The effect of multilingualism/multiculturalism on personality: No gain without pain for Third Culture Kids?

International Journal of Multilingualism

Volumn 6, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 443-459

  Dewaele, Jean Marc ^a   van Oudenhoven, Jan Pieter ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Language learning; Migration; Multiculturalism; Multilingualism; Plurilingualism

Indexed keywords

EID: 77950762116     PISSN: 14790718     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14790710903039906     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Ali, A., Van der Zee, K.I., and Sanders, G., 2003. Determinants of intercultural adjustment among expatriate spouses. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27:563–580.
2. Bialystok, E., Craik, F.I.M., Grady, C., Chau, W., Ishii, R., and Gunji, A., 2005. Effect of bilingualism on cognitive control in the Simon task:Evidence from MEG. NeuroImage, 24 (1):40–49.
3. Byerly, B., 2008. benbyerly.wordpress.com/2008/12/15/our-tck-president-obama-and-his-team-of-third-culture-kids/.
4. Cockburn, L., 2002. Children and young people living in changing worlds. School Psychology International, 23 (4):475–485.
5. Cohen, J., 1992. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, New York:John Wiley.
6. Devens, J.A., 2005. Depression rates among third culture kids in an international school setting. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Capella University, USA.
7. Dewaele, J-M., 2007a. The effect of multilingualism, sociobiographical and situational factors on communicative anxiety and foreign language anxiety of mature language learners. The International Journal of Bilingualism, 11 (4):391–410.
8. Dewaele, J-M., 2007b. “ Context and L2 users’ pragmatic development ”. In Language learning and teaching as social inter-action, Edited by:Hua, Z., Seedhouse, P., Wei, L., and Cook, V., 162–183. Basingstoke, UK:Palgrave-Macmillan.
9. Dewaele, J-M., 2009a. Multilingualism and affordances:Variation in self-perceived communicative competence and communicative anxiety in French L1, L2, L3 and L4. Unpublished manuscript.
10. Dewaele, J-M., 2009b. “ The perception of French by native speakers and advanced L2, L3 and L4 learners ”. In Language practices and identity construction by advanced L2 and L3 speakers, Edited by:Regan, V., 136–153. Berlin, Germany:Peter Lang.
11. Dewaele, J-M., Petrides, K.V., Furnham, A. The effects of trait emotional intelligence and sociobiographical variables on communicative anxiety and foreign language anxiety among adult multilinguals:A review and empirical investigation. Language Learning, 2008 58 (4), 911 960. doi:10.1080/1367005080254965.
12. Dewaele, J-M., Thirtle, H., 2009. Why do some young learners drop foreign languages? A focus on learner-internal variables. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism doi:10.1080/1367005080254965.
13. Diler, R.S., Avci, A., and Seydaoglu, G., 2003. Emotional and behavioural problems in migrant children. Swiss Medical Weekly, 133:16–21.
14. Fail, H., Thomson, J., and Walker, G., 2004. Belonging, identity and third culture kids. Journal of Research in International Education, 3 (3):319–338.
15. Furnham, A., and Heaven, P., 1999. Personality and social behavior, London:Arnold.
16. Gonslaves, C.J., 1992. Psychological stages of the refugee process:A model for therapeutic interventions. Professional Psychology. Research and Practice, 23 (5):382–389.
17. Grosjean, F., 2008. Studying bilinguals, Oxford:Oxford University Press.
18. Guiora, A., Paluszny, M., Beit-Hallatimi, B., Catford, J., Cooley, R., and Yoder Dull, C., 1975. Language and person studies in language behavior. Language Learning, 25 (1):43–61.
19. Guiora, A.Z., 2005. The language sciences–the challenges ahead. A farewell address. Language Learning, 55 (2):183–189.
20. Haynie, D.L., South, S.J., and Bose, S., 2006. Residential mobility and attempted suicide among adolescents:An individual-level analysis. The Sociological Quarterly, 47 (4):693–721.
21. Hoffman, E., 1989. Lost in translation:A life in a new language, New York:Penguin Books.
22. Jang, K.L., Livesley, W.J., and Vemon, P.A., 1996. Heritability of the big five personality dimensions and their facets:A twin study. Journal of Personality, 64 (3):577–592.
23. Jessner, U., 2006. Linguistic awareness in multilinguals, Edinburgh, UK:Edinburgh University Press.
24. Jones, M., 2000. “ Psychological aspects of travel and the long-term expatriate ”. In Travel medicine and migrant health, Edited by:Lockie, C., Walker, E., Cavert, L., Cossar, J., Knill-Jones, R., and Raeside, F., 115–141. London:Elsevier.
25. Kemp, C., 2007. Strategic processing in grammar learning:Do multilinguals use more strategies?. International Journal of Multilingualism, 4:241–261.
26. Kharkhurin, A.V., 2008. The effect of linguistic proficiency, age of second language acquisition, and length of exposure to a new cultural environment on bilinguals’ divergent thinking. Bilingualism:Language and Cognition, 11 (2):225–243.
