Organic and inorganic dietary phosphorus and its management in chronic kidney disease

Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases

Volumn 4, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 89-100

  Noori, Nazanin ^a,b   Sims, John J ^c   Kopple, Joel D ^a,b,d   Shah, Anuja ^a,b   Colman, Sara ^e   Shinaberger, Christian S ^a,d   Bross, Rachelle ^a,b   Mehrotra, Rajnish ^a,b   Kovesdy, Csaba P ^f,g   Kalantar Zadeh, Kamyar ^a,b,d  

^a HARBOR UCLA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c KAISER PERMANENTE   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^e DaVita   (United States)

^f VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Chronic kidney failure; Dietary phosphorous; Food preservatives; Hemodialysis

Indexed keywords

FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 23; PARATHYROID HORMONE; PHOSPHORUS; PHYTATE; VITAMIN D; VITAMIN D RECEPTOR;

BLOOD VESSEL CALCIFICATION; BONE MINERALIZATION; CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIET RESTRICTION; EXTRACELLULAR FLUID; GASTROINTESTINAL ABSORPTION; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; HEMODIALYSIS; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; PARATHYROID HORMONE BLOOD LEVEL; PERITONEAL DIALYSIS; PHOSPHATE BLOOD LEVEL; PHOSPHATE INTAKE; PHOSPHATE METABOLISM; PROTEIN INTAKE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR;

FOOD PRESERVATIVES; HUMANS; PHOSPHORUS, DIETARY; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY, CHRONIC; VEGETABLE PROTEINS;

EID: 77953164325     PISSN: 17358582     EISSN: 17358604     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (76)

