Self-esteem accessibility as attitude strength: On the durability and impactfulness of accessible self-esteem

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

Volumn 36, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 628-641

  DeMarree, Kenneth G ^a   Petty, Richard E ^b   Strunk, Daniel R ^b  

^a TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Accessibility; Attitude strength; Bias; Self esteem; Self strength

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATTITUDE; FEMALE; HUMAN; INDIVIDUALITY; MALE; PERSONALITY; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; SELF CONCEPT; SELF EVALUATION;

ATTITUDE; FEMALE; HUMANS; INDIVIDUALITY; MALE; PERSONALITY; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; SELF ASSESSMENT (PSYCHOLOGY); SELF CONCEPT;

EID: 77952295673     PISSN: 01461672     EISSN: 15527433     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0146167210364851     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Abelson, R.P. (1995). Attitude extremity. In R. E. Petty & J. A. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences (pp. 25-41). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
2. Aiken, L.S., & West, S.G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
3. Alloy, L.B., Abramson, L.Y., Safford, S.M., & Gibb, B.E. (2006). The Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression (CVD) Project: Current findings and future directions. In L. B. Alloy & J. H. Riskind (Eds.), Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders (pp. 33-61). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
4. Balcetis, E. (2008). Where the motivation resides and self-deception hides: How motivated cognition accomplishes self-deception. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2, 361-381.
5. Bassili, J.N. (1996). Meta-judgmental versus operative indexes of psychological attributes: The case of measures of attitude strength. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 637-653.
6. Baumeister, R.F., Campbell, J.D., Krueger, J.I., & Vohs, K.D. (2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4, 1-44.
7. Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., & Brown, G.K. (1996). Beck Depression Inventory manual (2nd ed.). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
8. Beck, A.T., Ward, C.H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561-571.
9. Boninger, D.S., Krosnick, J.A., & Berent, M.K. (1995). Origins of attitude importance: Self-interest, social identification, and value relevance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 61-80.
10. Briñol, P., & Petty, R.E. (2003). Overt head movements and persuasion: A self-validation analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 1123-1139.
11. Briñol, P., Petty, R.E., & Wheeler, S.C. (2006). Discrepancies between explicit and implicit self-concepts: Consequences for information processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 154-170.
12. Bruner, J.S. (1957). On perceptual readiness. Psychological Review, 64, 123-152.
13. Campbell, J.D., Trapnell, P.D., Heine, S.J., Katz, I.M., Lavallee, L.F., & Lehman, D.R. (1996). Self-concept clarity: Measurement, personality correlates, and cultural boundaries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 141-156.
14. Carver, C.S., & Scheier, M.F. (1978). Self-focusing effects of dispositional self-consciousness, mirror presence, and audience presence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 324-332.
15. Clark, D.A., Beck, A.T., & Alford, B.A. (1999). Scientific foundations of cognitive theory and therapy of depression. New York, NY: John Wiley.
16. Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/ correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
17. Crites, S.L., Jr., Fabrigar, L.R., & Petty, R.E. (1994). Measuring the affective and cognitive properties of attitudes: Conceptual and methodological issues. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 219-234.
18. DeMarree, K.G., Petty, R.E., & Briñol, P. (2007a). Self and attitude strength parallels: Focus on accessibility. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 1, 441-468.
19. DeMarree, K.G., Petty, R.E., & Briñol, P. (2007b). Self-certainty: Parallels to attitude certainty. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 7, 159-188.
20. Fabrigar, L.R., Priester, J.R., Petty, R.E., & Wegener, D.T. (1998). The impact of attitude accessibility on elaboration of persuasive messages. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 339-352.
21. Fazio, R.H. (1995). Attitudes as object-evaluation associations: Determinants, consequences, and correlates of attitude accessibility. In R. E. Petty & J. A. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences (pp. 247-282). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
22. Fazio, R.H. (2000). Accessible attitudes as tools for object appraisal: Their costs and benefits. In G. R. Maio & J. M. Olson (Eds.), Why we evaluate: Functions of attitudes (pp. 1-36). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
23. Fazio, R.H., & Powell, M.C. (1997). On the value of knowing one's likes and dislikes: Attitude accessibility, stress, and health in college. Psychological Science, 8, 430-436.
24. Fazio, R.H., & Williams, C.J. (1986). Attitude accessibility as a moderator of the attitude-perception and attitude-behavior relations: An investigation of the 1984 presidential election. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 505-514.
25. Fazio, R.H., & Zanna, M.P. (1978). On the predictive validity of attitudes: The roles of direct experience and confidence. Journal of Personality, 46, 228-243.
26. Forer, B.R. (1949). The fallacy of personal validation: A classroom demonstration of gullibility. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 44, 118-123.
27. Higgins, E.T. (1996). Knowledge activation: Accessibility, applicability, and salience. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 133-168). New York, NY: Guilford.
28. Higgins, E.T., Shah, J., & Friedman, R. (1997). Emotional responses to goal attainment: Strength of regulatory focus as moderator. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 515-525.
