Self-certainty: Parallels to attitude certainty

International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 159-188

  DeMarree, Kenneth G ^a   Petty, Richard E ^a   Briñol, Pablo ^b  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID   (Spain)

Author keywords

Attitude certainty; Attitudes; Self; Self certainty

Indexed keywords

EID: 34547837710     PISSN: 15777057     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (148)

1. Abelson RP (1988). Conviction. American Psychologist, 43, 267-275.
2. Abelson RP & Prentice DA (1989). Beliefs as possessions: A functional perspective. In AR Pratkanis, SJ Breckler & AG Greenwald (Eds.), Attitude structure and function, (pp. 361-381). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
3. Ajzen I (1988). Attitudes, Personality, and Behavior. Milton Keynes, UK: Open University Press.
4. Ajzen I & Fishbein M (1973). Attitudinal and normative variables as predictors of specific behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27, 41-57.
5. Andersen SM & Chen S (2002). The relational self: An interpersonal social-cognitive theory. Psychological Review, 109, 619-645.
6. Aran A, McLaughlin-Volpe T, Mashek D, Lewandowski G, Wright SC & Aron EN (2004). Including others in the self. In W Stroebe & M Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psychology (Vol. 15, pp. 101-132).
7. Aronson E (1969). The theory of cognitive dissonance: A current perspective. In L Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 1-34). New York: Academic Press.
8. Baldwin MW (1992). Relational schemas and the processing of social information. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 461-484.
9. Barden J, Maddux WW, Petty RE & Brewer MB (2004). Contextual Moderation of Racial Bias: The Impact of Social Roles on Controlled and Automatically Activated Attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 5-22.
10. Barden J & Petty RE (2005). Perceived thought as an origin of attitude certainty. Unpublished manuscript, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
11. Bassili JN (1996). Meta-judgmental versus operative indexes of psychological attributes: The case of measures of attitude strength. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 637-653.
12. Baumeister RF (1998). The self. In DT Gilbert, ST Fiske & G Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (4th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 680-740). New York: McGraw Hill.
13. Baumgardner AH (1990). To know oneself is to like oneself: Self-certainty and self-affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 1062-1072.
14. Beck AT (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: International Universities Press.
15. Bem DJ (1967). Self-Perception: An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena. Psychological Review, 74, 183-200.
16. Breckler SJ (1984). Empirical validation of affect, behavior, and cognition as distinct components of attitude. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 1191-1205.
17. Brewer MB & Gardner WL (1996). Who is this "we"? Levels of collective identity and self representations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 83-93.
18. Briñol P & Petty RE (2003). Overt head movements and persuasion: A self-validation analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 1123-1139.
19. Briñol P & Petty RE (2004). Self-Validation processes: The role of thought confidence in persuasion. In G Haddock & GR Maio (Eds.), Contemporary Perspectives on the Psychology of Attitudes (pp. 205-226). London, England: Psychology Press.
20. Briñol P & Petty RE (2005a). Individual Differences in Persuasion. In D Albarracin, BT Johnson & M P Zanna (Eds.), Handbook of attitudes and attitude change (pp. 575-615). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
21. Briñol P & Petty RE (2005b). Thought repetition and persuasion: A self-validation analysis. Unpublished manuscript, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
22. Briñol P, Petty RE, Gallardo I & DeMarree KG (in press). The effect of self-affirmation in non-threatening persuasion domains: Timing affects the process. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.
23. Briñol P, Petty R E & Tormala ZL (2004). Self-Validation of Cognitive Responses to Advertisements. Journal of Consumer Research, 30, 559-573.
24. Briñol P, Petty RE & Tormala ZL (2006). The meaning of subjective ease and its malleability. Psychological Science, 17, 200-206.
25. Cacioppo JT, Gardner WL & Berntson GG (1997). Beyond bipolar conceptualizations and measures: The case of attitudes and evaluative space. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1, 3-25.
26. Cacioppo JT & Petty RE (1981). Social psychological procedures for cognitive response assessment: The thought-listing technique. In T. Merluzzi, C. Glass & M. Genest (Eds.), Cognitive Assessment. New York: Guilford Press.
27. Cacioppo JT & Petty RE (1982). The need for cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 116-131.
28. Cacioppo JT, Petty RE, Feinstein JA & Jarvis WBG (1996). Dispositional differences in cognitive motivation: The life and times of individuals varying in need for cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 197-253.
29. Campbell JD (1990). Self-esteem and clarity of the self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 538-549.
