set the vertebrate circadian clock. Nature, 404, 87-91.
245. WHO (1992) World malaria situation 1990. Division of Control of Tropical Diseases. World Health Organization, Geneva. World Health Stat Q, 45, 257-66.
246. Wilson, E. O. (1998) Consilience. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
247. Woodrow, H. (1951) Time perception. In Stevens, S. S. (ed.) Handbook of Experimental Psychology. John Wiley, New York, pp. 1224-36.
248. Wright, J. E., Vogel, J. A., Sampson, J. B., Knapik, J. J., Patton, J. F. & Daniels, W. L. (1983) Effects of travel across time zones (jet-lag) on exercise capacity and performance. Aviat Space Environ Med, 54, 132-37.
249. Wurtman, R. J. & Wurtman, J. J. (1989) Carbohydrates and depression. Sci Am, 260, 68-75.
250. Yamazaki, S., Numano, R., Abe, M., Hida, A., Takahashi, R., Ueda, M., Block, G. D., Sakaki, Y., Menaker, M. & Tei, H. (2000) Resetting central and peripheral circadian oscillators in transgenic rats. Science, 288, 682-85.
251. Young, J. Z. (1962) The Life of the Vertebrates. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
252. Young, M. (1998) The Metronomic Society: Natural Rhythms and Human Timetables. Thames & Hudson, London.
253. Zimmerman, N. H. & Menaker, M. (1979) The pineal gland: a pacemaker within the circadian system of the house sparrow. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 76, 999-1003.