29. Holbrook, A.L., Berent, M.K., Krosnick, J.A., Visser, P.S., & Boninger, D.S. (2005). Attitude importance and the accumulation of attitude-relevant knowledge in memory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 749-769.
30. Holland, R.W., Verplanken, B., & van Knippenberg, A. (2002). On the nature of attitude-behavior relations: The strong guide, the weak follow. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32, 869-876.
31. Hollon, S.D., & Garber, J. (1980). A cognitive-expectancy theory of therapy for helplessness and depression. In J. Garber & M. E. P. Seligman (Eds.), Human helplessness: Theory and applications (pp. 173-195). New York, NY: Academic Press.
32. Janis, I.L., & King, B.T. (1954). The influence of role-playing on opinion change. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 49, 211-218.
33. Jones, E.E., Rhodewalt, F., Berglas, S., & Skelton, J.A. (1981). Effects of strategic self-presentation on subsequent self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 407-421.
34. Koole, S.L., Dijksterhuis, A., & van Knippenberg, A. (2001). What's in a name: Implicit self-esteem and the automatic self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 669-685.
35. Krosnick, J.A. (1988). The role of attitude importance in social evaluation: A study of policy preferences, presidential candidate evaluations, and voting behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 196-210.
36. Krosnick, J.A. (1991). Response strategies for coping with the cognitive demands of attitude measures in surveys. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 5, 213-236.
37. Krosnick, J.A., & Petty, R.E. (1995). Attitude strength: An overview. In R. E. Petty & J. A. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences (pp. 1-24). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
38. Mellema, A., & Bassili, J.N. (1995). On the relationship between attitudes and values: Exploring the moderating effects of self-monitoring and self-monitoring schematicity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 885-892.
39. Norman, C.C., & Aron, A. (2003). Aspects of possible self that predict motivation to achieve or avoid it. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 500-507.
40. Pelham, B.W., & Swann, W.B. (1989). From self-conceptions to self-worth: On the sources and structure of global self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 672-680.
41. Peterson, C., & Seligman, M.E. (1984). Causal explanations as a risk factor for depression: Theory and evidence. Psychological Review, 91, 347-374.
42. Peterson, C., Semmel, A., Von Baeyer, C., Abramson, L.Y., Metalsky, G.I., & Seligman, M.E.P. (1982). The Attributional Style Questionnaire. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 6, 287-300.
43. Peterson, D.A.M. (2004). Certainty or accessibility: Attitude strength in candidate evaluations. American Journal of Political Science, 48, 513-520.
44. Petty, R.E. (2006). A metacognitive model of attitudes. Journal of Consumer Research, 33, 22-25.
45. Petty, R.E., Briñol, P., Tormala, Z.L., & Wegener, D.T. (2007). The role of meta-cognition in social judgment. In A. W. Kruglanski & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (2nd ed., pp. 254-284). New York, NY: Guilford.
46. Petty, R.E., & Cacioppo, J.T. (1990). Involvement and persuasion: Tradition versus integration. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 367-374.
47. Petty, R.E., & Krosnick, J.A. (1995). Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
48. Petty, R.E., Wheeler, S.C., & Tormala, Z.L. (2003). Persuasion and attitude change. In T. Millon & M. J. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: Personality and social psychology (Vol. 5, pp. 353-382). New York, NY: John Wiley.
49. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
50. Schwinghammer, S.A., & Stapel, D. (2006). The effects of different types of self-activation on social comparison orientation. Social Cognition, 24, 703-722.
51. Schwinghammer, S.A., Stapel, D.A., & Blanton, H. (2006). Different selves have different effects: Self-activation and defensive social comparison. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 27-39.
52. Snyder, M. (1974). Self-monitoring of expressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, 526-537.
53. Stapel, D.A., & Tesser, A. (2001). Self-activation increases social comparison. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 742-750.
54. Strunk, D.R., & Adler, A.D. (2009). Cognitive biases in three prediction tasks: A test of the cognitive model of depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 34-40.
55. Strunk, D.R., Lopez, H., & DeRubeis, R.J. (2006). Depressive symptoms are associated with unrealistic negative predictions of future life events. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 875-896.
56. Swann, W.B., Chang-Schneider, C., & McClarty, K.L. (2007). Do our self-views matter? Self-concept and self-esteem in everyday life. American Psychologist, 62, 84-94.
57. Swann, W.B., & Ely, R.J. (1984). A battle of wills: Self-verification versus behavioral confirmation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 1287-1302.
58. Tennen, H., & Herzberger, S. (1987). Depression, self-esteem, and the absence of self-protective attributional biases. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 72-80.
59. Tesser, A. (2000). On the confluence of self-esteem maintenance mechanisms. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 290-299.
60. Tormala, Z.L., & Petty, R.E. (2002). What doesn't kill me makes me stronger: The effects of resisting persuasion on attitude certainty. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 1298-1313.
61. Visser, P.S., Bizer, G.Y., & Krosnick, J.A. (2006). Exploring the latent structure of strength related attitude attributes. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 38, pp. 1-67). New York, NY: Academic Press.
62. Wilson, T.D., & Hodges, S.D. (1992). Attitudes as temporary constructions. In L. L. Martin & A. Tesser (Eds.), The construction of social judgments (pp. 37-65). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.