30. Campbell JD, Trapnell PD, Heine SJ, Katz IM, Lavallee LF & Lehman DR (1996). Self-concept clarity: Measurement, personality correlates, and cultural boundaries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 141-156.
31. Cantor, N., Markus, H., Niedenthal, P., & Nurius, P. (1986). On motivation and the self-concept. In R M Sorrentino & ET Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior, (pp. 96-121). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
32. Chaiken S, Liberman A & Eagly AH (1989). Heuristic and systematic information processing within and beyond the persuasion context. In JS Uleman & JA Bargh (Eds.), Unintended thought (pp. 212-252). New York: Guilford Press.
33. Cross SE & Markus HR (1990). The willful self. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 16, 726-742.
34. Davidson AG & Jaccard J (1979). Variables the moderate the attitude-behavior relation: Results of a longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1364-1376.
35. DeMarree KG & Petty RE (2005a). How do we conceptualize a "strong" self-concept? A review of the parallels between self-strength and attitude strength. Unpublished manuscript, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
36. DeMarree KG & Petty RE (2005b). Self-esteem accessibility and its impact on information-processing and behavior. Unpublished manuscript, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
37. DeMarree KG & Petty RE (2005c). Unpublished raw data. Unpublished manuscript, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
38. DeMarree KG, Petty RE & Briñol P (2005). Self-Validation by individual differences in self-certainty. Unpublished manuscript, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
39. Shoots-Reinhard B, DeMarree KG, Rucker DD & Petty RE (2006). Personality Certainty: Increasing the Predictive Power of Personality Scales. Paper presented at the Midwestern Psychological Association. Chicago, IL.
40. Dickhäuser O & Reinhard MA (2006). Factors underlying expectancies of success and achievement: The influential roles of need for cognition and general or specific self-concepts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 490-500.
41. Dijksterhuis A (2004). I Like Myself but I Don't Know Why: Enhancing Implicit Self-Esteem by Subliminal Evaluative Conditioning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 345-355.
42. Dutton KA & Brown JD (1997). Global self-esteem and specific self-views as determinants of people's reactions to success and failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 139-148.
43. Eagly AH & Chaiken S (1993). Psychology of Attitudes. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich.
44. Ellis A (1962). Reason and Emotion in Psychotherapy. New York: Lyle Stewart.
45. Fazio RH (1995). Attitudes as object-evaluation associations: Determinants, consequences, and correlates of attitude accessibility. In RE Petty & JA Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences, (pp. 247-282). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
46. Fazio RH (2000). Accessible attitudes as tools for object appraisal: Their costs and benefits. In G. R. Maio & J. M. Olson (Eds.), Why we evaluate: Functions of attitudes, (pp. 1-36).
47. Fazio RH, Effrein EA & Falender VJ (1981). Self-perception following social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 232-242.
48. Fazio RH & Williams CJ (1986). Attitude accessibility as a moderator of the attitude-perception and attitude-behavior relations: An investigation of the 1984 presidential election. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 505-514.
49. Fenigstein A, Scheier MF & Buss AH (1975). Public and private self-consciousness: Assessment and theory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43, 522-527.
50. Festinger L (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117-140.
51. Festinger L (1964). The motivating effects of cognitive dissonance. In RJC Harper, CC Anderson, CM Christensen & SM Hunka (Eds.), The cognitive processes: Readings (pp. 509-523). Englewood Cliffs, NY: Prentice-Hall.
52. Fishbein M ( 1963). An investigation of the relationships between beliefs about an object and the attitude toward that object. Human Relations, 16, 233-240.
53. Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
54. Gibbons FX & Buunk BP (1999). Individual differences in social comparison: Development of a scale of social comparison orientation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 129-142.
55. Gill M J, Swann, WB & Silvera DH (1998). On the genesis of confidence. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 75, 1101-1114.
56. Gollwitzer PM (1986). Striving for specific identities: The social reality of self-symbolizing. In RF Baumeister (Ed.), Public Self and Private Self (pp. 143-459). New York: Springer Verlag.
57. Greenwald AG & Pratkanis AR (1984). The self. In RS Wyer Jr. & TK Srull (Eds.), Handbook of Social Cognition (Vol.3, pp. 129-178). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
58. Gross SR, Holtz R & Miller N (1995). Attitude certainty. In RE Petty & J A Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences (pp. 215-245). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
59. Haugtvedt CP & Petty RE (1992). Personality and persuasion: Need for cognition moderates the persistence and resistance of attitude changes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 308-319.