27. Kim, Y.Y., 2001. Becoming intercultural:An integrative theory of communication and cross-cultural adaptation, Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
28. Konno, A., 2005. Examining the relationship between ethnic identity and adjustment in Asian international students:Understanding the experience of third culture kids, Chicago, IL:The Chicago School of Professional Psychology.
29. Leong, C.H., 2007. Predictive validity of the Multicultural Personality Questionnaire:A longitudinal study on the socio-psychological adaptation and intercultural experience among Asian graduates. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 31:545–559.
30. Leone, L., Van der Zee, K.I., Van Oudenhoven, J.P., Perugini, M., and Ercolani, A.P., 2005. The cross-cultural generalizability and validity of the Multicultural Personality Questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 38:1449–1462.
31. McCrae, R., Costa, P.T., Jr, Ostendorf, F., Angleitner, A., Hrebícková, M., Avia, M.D., 2000. Nature over nurture:Temperament, personality, and life span development. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78 (1):173–186.
32. Mol, S.T., Van Oudenhoven, J.P., and Van der Zee, K.I., 2001. “ Validation of the Multicultural Personality Questionnaire among an internationally oriented student population in Taiwan ”. In Multicultural education issues, policies, and practises, Edited by:Salili, F., and Hoosain, R., 167–168. Greenwich, CT:IAP Press.
33. Moos, R., and Tsu, V., 1976. “ Human competence and coping ”. In Human adaptation:Coping with life crises, Edited by:Moos, R., 3–16. Lexington, MA:D.C. Heath.
34. Neto, F., 2006. Loneliness and acculturation among adolescents from immigrant families in Portugal. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32:630–647.
35. Pavlenko, A., 2003. “I feel clumsy speaking Russian”:L2 influence on L1 in narratives of Russian L2 users of English ”. In Effects of the second language on the first, Edited by:Cook, V., 32–61. Clevedon, UK:Multilingual Matters.
36. Pavlenko, A., 2005. Emotions and multilingualism, Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press.
37. Pollock, D.C., and Van Reken, R., 2001. Third culture kids, Yarmouth, ME:Nicholas Brealey Publishing/Intercultural Press.
38. Ponterotto, G., Utsey, S.O., Pedersen, J., and Pedersen, P.B., 2006. Preventing prejudice:A guide for counselors, educators, and parents, London:Sage.
39. Poyrazli, S., and Lopez, M.D., 2007. An exploratory study of perceived discrimination and homesickness:A comparison of international students and American students. The Journal of Psychology:Interdisciplinary and Applied, 141 (3):263–280.
40. Sandhu, D.S., and Asrabi, B.R., 1994. Development of an acculturative stress scale for international students:Preliminary findings. Psychological Reports, 75:435–448.
41. Silove, D., Tarn, R., Bowles, R., and Reid, J., 1991. Psychosocial needs of torture survivors. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 25:481–490.
42. Spreitzer, G.M., McCall, M.W., and Mahoney, J. D., 1997. Early identification of international executive potential. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82 (1):6–29.
43. St George RC School Inspection report. Retrieved February 10, 2009, from www.ofsted.gov.uk
44. Tokuhama-Espinosa, T., 2003. The multilingual mind:Issues discussed by, for, and about people living with many languages. Portsmouth, NH:Heinemann.
45. Useem, J., Donoghue, J.D., and Useem, R., 1963. Men in the middle of the third culture. Human Organization, 22 (3):169–179.
46. Vaid, J., 2006. “ Joking across languages:Perspectives on humor, emotion, and bilingualism ”. In Bilingual minds:Emotional experience, expression, and representation, Edited by:Pavlenko, A., 152–182. Clevedon, UK:Multilingual Matters.
47. Van der Zee, K.I., and Brinkmann, U., 2004. Construct validity evidence for the intercultural readiness check against the Multicultural Personality Questionnaire. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 12 (3):285–290.
48. Van der Zee, K.I., and Van Oudenhoven, J.P., 2000. The Multicultural Personality Questionnaire:A multicultural instrument for multicultural effectiveness. European Journal of Personality, 14:291–309.
49. Van Oudenhoven, J.P., Timmerman, M., and Van der Zee, K., 2007. Cross-cultural equivalence and validity of the Multicultural Personality Questionnaire in an intercultural context. Journal of International Communication, 13 (2):51–65.
50. Van Oudenhoven, J.P., and Van der Zee, K.I., 2002. Predicting multicultural effectiveness of international students:The Multicultural Personality Questionnaire. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 26:679–694.
51. Xiaohua Chen, S., Benet-Martínez, V., and Harris Bond, M., 2008. Bicultural identity, bilingualism, and psychological adjustment in multicultural societies:Immigration-based and globalization-based acculturation. Journal of Personality, 76 (4):803–838.