1. Kovesdy CP, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Bone and mineral disorders in pre-dialysis CKD. Int Urol Nephrol. 2008;40:427-40.
2. Young EW, Akiba T, Albert JM, et al. Magnitude and impact of abnormal mineral metabolism in hemodialysis patients in the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;44:34-8.
3. Chertow GM, Burke SK, Raggi P. Sevelamer attenuates the progression of coronary and aortic calcification in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2002;62:245-52.
4. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Gutekunst L, Mehrotra R, et al. Understanding Sources of Dietary Phosphorus in the Treatment of Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010.
5. Shinaberger CS, Greenland S, Kopple JD, et al. Is controlling phosphorus by decreasing dietary protein intake beneficial or harmful in persons with chronic kidney disease? Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88:1511-8.
6. National Research Council, Food and Nutrition Board. Recommended dietary allowances. 10th ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1989. p. 184-7.
7. KDOQI Work Group. KDOQI Clinical Practice Guideline for Nutrition in Children with CKD: 2008 update. Executive summary. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;53(3 Suppl 2):S11-104.
8. United States Department of Agriculture [Homepage on Internet]. USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 21 [cited 24 March 2010]. Available from: http://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=18880
9. Hodgkin G, Maloney S, editors. The Loma Linda University diet manual: a handbook supporting vegetarian nutrition. Loma Linda, CA: Loma Linda University Press; 2003.
10. Boaz M, Smetana S. Regression equation predicts dietary phosphorus intake from estimate of dietary protein intake. J Am Diet Assoc. 1996;96:1268-70.
11. Kayne LH, D'Argenio DZ, Meyer JH, Hu MS, Jamgotchian N, Lee DB. Analysis of segmental phosphate absorption in intact rats. A compartmental analysis approach. J Clin Invest. 1993;91:915-22.
12. Uribarri J. Phosphorus homeostasis in normal health and in chronic kidney disease patients with special emphasis on dietary phosphorus intake. Semin Dial. 2007;20: 295-301.
13. Sampathkumar K, Selvam M, Sooraj YS, Gowthaman S, Ajeshkumar RN. Extended release nicotinic acid - a novel oral agent for phosphate control. Int Urol Nephrol. 2006;38:171-4.
14. Pecoits-Filho R. Dietary protein intake and kidney disease in Western diet. Contrib Nephrol. 2007;155:102-12.
15. Murphy-Gutekunst L. Hidden phosphorus in popular beverages. Nephrol Nurs J. 2005;32:443-5.
16. Ewers B, Riserus U, Marckmann P. Effects of unsaturated fat dietary supplements on blood lipids, and on markers of malnutrition and inflammation in hemodialysis patients. J Ren Nutr. 2009;19:401-11.
17. Bohn L, Meyer AS, Rasmussen SK. Phytate: impact on environment and human nutrition. A challenge for molecular breeding. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2008;9:165-91.
18. Parsons JG, Keeney PG. Phospholipid concentration in cocoa butter and its relationship to viscosity in dark chocolate. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 1969;46:425-7.
19. Sandberg AS, Andersson H, Kivisto B, Sandstrom B. Extrusion cooking of a high-fibre cereal product. 1. Effects on digestibility and absorption of protein, fat, starch, dietary fibre and phytate in the small intestine. Br J Nutr. 1986;55:245-54.
20. Lei XG, Porres JM. Phytase enzymology, applications, and biotechnology. Biotechnol Lett. 2003;25:1787-94.
21. Sullivan C, Sayre SS, Leon JB, et al. Effect of food additives on hyperphosphatemia among patients with endstage renal disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009;301:629-35.
22. Karp HJ, Vaihia KP, Karkkainen MU, Niemisto MJ, Lamberg-Allardt CJ. Acute effects of different phosphorus sources on calcium and bone metabolism in young women: a whole-foods approach. Calcif Tissue Int. 2007;80:251-8.
23. Zhang H, Onning G, Oste R, Gramatkovski E, Hulthen L. Improved iron bioavailability in an oat-based beverage: the combined effect of citric acid addition, dephytinization and iron supplementation. Eur J Nutr. 2007;46:95-102.
24. Sherman RA. Dietary phosphate restriction and protein intake in dialysis patients: a misdirected focus. Semin Dial. 2007;20:16-8.
25. Uribarri J, Calvo MS. Hidden sources of phosphorus in the typical American diet: does it matter in nephrology? Semin Dial. 2003;16:186-8.
26. Kemi VE, Rita HJ, Karkkainen MU, et al. Habitual high phosphorus intakes and foods with phosphate additives negatively affect serum parathyroid hormone concentration: a cross-sectional study on healthy premenopausal women. Public Health Nutr. 20091-8.
27. Murphy-Gutekunst L. Hidden phosphorus: where do we go from here? J Ren Nutr. 2007;17:e31-e6.
28. Cupisti A, D'Alessandro C, Baldi R, Barsotti G. Dietary habits and counseling focused on phosphate intake in hemodialysis patients with hyperphosphatemia. J Ren Nutr. 2004;14:220-5.
29. Murphy-Gutekunst L, Uribarri J. Hidden Phosphorus-Enhanced Meats: Part 3. J Ren Nutr. 2005;15:E1-E4.
30. Bell RR, Draper HH, Tzeng DY, Shin HK, Schmidt GR. Physiological responses of human adults to foods containing phosphate additives. J Nutr. 1977;107:42-50.
31. Sullivan CM, Leon JB, Sehgal AR. Phosphorus-containing food additives and the accuracy of nutrient databases: implications for renal patients. J Ren Nutr. 2007;17:350-4.
32. Calvo MS. Dietary considerations to prevent loss of bone and renal function. Nutrition. 2000;16:564-6.
33. Calvo MS, Park YK. Changing phosphorus content of the U.S. diet: potential for adverse effects on bone. J Nutr. 1996;126:1168S-80S.
34. Uribarri J. Phosphorus additives in food and their effect in dialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4:1290-2.
35. Shafey TM, McDonald MW, Pym RA. Effects of dietary calcium, available phosphorus and vitamin D on growth rate, food utilisation, plasma and bone constituents and calcium and phosphorus retention of commercial broiler strains. Br Poult Sci. 1990;31:587-602.
36. Allen LH, Wood RJ. Calcium and phosphorus in modern nutrition. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, editors. Health and disease, 8th ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; p. 144-63.
37. Fallingborg J. Intraluminal pH of the human gastrointestinal tract. Dan Med Bull. 1999;46:183-96.
38. Tenenhouse HS. Regulation of phosphorus homeostasis by the type iia na/phosphate cotransporter. Annu Rev Nutr. 2005;25:197-214.
39. Quarles LD. Endocrine functions of bone in mineral metabolism regulation. J Clin Invest. 2008;118:3820-8.
40. Prie D, Urena Torres P, Friedlander G. Latest findings in phosphate homeostasis. Kidney Int. 2009;75:882-9.
41. Saito H, Kusano K, Kinosaki M, et al. Human fibroblast growth factor-23 mutants suppress Na+-dependent phosphate co-transport activity and 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:2206-11.