60. Higgins ET (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94, 319-340.
61. Higgins ET (1996). The "self digest": Self-knowledge serving self-regulatory functions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 1062-1083.
62. Higgins ET (1997). Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist, 52, 1280-1300.
63. Holland RW, Verplanken B & van Knippenberg A (2003). From repetition to conviction: Attitude accessibility as a determinant of attitude certainty. Journal ofExperimental Social Psychology, 39, 594-601.
64. James W (1890/1950). The Principles of Psychology. New York: Dover Publications, Inc.
65. Jarvis, WBG & Petty RE (1996). The need to evaluate. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 172-194.
66. Joireman J (2004). Empathy and the self-absorption paradox II: Self-rumination and self-reflection as mediators between shame, guilt, and empathy. Self and Identity, 3, 225-238.
67. Kernis MH (2003). Toward a Conceptualization of Optimal Self-Esteem. Psychological Inquiry, 14, 1-26.
68. Kernis MH, Grannemann BD & Barclay LC (1992). Stability of self-esteem: Assessment, correlates, and excuse making. Journal of Personality, 60, 621-644.
69. Kihlstrom JF & Cantor N (1984). Mental representations of the self. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 17, pp. 1-47). New York: Academic Press.
70. Kleine RE, Kleine SS & Kernan JB (1993). Mundane consumption and the self: A social-identity perspective. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 2, 209-235.
71. Kraus S J (1995). Attitudes and the prediction of behavior: A meta-analysis of the empirical literature. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 58-75.
72. Krosnick JA, Boninger DS, Chuang YC, Berent, M K & Carnot CG (1993). Attitude strength: One construct or many related constructs? Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology, 65, 1132-1151.
73. Krosnick JA & Petty RE (1995). Attitude strength: An overview. In RE Petty & JA Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences, (pp. 1-24). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
74. Maddux WW, Barden J, Brewer MB & Petty RE (2005). Saying no to negativity: The effects of context and motivation to control prejudice on automatic evaluative responses. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 19-35.
75. Maio GR & Olson JM (2000). Why we evaluate: Functions of attitudes. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
76. Marecek J & Mettee DR (1972). Avoidance of continued success as a function of self-esteem, level of self-esteem certainty, and responsibility for success. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 22, 98-107.
77. Markus H & Kunda Z (1986). Stability and malleability of the self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 858-866.
78. Markus H & Nurius P (1986). Possible selves. American Psychologist, 41, 954-969.
79. Markus HR (1977). Self-schemata and processing information about the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 63-78.
80. Markus HR & Kitayama S (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
81. Markus HR & Wurf E (1987). The dynamic self-concept: A social psychological perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 38, 299-337.
82. McGregor I (2003). Defensive zeal: Compensatory conviction about attitudes, values, goals, groups, and self-definitions in the face of personal uncertainty. In SJ Spencer, S Fein, MP Zanna & J M Olson (Eds.), Motivated social perception: The Ontario symposium, Vol. 9. (pp. 73-92).
83. McGregor I, Zanna MP, Holmes JG & Spencer SJ (2001). Compensatory conviction in the face of personal uncertainty: Going to extremes and being oneself. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 472-488.
84. McGuire W J & McGuire CV (1988). Content and process in the experience of the self. In L Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 21, pp. 97-144). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
85. Mendoza-Denton R, Ayduk O, Mischel W, Shoda Y & Testa A (2001). Person X situation interactionism in self-encoding (I am... when ...): Implications for affect regulation and social information processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 533-544.
86. Mischel W, Shoda Y & Mendoza-Denton R (2002). Situation-behavior profiles as a locus of consistency in personality. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 50-54.
87. Mussweiler T (2001). "Seek and ye shall find": Antecedents of assimilation and contrast in social comparison. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 499-509.
88. Nystedt L & Ljungberg A (2002). Facets of private and public self-consciousness: Construct and discriminant validity. European Journal of Personality, 16, 143-159.
89. Pelham BW (1991). On confidence and consequence: The certainty and importance of self-knowledge. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 518-530.
90. Pelham BW & Swann WB (1989). From self-conceptions to self-worth: On the sources and structure of global self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 672-680.
91. Pelham BW & Swann WB (1994). The juncture of intrapersonal and interpersonal knowledge: Self-certainty and interpersonal congruence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 349-357.
92. Petty RE, Briñol P & Tormala ZL (2002). Thought confidence as a determinant of persuasion: The self-validation hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 722-741.
