Effects of trait emotional intelligence and sociobiographical variables on communicative anxiety and foreign language anxiety among adult multilinguals: A review and empirical investigation

Language Learning

Volumn 58, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 911-960

  Dewaele, Jean Marc ^a   Petrides, K V ^b   Furnham, Adrian ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Age of onset of acquisition; Bilingualism and emotion; Context of acquisition; Frequency of use; L2 socialization; Network of interlocutors; Number of languages known; Self perceived proficiency; TEIQue; Trait emotional self efficacy

Indexed keywords

EID: 55049137763     PISSN: 00238333     EISSN: 14679922     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9922.2008.00482.x     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Abu-Rabia, S. (2004). Teachers' role, learners' gender differences, and FL anxiety among seventh-grade students studying English as a FL. Educational Psychology, 24 (5 711 720.
2. Bailey, P., Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Daley, Ch. E. (2000). Correlates of anxiety at three stages of the foreign language learning process. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 19, 474 490.
3. Baker, S. C., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2000). The role of gender and immersion in communication and second language orientations. Language Learning, 50 (2 311 341.
4. Bayley, R., & Schecter, S. (2003). Introduction: Towards a dynamic model of language socialization. In R. Bayley & S. R. Schecter (Eds. Language socialization in bilingual and multilingual societies (pp. 1 6). Clevedon, UK : Multilingual Matters.
5. Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multi matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56, 81 105.
6. Carroll, J. B. (1993). Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies. New York : Cambridge University Press.
7. Caspi, A., & Roberts, B. W. (1999). Personality continuity and change across the life course. In L. A. Pervin & O. P. John (Eds Handbook of personality: Theory and research (Vol. 2, pp. 300 326). New York : Guilford Press.
8. Chamorro-Premuzic, T., Bennett, E., & Furnham, A. (2007). The happy personality: Mediational role of trait emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 42, 1633 1639.
9. Chandler, P. M. (2006). Critical period or language learning difficulties: Are there two types of adult foreign language learners? In C. Abello-Contesse, R. Chacon-Beltran, M. D. Lopez-Jiménez, & M. M. Torreblanca-Lopez (Eds. Age in L2 acquisition and teaching (pp. 59 77). Bern : Peter Lang.
10. Cook, V. (2002). Background to the L2 user. In V. Cook (Ed. Portraits of the L2 user (pp. 1 28). Clevedon, UK : Multilingual Matters.
11. DeKeyser, R. (2006). A critique of recent arguments against the critical period hypothesis. In C. Abello-Contesse, R. Chacon-Beltran, M. D. Lopez-Jiménez, & M. M. Torreblanca-Lopez (Eds. Age in L2 acquisition and teaching (pp. 49 58). Bern : Peter Lang.
12. DeKeyser, R., & Larson-Hall, J. (2005). What does the Critical Period really mean? In J. F. Kroll & A. M. D. de Groot (Eds. Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches (pp. 88 108). Oxford : Oxford University Press.
13. Derksen, J., Kramer, I., & Katzko, M. (2002). Does a self-report measure for emotional intelligence assess something different than general intelligence? Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 37 48.
14. Dewaele, J.-M. (2001). Tongue-tied in a foreign language. The Linguist, 40 (5 153 155.
15. Dewaele, J.-M. (2002a). Psychological and sociodemographic correlates of communicative anxiety in L2 and L3 production. The International Journal of Bilingualism, 6, 23 39.
16. Dewaele, J.-M. (2002b). Individual differences in L2 fluency: The effect of neurobiological correlates. In V. Cook (Ed. Portraits of the L2 user (pp. 219 250). Clevedon, UK : Multilingual Matters.
17. Dewaele, J.-M. (2004a). The emotional force of swearwords and taboo words in the speech of multilinguals. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 25 (2-3 204 223.
18. Dewaele, J.-M. (2004b). Blistering barnacles! What language do multilinguals swear in?! Estudios de Sociolingüística, 5, 83 106.
19. Dewaele, J.-M. (2005a). Sociodemographic, psychological and politico-cultural correlates in Flemish students' attitudes toward French and English. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 26 (2 118 137.
20. Dewaele, J.-M. (2005b). The effect of type of acquisition context on perception and self-reported use of swearwords in the L2, L3, L4 and L5. In A. Housen and M. Pierrard (Eds. Investigations in instructed second language acquisition (pp. 531 559). Berlin : Mouton De Gruyter.
21. Dewaele, J.-M. (2005c). Investigating the psychological and the emotional dimensions in instructed language learning: Obstacles and possibilities. The Modern Language Journal, 89, 367 380.
22. Dewaele, J.-M. (2006). Expressing anger in multiple languages. In A. Pavlenko (Ed. Bilingual minds: Emotional experience, expression, and representation (pp. 118 151). Clevedon, UK : Multilingual Matters.
23. Dewaele, J.-M. (2007a). Context and L2 users' pragmatic development. In Z. Hua, P. Seedhouse, L. Wei, & V. Cook (Eds. Language learning and teaching as social inter-action (pp. 162 183). Basingstoke, UK : Palgrave-Macmillan.
24. Dewaele, J.-M. (2007b). Diachronic and/or synchronic variation? The acquisition of sociolinguistic competence in L2 French. In D. Ayoun (Ed Handbook of French applied linguistics (pp. 208 236). Amsterdam : Benjamins.
25. Dewaele, J.-M. (2007c). Interindividual variation in self-perceived oral communicative competence of English L2 users. In E. Alcón Soler & M. P. Safont Jordà (Eds. The intercultural speaker: Using and acquiring English in the foreign language classroom (pp. 141 165). Berlin : Springer-Verlag.
26. Dewaele, J.-M. (2007d). Predicting language learners' grades in the L1, L2, L3 and L4: The effect of some psychological and sociocognitive variables. International Journal of Multilingualism, 4 (3 169 197.
27. Dewaele, J.-M. (2007e). The effect of multilingualism and socio-situational factors on communicative anxiety and foreign language anxiety of mature language learners. The International Journal of Bilingualism, 11 (4 391 410.
28. Dewaele, J.-M. (2008). The emotional weight of "I love you" in multilinguals' languages. Journal of Pragmatics, 40, 1753 1780.
29. Dewaele, J.-M. (in press). Emotions in second language acquisition. London : Palgrave-Macmillan.
30. Dewaele, J.-M., & Furnham, A. (1999). Extraversion: The unloved variable in applied linguistic research. Language Learning, 49, 509 544.
31. Dewaele, J.-M., & Furnham, A. (2000). Personality and speech production: A pilot study of second language learners. Personality and Individual Differences, 28, 355 365.
32. Dewaele, J.-M., & Pavlenko, A. (2001-2003). Web questionnaire on bilingualism and emotion. University of London.
33. Dewaele, J.-M., & Pavlenko, A. (2002). Emotion vocabulary in interlanguage. Language Learning, 52, 265 324.
34. Donovan, L. A., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2005). Age and sex differences in willingness to communicate, communication apprehension and self-perceived competence. Communication Research Reports, 21, 420 427.
35. Dörnyei, Z. (2005). The psychology of the language learner. Individual differences in second language acquisition. Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum.
36. Dörnyei, Z., & Kormos, J. (2000). The role of individual and social variables in oral task performance. Language Teaching Research, 4, 275 300.
37. Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1975). The Eysenck personality questionnaire. London : Hodder and Stoughton.
38. Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1976). Psychoticism as a dimension of personality. London : Hodder and Stoughton.
39. Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, M. W. (1985). Personality and individual differences: A natural science approach. New York : Plenum.
40. Frantzen, D., & Magnan, S. S. (2005). Anxiety and the true beginner - false beginner dynamic in beginning French and Spanish classes. Foreign Language Annals, 38, 171 190.
41. Furnham, A., & Heaven, P. (1999). Personality and social behavior. London : Arnold.
42. Ganschow, L., & Sparks, R. (1996). Anxiety about foreign language learning among high school women. Modern Language Journal, 80, 199 212.
43. Gardner, R. C., Moorcroft, R., & MacIntyre, P. D. (1987). The role of anxiety in second language performance of language drop-outs (Research Bulletin No. 657). London, Ontario, Canada : The University of Western Ontario, Department of Psychology.
44. Gardner, R. C., & MacIntyre, P. D. (1993). A student's contributions to second language learning: Part II. Affective variables. Language Teaching, 26, 1 11.
45. Gosling, S. D., Vazire, S., Srivastava, S., & John, O. P. (2004). Should we trust Web-based studies? A comparative analysis of six preconceptions about Internet questionnaires. American Psychologist, 59, 93 104.
46. Gregersen, T., & Horwitz, E. K. (2002). Language learning and perfectionism: Anxious and non-anxious language learners' reactions to their own oral performance. Modern Language Journal, 86, 562 570.
47. Hamers, J. F. (1994). Rôle des réseaux sociaux dans le maintien de la langue maternelle, dans le développement bilingue et dans le développement de la littéracie [The role of social networks in maintaining the native tongue, in the development of bilingualism, and in the development of literacy]. Bulletin suisse de linguistique appliquée, 59, 85 102.
48. Hoffman, E. (1989). Lost in translation: A life in a new language. New York : Penguin Books.
49. Horwitz, E. K. (1986). Preliminary evidence for the reliability and validity of a foreign language anxiety scale. TESOL Quarterly, 20, 559 562.
50. Horwitz, E. K., Horwitz, B., & Cope, J. (1986). Foreign language classroom anxiety. Modern Language Journal, 70 (ii 125 132.
51. Horwitz, E. K. (2000). It ain't over 'til it's over: On foreign language anxiety, first language deficits, and the confounding of variables. Modern Language Journal, 84, 256 259.
52. Horwitz, E. K. (2001). Language anxiety and achievement. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 21, 112 126.
53. Jensen, A. R. (1998). The g factor. Westport, CT : Praeger.
54. Kemp, C. (2001). Metalinguistic awareness in multilinguals: Implicit and explicit grammatical awareness and its relationship with language experience and language attainment. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Edinburgh.
55. Kemp, C. (2007). Strategic processing in grammar learning: Do multilinguals use more strategies? International Journal of Multilingualism, 4 (4 241 261.
56. MacIntyre, P. D. (1995). How does anxiety affect second language learning? A reply to Sparks and Ganschow. Modern Language Journal, 79, 90 99.
57. MacIntyre, P. D. (1999). Language anxiety: A review of the research for language teachers. In D. J. Young (Ed. Affect in foreign language and second language teaching: A practical guide to creating a low-anxiety classroom atmosphere (pp. 24 45). Boston : McGraw-Hill.
58. MacIntyre, P. D. (2007). Willingness to communicate in the second language: Understanding the decision to speak as a volitional process. Modern Language Journal, 91 (4 564 576.
59. MacIntyre, P. D., Baker, S. C., Clément, R., & Donovan, L. A. (2002). Sex and age effects on willingness to communicate, anxiety, perceived competence, and L2 motivation among junior high school French immersion students. Language Learning, 52 (3 537 564.
60. MacIntyre, P. D., & Charos, C. (1996). Personality, attitudes, and affect as predictors of second language communication. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 15, 3 26.
61. MacIntyre, P. D., Clément, R., Dörnyei, Z., & Noels, K. A. (1998). Conceptualizing willingness to communicate in a L2: A situational model of L2 confidence and affiliation. Modern Language Journal, 82, 545 562.
62. MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1989). Anxiety and second language learning: Towards a theoretical clarification. Language Learning, 39, 251 275.
63. MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1991a). Methods and results in the study of foreign language anxiety: A review of the literature. Language Learning, 41, 25 57.
64. MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1991b). Language anxiety: Its relationship to other anxieties and to processing in native and second language. Language Learning, 41, 513 534.
65. MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1991c). Investigating language class anxiety using the focused essay technique. Modern Language Journal, 75, 296 304.
66. MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1994). The subtle effects of language anxiety on cognitive processing in the second language. Language Learning, 44, 283 305.
67. MacIntyre, P. D., Noels, K. A., & Clément, R. (1997). Biases in self-ratings of second language proficiency: The role of language anxiety. Language Learning, 47, 265 287.
68. Matsuda, S., & Gobel, P. (2004). Anxiety and predictors of performance in the foreign language classroom. System: An International Journal of Educational Technology and Applied Linguistics, 32, 21 36.
69. Matthews, G., Deary, I. J., & Whiteman, M. C. (2003). Personality traits (2nd ed). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
70. McCroskey, J. C., & McCroskey, L. (1988). Self-report as an approach to measuring communication competence. Communication Research Reports, 5, 106 113.
71. Mikolajczak, M., Luminet, O., & Menil, C. (2006). Predicting resistance to stress: Incremental validity of trait emotional intelligence over alexithymia and optimism. Psicothema, 18, 79 88.
72. Muñoz, C. (Ed 2006). Age and the rate of foreign language learning. Clevedon, UK : Multilingual Matters.
73. Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York : McGraw-Hill.
74. O'Connor, R. M., & Little, I. S. (2003). Revisiting the predictive validity of emotional intelligence: Self-report versus ability-based measures. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 1893 1902.
75. Onwuegbuzie, A., Bailey, P., & Daley, C. E. (1999). Factors associated with foreign language anxiety. Applied Psycholinguistics, 20, 217 239.
76. Onwuegbuzie, A., Bailey, P., & Daley, C. E. (2002). The role of foreign language anxiety and students' expectations in foreign language learning. Research in the Schools, 9, 33 50.
77. Pavlenko, A. (2005). Emotions and multilingualism. Cambridge, MA : Cambridge University Press.
78. Petrides, K. V. (in press). Psychometric properties of the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue). In C. Stough, D. H. Saklofske, & J. D. A. Parker (Eds. Advances in the measurement of emotional intelligence. New York : Springer.
79. Petrides, K. V., Frederickson, N., & Furnham, A. (2004). The role of trait emotional intelligence in academic performance and deviant behavior at school. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 277 293.
80. Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2000). On the dimensional structure of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 313 320.
81. Petrides, K.V., & Furnham, A. (2001). Trait emotional intelligence: Psychometric investigation with reference to established trait taxonomies. European Journal of Personality, 15, 425 448.
82. Petrides, K.V., & Furnham, A. (2003). Trait emotional intelligence: Behavioural validation in two studies of emotion recognition and reactivity to mood induction. European Journal of Personality, 17, 39 57.
83. Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2006). The role of trait emotional intelligence in a gender-specific model of organizational variables. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36, 552 569.
84. Petrides, K. V., Furnham, A., & Frederickson, N. (2004). Emotional intelligence. The Psychologist, 17, 574 577.
85. Petrides, K. V., Furnham, A., & Mavroveli, S. (2007). Trait emotional intelligence: Moving forward in the field of EI. In G. Matthews, M. Zeidner, & R. Roberts (Eds. Emotional intelligence: Knowns and unknowns. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
86. Petrides, K. V., Pita, R., & Kokkinaki, F. (2007). The location of trait emotional intelligence in personality factor space. British Journal of Psychology, 98, 273 289.
87. Robinson, M. D., & Clore, G. L. (2002). Belief and feeling: Evidence for an accessibility model of emotional self-report. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 934 960.
88. Rodriguez, M., & Abreu, O. (2003). The stability of general foreign language classroom anxiety across English and French. Modern Language Journal, 87, 365 374.
89. Saito, Y., & Samimy, K. K. (1996). Foreign language anxiety and language performance: A study of learner anxiety in beginning, intermediate, and advanced-level college students of Japanese. Foreign Language Annals, 29, 239 251.
90. Sparks, R.-L., & Ganschow, L. (1991). Foreign language learning difficulties: Affective or native language aptitude differences? Modern Language Journal, 75, 3 16.
91. Sparks, R.-L., Artzer, M., Patton, J., