Commitment and motivation at work: The relevance of employee identity and regulatory focus

Academy of Management Review

Volumn 35, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 226-245

  Johnson, Russell E ^a   Chang, Chu Hsiang ^a   Yang, Liu Qin ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA   (United States)

^b PORTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77952124323     PISSN: 03637425     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5465/AMR.2010.48463332     Document Type: Article

References (110)

1. Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. 1990. The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology. 63: 1-18.
2. Andersen, S. M., & Chen. S. 2002. The relational self: An interpersonal social-cognitive theory. Psychological Review. 109: 619-645.
3. Ashforth. B. E., Harrison, S. H., & Corley, K. G. 2008. Identification in organizations: An examination of four fundamental questions. Journal of Management. 34: 325-374.
4. Bardi, A., Calogero, R., & Mullen, B. 2008. A new archival approach to the study of values and value-behavior relations: Validation of the value lexicon. Journal of Applied Psychology. 93: 483-497.
5. Bardi, A., & Schwartz, S. H. 2003. Values and behaviors: Strength and structure of relations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 29: 1207-1220. (Pubitemid 37206872)
6. Becker, H. S. 1960. Notes on the concept of commitment. American Journal of Sociology. 66: 32-40.
7. Becker, T. E., Billings, R. S., Eveleth, D. M., & Gilbert, N. L. 1996. Foci and bases of employee commitment: Implications for job performance. Academy of Management Journal. 39: 464-482.
8. Blau, G. 2003. Testing for a four-dimensional structure of occupational commitment. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology. 76: 469-488. (Pubitemid 38750584)
9. Brewer, M. B., & Gardner, W. 1996. Who is this "we"? Levels of collective identity and self-representations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 71: 83-93.
10. Brickson, S. 2000. The impact of identity orientation on individual and organizational outcomes in demographically diverse settings. Academy of Management Review, 25: 82-101.
11. Brockner, J., & Higgins, E. T. 2001. Regulatory focus theory: Implications for the study of emotions at work. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 86: 35-66. (Pubitemid 33098543)
12. Caldwell, D. F., Chatman, J. A., & O'Reilly, C. A., III. 1990. Building organizational commitment: A multi-form study. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63: 245-261.
13. Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. 1998. On the self-regulation of behavior. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
14. Chang, C.-H., & Johnson, R. E. In press. Not all leadermember exchanges are created equal: Importance of leader relational identity level. Leadership Quarterly.
15. Clugston, M., Howell, J. P., & Dorfman, P. W. 2000. Does cultural socialization predict multiple bases and foci of commitment? Journal of Management, 26: 5-30.
16. Cohen, A. 2007. Commitment before and after: An evaluation and reconceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 17: 336-354.
17. Cooper-Hamik, A., & Viswesvaran, C. 2005. The construct of work commitment: Testing an integrative framework. Psychological Bulletin, 131: 241-259. (Pubitemid 40344546)
18. Davison, M. L., & Davenport, E. C., Jr. 2002. Identifying criterion-related patterns of predictor scores using multiple regression. Psychological Methods, 7: 468-484.
19. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. 1985. Intrinsic motivation and selfdetermination In human behavior. New York: Plenum Press.
20. Elliot, A. J., Gable, S. L., & Mapes, R. R. 2006. Approach and avoidance motivation in the social domain. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32: 378-391. (Pubitemid 43394562)
21. Elliot, A. J., Sheldon, K. M., & Church, M. A. 1997. Avoidance personal goals and subjective well-being. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23: 915-927.
22. Fiske, S. T. 2004. Social beings: A core motives approach to social psychology. New York: Wiley.
23. Förster, J., Higgins, E. T., & Bianco, A. T. 2003. Speed/accuracy decisions in task performance: Built-in trade-off or separate strategic concerns? Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 90: 148-164. (Pubitemid 36556643)
24. Frank, E., & Brandstättter, V. 2002. Approach versus avoidance: Different types of commitment in intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82: 208-221.
25. Gagné, M., & Deci, E. L. 2005. Self-determination theory and work motivation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26: 331-362.
26. Gagné, M., & Koestner, R. 2002. Self-determination theory as a framework for understanding organizational commitment. Paper presented at the 17th Annual Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference, Toronto.
27. Gardner, W. L., Gabriel, S., & Hochschild, L. 2002. When you and I are "we," you are not threatening: The role of self-expansion in social comparison. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 82: 239-251.
28. Gellatly, I. R., Meyer, J. P., & Luchak, A. A. 2006. Combined effects of the three commitment components on focal and discretionary behaviors: A test of Meyer and Herscovitch's propositions. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 69: 331-345.