93. Petty RE, Briñol, P, Tormala, ZL & Wegener DT (2007). The role of meta-cognition in social judgment. In ET Higgins & AW Kruglanski (Eds.), Social Psychology: Handbook of basic principles (2nd ed. Pp. 254-284). New York: Guilford Press.
94. Petty RE, & Cacioppo JT (1981/1996). Attitudes and persuasion: Classic and contemporary approaches. Dubuque, IA: Milliam C. Brown.
95. Petty RE, & Cacioppo JT (1986). Communication and persuasion: Central and peripheral routes to attitude change. New York: Springer-Verlag.
96. Petty RE, Haugtvedt CP & Smith, SM (1995). Elaboration as a determinant of attitude strength: Creating attitudes that are persistent, resistant, and predictive of behavior. In RE Petty & JA Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences, (pp. 93-130). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
97. Petty RE, Jarvis WBG & Evans LM (1996). Recurrent thought: Implications for attitudes and persuasion. In RS Wyer (Ed.), Advances in Social Cognition: Ruminative Thoughts (Vol. 9, pp. 145-164). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
98. Petty RE & Krosnick JA (1995). Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
99. Petty RE, Ostrom TM & Brock TC (1981). Historical foundations of the cognitive response approach to attitudes and persuasion. In RE Petty, TM Ostrom & TC Brock (Eds.), Cognitive Responses in Persuasion (pp. 5-29). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associated.
100. Petty RE, Tormala ZL, Briñol P & Jarvis WBG (2006). Implicit ambivalence from attitude change: An exploration of the PAST model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 21-41.
101. Petty RE, Tormala ZL & Rucker DD (2004). Resisting persuasion by counterarguing: An attitude strength perspective. In JT Jost, MR Banaji & DA Prentice (Eds.), Perspectivism in social psychology: The yin and yang of scientific progress (pp. 37-51). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
102. Petty RE & Wegener DT (1999). The Elaboration likelihood model: Current status and controversies. In S Chaiken & Y Trope (Eds.), Dual Process Theories in Social Psychology (pp. 41-72). New York: Guilford Press.
103. Petty RE, Wheeler, SC & Tormala ZL (2003). Persuasion and attitude change. In T Millon & MJ Lerner (Eds,), Handbook of psychology: Personality and social psychology (Vol. 5, pp. 353-382). New York: Wiley.
104. Piliavin JA & Charng, HW (1988). What is the factorial structure of the private and public self-consciousness scales. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 14, 587-595.
105. Pomerantz EM, Chaiken S & Tordesillas RS (1995). Attitude strength and resistance processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 408-419.
106. Powell MC & Fazio RH (1984). Attitude accessibility as a function of repeated attitudinal expression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 10, 139-148.
107. Pratkanis AR (1989). The cognitive representation of attitudes. In AR Pratkanis, SJ Breckler & AG Greenwald (Eds.), Attitude Structure and Function. (pp. 71-98). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
108. Raden D (1985). Strength-related attitude dimensions. Social Psychology Quarterly, 48, 312-330.
109. Rosenberg M (1965). Society and the Adolescent Self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
110. Rosenthal R & Jacobson L (1968). Pygmalion in the Classroom. New York: Holt.
111. Rucker DD & Petty RE (2004). When Resistance Is Futile: Consequences of Failed Counterarguing for Attitude Certainty. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 219-235.
112. Ruvolo AP & Markus HR (1992). Possible selves and performance: The power of self-relevant imagery. Social Cognition Special Issue: Self-knowledge: Content, structure, and function, 10, 95-124.
113. Sample J & Warland R (1973). Attitude and prediction of behavior. Social Forces, Vol. 51, 292-304.
114. Sears DO (1986). College sophomores in the laboratory: Influences of a narrow data base on social psychology's view of human nature. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 515-530.
115. Segerstrom SC, Stanton AL, Alden LE & Shortridge BE (2003). A multidimensional structure for repetitive thought: What's on your mind, and how, and how much. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 909-921.
116. Setterlund MB & Niedenthal PM (1993). "Who am I? Why am I here?" Self-esteem, self-clarity, and prototype matching. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 769-780.
117. Sherif M, Taub D & Hovland CI (1958). Assimilation and contrast effects of anchoring stimuli on judgments. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 55, 150-155.
118. Sherman SJ & Fazio RH (1983). Parallels between attitudes and traits as predictors of behavior. Journal of Personality, 51, 308-345.