42. Shimada T, Hasegawa H, Yamazaki Y, et al. FGF-23 is a potent regulator of vitamin D metabolism and phosphate homeostasis. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19:429-35.
43. Liu S, Quarles LD. How fibroblast growth factor 23 works. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18:1637-47.
44. Gutierrez O, Isakova T, Rhee E, et al. Fibroblast growth factor-23 mitigates hyperphosphatemia but accentuates calcitriol deficiency in chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:2205-15.
45. Larsson PT, Hallerstam S, Rosfors S, Wallen NH. Circulating markers of inflammation are related to carotid artery atherosclerosis. Int Angiol. 2005;24:43-51.
46. Block GA, Klassen PS, Lazarus JM, Ofsthun N, Lowrie EG, Chertow GM. Mineral metabolism, mortality, and morbidity in maintenance hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15:2208-18.
47. Isakova T, Gutierrez OM, Wolf M. A blueprint for randomized trials targeting phosphorus metabolism in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2009;76:705-16.
48. Kooienga L. Phosphorus balance with daily dialysis. Semin Dial. 2007;20:342-5.
49. Spalding EM, Chamney PW, Farrington K. Phosphate kinetics during hemodialysis: Evidence for biphasic regulation. Kidney Int. 2002;61:655-67.
50. Gutzwiller JP, Schneditz D, Huber AR, Schindler C, Gutzwiller F, Zehnder CE. Estimating phosphate removal in haemodialysis: an additional tool to quantify dialysis dose. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17:1037-44.
51. Adeney KL, Siscovick DS, Ix JH, et al. Association of serum phosphate with vascular and valvular calcification in moderate CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20:381-7.
52. Tomiyama C, Higa A, Dalboni MA, et al. The impact of traditional and non-traditional risk factors on coronary calcification in pre-dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21:2464-71.
53. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kuwae N, Regidor DL, et al. Survival predictability of time-varying indicators of bone disease in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2006;70:771-80.
54. Lowrie EG, Lew NL. Death risk in hemodialysis patients: the predictive value of commonly measured variables and an evaluation of death rate differences between facilities. Am J Kidney Dis. 1990;15:458-82.
55. Block GA, Hulbert-Shearon TE, Levin NW, Port FK. Association of serum phosphorus and calcium x phosphate product with mortality risk in chronic hemodialysis patients: a national study. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998;31:607-17.
56. Ganesh SK, Stack AG, Levin NW, Hulbert-Shearon T, Port FK. Association of elevated serum PO(4), Ca x PO(4) product, and parathyroid hormone with cardiac mortality risk in chronic hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2001;12:2131-8.
57. Young EW, Albert JM, Satayathum S, et al. Predictors and consequences of altered mineral metabolism: the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study. Kidney Int. 2005;67:1179-87.
58. Slinin Y, Foley RN, Collins AJ. Calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, and cardiovascular disease in hemodialysis patients: the USRDS waves 1, 3, and 4 study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:1788-93.
59. Noordzij M, Korevaar JC, Bos WJ, et al. Mineral metabolism and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality risk: peritoneal dialysis patients compared with haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21:2513-20.
60. Nakai S, Akiba T, Kazama J, et al. Effects of serum calcium, phosphorous, and intact parathyroid hormone levels on survival in chronic hemodialysis patients in Japan. Ther Apher Dial. 2008;12:49-54.
61. National Academy of Sciences [Homepage on Internet]. Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes: Elements. Available from: http://www.iom.edu/Object.File/Master/7/294/0.pdf
62. Noori N, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kovesdy CP, Bross R, Benner D, Kopple JD. Association of dietary phosphorus intake and phosphorus to protein ratio with mortality in hemodialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010 [In press].
63. Kopple JM, SG. Kopple and Massry's nutritional management of renal disease. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2004.
64. Oenning LL, Vogel J, Calvo MS. Accuracy of methods estimating calcium and phosphorus intake in daily diets. J Am Diet Assoc. 1988;88:1076-80.
65. National Kidney Foundation I, Kidney Disease-Dialysis Outcome Quality Initiative. K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for bone metabolism and disease in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;42:S1-S202.
66. Shinaberger CS, Kilpatrick RD, Regidor DL, et al. Longitudinal associations between dietary protein intake and survival in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kid Dis. 2006;48:37-49.
67. Colman S, Bross R, Benner D, et al. The Nutritional and Inflammatory Evaluation in Dialysis patients (NIED) study: overview of the NIED study and the role of dietitians. J Ren Nutr. 2005;15:231-43.
68. Rambod M, Kovesdy CP, Bross R, Kopple JD, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Association of serum prealbumin and its changes over time with clinical outcomes and survival in patients receiving hemodialysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88:1485-94.
69. Sherman RA, Mehta O. Dietary phosphorus restriction in dialysis patients: potential impact of processed meat, poultry, and fish products as protein sources. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;54:18-23.
70. Sherman RA, Mehta O. Phosphorus and Potassium Content of Enhanced Meat and Poultry Products: Implications for Patients Who Receive Dialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009.
71. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kovesdy CP. Clinical outcomes with active versus nutritional vitamin D compounds in chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4:1529-39.
72. Kovesdy CP, Mehrotra R, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Battleground: chronic kidney disorders mineral and bone disease calcium obsession, vitamin D, and binder confusion. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;3:168-73.
73. Shantouf R, Budoff MJ, Ahmadi N, Tiano J, Flores F, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Effects of Sevelamer and Calcium-Based Phosphate Binders on Lipid and Inflammatory Markers in Hemodialysis Patients. Am J Nephrol. 2007;28:275-9.
74. Cozzolino M, Brancaccio D. Hyperphosphatemia in dialysis patients: the therapeutic role of lanthanum carbonate. Int J Artif Organs. 2007;30:293-300.
75. Qunibi WY, Nolan CR. Treatment of hyperphosphatemia in patients with chronic kidney disease on maintenance hemodialysis: results of the CARE study. Kidney Int Suppl. 2004S33-8.
76. Kuhlmann MK, Hoechst S, Landthaler I. Patient empowerment in the management of hyperphosphatemia. Int J Artif Organs. 2007;30:1008-13.