29. Graen, G. B., & Uhl-Bien, M. 1995. Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain approach. Leadership Quarterly. 6: 219-247.
30. Groff, K., Granger, B., Taing, M., Jackson, E., & Johnson, R. E. 2008. Exploring continuance commitment: A multidimensional approach. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Anaheim, CA.
31. Hackett, R. D., Bycio, P., & Hausdorf, P. A. 1994. Further assessments of Meyer and Allen's (1990) three component model of organizational commitment. Journal of Applied Psychology. 79: 15-23. (Pubitemid 24769284)
32. Herscovitch, L., & Meyer, J. P. 2002. Commitment to organizational change: Extension of a three-component model. Journal of Applied Psychology. 87: 474-487. (Pubitemid 36288923)
33. Higgins, E. T. 1987. Self-discrepancy theory: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94: 319-340.
34. Higgins, E. T. 1997. Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist, 52: 1280-1300.
35. Higgins, E. T. 1998. Promotion and prevention: Regulatory focus as a motivational principle. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 30: 1-46.
36. Higgins, E. T. 2000. Making a good decision: Value from fit. American Psychologist, 55: 1217-1230.
37. Higgins, E. T., Friedman, R. S., Harlow, R. E., Idson, L. C., Ayduk, O. N., & Taylor, A. 2001. Achievement orientations from subjective histories of success: Promotion pride versus prevention pride. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31: 3-23. (Pubitemid 33381158)
38. Higgins, E. T., Shah, J. Y., & Friedman, R. 1997. Emotional responses to goal attainment: Strength of regulatory focus as moderator. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72: 515-525. (Pubitemid 127455662)
39. Hofstede, G. 2001. Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations (2nd ed.). London: Sage.
40. Hogg, M. A. 2006. Social identity theory. In P. J. Burke (Ed.), Contemporary social psychological theories: 111-136. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
41. Hogg, M. A., & Terry, D. J. 2000. Social identity and selfcategorization processes in organizational contexts. Academy of Management Review, 25: 121-140.
42. Irving, G. P., & Meyer, J. P. 1994. Reexamination of the metexpectations hypothesis: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79: 937-949.
43. Jackson, C. L., Colquitt, J. A., Wesson, M. J., & Zapata-Phelan, C. P. 2006. Psychological collectivism: A measurement validation and linkage to group member performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91: 884-899.
44. Jaros, S. J. 1997. An assessment of Meyer and Allen's (1991) three-component model of organizational commitment and turnover intentions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 51: 319-337. (Pubitemid 127168421)
45. Jaros, S. J. 2007. Measurement issues in the Meyer and Allen model of organizational commitment. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Philadelphia.
46. Jaros, S. J., Jermier, J. M., Koehler, J. W., & Sincich, T. 1993. Effects of continuance, affective, and moral commitment on the withdrawal process: An evaluation of eight structural equation models. Academy of Management Journal. 36: 951-995.
47. Johnson, R. E., & Chang, C.-H. 2006. "I" is to continuance as "we" is to affective: The relevance of the self-concept for organizational commitment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27: 549-570. (Pubitemid 44106031)
48. Johnson, R. E., & Chang, C.-H. 2007. Integrating organizational commitment with self-concept and regulatory focus: A four-factor model. Paper presented at the 22nd Annual Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference, New York.
49. Johnson, R. E., & Chang, C.-H. 2008a. Relationships between organizational commitment and its antecedents: Employee self-concept matters. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 38: 513-541.
50. Johnson, R. E., & Chang, C.-H. 2008b. Development and validation of a work-based regulatory focus scale. Paper presented at the 23rd Annual Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference, San Francisco.
51. Johnson, R. E., Groff, K. W., & Taing, M. U. In press. Nature of the interactions among organizational commitments: Complementary, competitive, or synergistic? British Journal of Management.
52. Johnson, R. E., & Jackson, E. M. In press. Appeal of organizational values is in the eye of the beholder: The moderating role of employee identity. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology.
53. Johnson, R. E., Selenta, C., & Lord, R. G. 2006. When organizational justice and the self-concept meet: Consequences for the organization and its members. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 99: 175-201. (Pubitemid 43285770)
54. Kampmeier, C., & Simon B. 2001. Individuality and group formation: The role of independence and differentiation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81: 448462.
55. Kashima, E. S., & Hardie, E. A. 2000. The development and validation of the relational, individual and collective self-aspects (RIC) scale. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 3: 19-48.