119. Snyder M & Kendzierski D (1982). Choosing social situations: Investigating the origins of correspondence between attitudes and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 280-295.
120. Stapel DA & Tesser A (2001). Self-activation increases social comparison. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 742-750.
121. Steele CM (1988). The psychology of self-affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self. In L Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 21, pp. 261-302). New York: Academic Press.
122. Swann WB (1997). The trouble with change: Self-verification and allegiance to the self. Psychological Science, 8, 177-180.
123. Swann WB & Ely RJ (1984). A battle of wills: Self-verification versus behavioral confirmation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 1287-1302.
124. Swann WB & Pelham B (2002). Who wants out when the going gets good? Psychological investment and preference for self-verifying college roommates. Self and Identity, 1, 219-233.
125. Swann WB, Pelham BW & Chidester TR (1988). Change through paradox: Using self-verification to alter beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 268-273.
126. Swann WB & Read SJ (1981). Acquiring self-knowledge: The search for feedback that fits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 1119-1128.
127. Swann WB, Rentfrow, PJ & Guinn, JS (2003). Self-verification: The search for coherence. In MR Leary & JP Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of Self and Identity (pp. 367-383). New York: Guilford Press.
128. Swann WB, Stein-Seroussi A & Giesler RB (1992). Why people self-verify. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 392-401.
129. Tesser A (2000). On the confluence of self-esteem maintenance mechanisms. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 290-299.
130. Tesser A (2001). Self-Esteem. In A Tesser & N Schwarz (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Intraindividualprocesses (pp. 479-498). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
131. Tiedens LZ & Linton S (2001). Judgment under emotional certainty and uncertainty: The effects of specific emotions on information processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 973-988.
132. Tormala ZL, Petty RE & Briñol P (2002). Ease of retrieval effects in persuasion: A self-validation analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1700-1712.
133. Trapnell PD & Campbell JD (1999). Private self-consciousness and the five-factor model of personality: Distinguishing rumination from reflection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 284-304.
134. Trzesniewski KH, Donnellan MB & Robins RW (2003). Stability of self-esteem across the life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 205-220.
135. van den Bos K (2001). Uncertainty management: The influence of uncertainty salience on reactions to perceived procedural failures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 931-941.
136. Visser PS, Bizer, GY & Krosnick JA (2006). Exploring the latent structure of strength related attitude attributes. In MP Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol.38. Pp. 1 -67). New York: Academic Press.
137. Visser PS & Krosnick JA (1998). Development of attitude strength over the life cycle: Surge and decline. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1389-1410.
138. Visser PS, Krosnick, JA & Simmons JP (2003). Distinguishing the cognitive and behavioral consequences of attitude importance and certainty: A new approach to testing the common-factor hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 118-141.
139. Visser PS & Mirabile RR (2004). Attitudes in the Social Context: The Impact of Social Network Composition on Individual-Level Attitude Strength. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 779-795.
140. Weary G & Jacobson JA (1997). Causal Uncertainty beliefs and diagnostic information seeking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 839-848.
141. Wegener DT, Downing J, Krosnick JA & Petty RE (1995). Measures and manipulations of strength-related properties of attitudes: Current practice and future directions. In RE Petty & JA Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences, (pp. 455-487). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
142. Wicklund RA & Eckert M (1992). The self-knower: A hero under control. New York: Plenum Press.
143. Wicklund RA & Gollwitzer PM (1981). Symbolic self-completion, attempted influence, and self-deprecation. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 2, 89-114.
144. Wood W, Rhodes N & Biek M (1995). Working knowledge and attitude strength: An information-processing analysis. In RE Petty & JA Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and Consequences, (pp. 283-313). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
145. Word CO, Zanna MP & Cooper J (1974). The nonverbal mediation of self-fulfilling prophecies in interracial interaction. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 10, 109-120.
146. Wright R (2001). Self-certainty and self-esteem. In TJ Owens, S Stryker & N Goodman (Eds.), Extending self-esteem theory and research: Sociological and psychological currents, (pp. 101-134). New York: Cambridge University Press.
147. Zanna MP, Kiesler CA & Pilkonis PA (1970). Positive and negative attitudinal affect established by classical conditioning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 14, 321-328.
148. Zanna MP & Rempel JK (1988). Attitudes: A new look at an old concept. In D Bar-Tal & AW Kruglanski (Eds.), The Social Psychology of Knowledge (pp. 315-334). New York: Cambridge University Press.