56. Kinch, J. W. 1963. A formalized theory of the self-concept. American Journal of Sociology, 68: 481-486.
57. Kinicki, A. J., & Vecchio, R. P. 1994. Influences on the quality of supervisor-subordinate relations: The role of timepressure, organizational commitment, and locus of control. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15: 75-82.
58. Klein, H. J., Molloy, J. C., & Cooper, J. T. In press. Conceptual foundations: Construct definitions and theoretical representations of workplace commitment. In H. J. Klein, T. Becker, & J. P. Meyer (Eds.), Commitment in organizations: Accumulated wisdom and new directions. London: Routledge/Taylor & Francis.
59. Ko, J.-W., Price, J. L., & Mueller, C. W. 1997. Assessment of Meyer and Allen's three-component model of organizational commitment in South Korea. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82: 961-973. (Pubitemid 127375697)
60. Kristof-Brown. A. L.. Zimmerman. R. D., & Johnson, E. C 2005. Consequences of individuals' fit at work: A metaanalysis of person-job, person-organization, persongroup, and person-supervisor fit. Personnel Psychology, 58: 281-342.
61. Lee, K., Carswell, J. J., & Allen, N. J. 2000. A meta-analytic review of occupational commitment: Relations with person- and work-related variables. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85: 799-811.
62. Lord, R. G., & Brown, D. J. 2004. Leadership processes and follower self-Identity. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
63. Markovits, Y., Davis, A. J., & van Dick, R. 2007. Organizational commitment profiles and job satisfaction among Greek private and public sector employees. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 7: 77-99.
64. Markovits, Y., Ullrich, J., van Dick, R., & Davis, A. J. 2008. Regulatory foci and organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 73: 485-489.
65. Markus, H., & Wurf, E. 1987. The dynamic self-concept: A social psychological perspective. Annual Review of Psychology. 38: 299-337.
66. Mathieu, J. E., & Zajac, D. M. 1990. A review and metaanalysis of the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of organizational commitment. Psychological Bulletin. 108: 171-194.
67. McGee, G. W., & Ford, R. C. 1987. Two (or more?) dimensions of organizational commitment: Reexamination of the affective and continuance commitment scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72: 638-642.
68. Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. 1984. Testing the "side-bet theory" of organizational commitment: Some methodological considerations. Journal of Applied Psychology. 69: 372378.
69. Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. 1996. Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: An examination of construct validity. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 49: 252-276. (Pubitemid 126164753)
70. Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. 1997. Commitment in the workplace: Theory, research, and application. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
71. Meyer, J. P., Allen, N. J., & Gellatly, I. R. 1990. Affective and continuance commitment to the organization: Evaluation of measures and analysis of concurrent and time-lagged relations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75:710720.
72. Meyer, J. P., Becker, T. E., & Vandenberghe, C. 2004. Employee commitment and motivation: A conceptual analysis and integrative model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89: 991-1007. (Pubitemid 40019503)
73. Meyer, J. P., Bobocel, D. R., & Allen, N. J. 1991. Development of organizational commitment during the first year of employment: A longitudinal study of pre- and post-entry influences. Journal of Management, 17: 717-733.
74. Meyer, J. P., & Herscovitch, L. 2001. Commitment in the workplace: Toward a general model. Human Resource Management Review, 11: 299-326. (Pubitemid 33623028)
75. Meyer, J. P., Paunonen, S. V.. Gellatly, I. R., Goffin, R. D., & Jackson, D. N. 1989. Organizational commitment and job performance: It's the nature of the commitment that counts. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74: 152-156.
76. Meyer, J. P., Stanley, D. J., Herscovitch, L., & Topolnytsky, L. 2002. Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: A meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61: 20-52.
77. Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M., & Porter, L. W. 1979. The measurement of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14: 224-227.
78. O'Neill. B. S., & Mone, M. A. 1998. Investigating equity sensitivity as a moderator of relations between self-efficacy and workplace attitudes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83: 805-816.
79. O'Reilly, C. A., III, & Chatman, J. 1986. Organizational commitment and psychological attachment: The effects of compliance, identification, and internalization on prosocial behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71: 492499.
80. O'Reilly, C A., III, & Chatman, J. A. 1996. Culture as social control: Corporations, culture and commitment. Research in Organizational Behavior, 18: 157-200.
81. O'Reilly, C A., IH, Chatman, J. A., & Caldwell, D. F. 1991. People and organizational culture: A profile comparison approach to assessing person-organization fit. Academy of Management Journal, 34: 487-516.
82. Ostroff, C., Kinicki, A. J., & Tamkins, M. M. 2003. Organizational culture and climate. In W. C. Borman, D. R. Ilgen, & R. J. Klimoski (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of psychology. Volume 12: I/O psychology: 565-594. New York: Wiley.
83. Ouchi, W. G. 1981. Theory Z: How American business can meet the Japanese challenge. Reading, MA: AddisonWesley.
84. Oyserman, D. 2001. Self-concept and identity. In A. Tesser & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Intraindlvidual processes: 499-517. Oxford: Blackwell.
85. Oyserman, D., Coon, H., & Kemmelmeier, M. 2002. Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128: 3-73.
86. Pratt, M. 1998. To be or not to be? Central questions in organizational identification. In D. A. Whetten & P. C Godfrey (Eds.), Identity in organizations: Building theory through conversations: 171-207. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
87. Randall, D. M., Fedor, D. B., & Longenecker, C. O. 1990. The behavioral expression of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 36: 210-224.
88. Reichers, A. E. 1985. A review and reconceptualization of organizational commitment. Academy of Management Review, 10: 465-476.
89. Salancik, G. R., & Pfeffer, J. 1978. A social information processing approach to job attitudes and task design. Administrative Science Quarterly, 23: 224-253.
90. Schwartz, S. H. 1992. Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 25: 1-65.
91. Selenta, C., & Lord, R. G. 2005. Development of the levels of self-concept scale: Measuring the individual, relational, and collective levels. Working paper, University of Akron, Akron, OH.
92. Shah, J., & Higgins, E. T. 1997. Expectancy X value effects: Regulatory focus as a determinant of magnitude and direction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73: 447-458. (Pubitemid 127453799)
93. Sheldon. K. M., & Elliot. A. J. 1998. Not all personal goals are personal: Comparing autonomous and controlled reasons for goals as predictors of effort and attainment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24: 546-557. (Pubitemid 128073030)
94. Siders, M. A., George, G., & Dharwadkar, R. 2001. The relationship of internal and external commitment foci to objective performance measures. Academy of Management Journal, 44: 570-579. (Pubitemid 33293910)
95. Simon, B., & Kampmeier, C.2001. Revisiting the individual self: Toward a social psychological theory of the individual self and the collective self. In C. Sedikides & M. B. Brewer (Eds.), Individual self, relational self, collective self: 199-218. New York: Psychology Press.
96. Simon, H. A. 1957. Models of man: Social and rational New York: Wiley.
97. Sinclair, R. R., Tucker, J. S., Cullen, J. C. & Wright, C. 2005. Performance differences among four organizational commitment profiles. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90: 1280-1287. (Pubitemid 43011583)
98. Sluss, D. M., & Ashforth, B. E. 2007. Relational identity and identification: Defining ourselves through work relationships. Academy of Management Review, 32: 9-32.
99. Somers, M. J. 1995. Organizational commitment, turnover and absenteeism: An examination of direct and interaction effects. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16: 49-58.
100. Stinglhamber. F., Bentein, K., & Vandenberghe, C.2002. Extension of the three-component model of commitment to five foci: Development of measures and substantive test. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 18: 123138.
101. Stinglhamber, F., & Vandenberghe, C 2003. Organizations and supervisors as sources of support and targets of commitment: A longitudinal study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24: 251-270. (Pubitemid 36424891)
102. Strachman, A., & Gable, S. L. 2006a. Approach and avoidance relationship commitment. Motivation and Emotion, 30: 117-126.
103. Strachman, A., & Gable, S. L. 2006b. What you want (and do not want) affects what you see (and do not see): Avoidance social goals and social events. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32: 1446-1458. (Pubitemid 44545702)
104. Triandis, H. C 2001. Individualism-collectivism and personality. Journal of Personality, 69: 907-924.
105. Vandenberghe, C. Bentein, K., Michon, R., Chebat, J., Tremblay, M., & Fils, J. 2007. An examination of the role of perceived support and employee commitment in employee-customer encounters. Journal of Applied Psychology. 92: 1177-1187.
106. Vandenberghe, C. Bentein, K., & Stinglhamber, F. 2004. Affective commitment to the organization, supervisor, and work group: Antecedents and outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 64: 47-71. (Pubitemid 38074326)
107. Wallace, C. & Chen, G. 2006. A multilevel integration of personality, climate, self-regulation, and performance. Personnel Psychology, 59: 529-557. (Pubitemid 44238791)
108. Wasti, S. A. 2003. Organizational commitment, turnover intentions and the influence of cultural values. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 76: 303321.
109. Wasti, S. A. 2005. Commitment profiles: Combinations of organizational commitment forms and job outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 67: 290-308.
110. Ybarra, O., & Trafimow, D. 1998. How priming the private self or collective self affects the relative weights of attitudes and subjective norms. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24: 362-370. (Pubitemid 128054831)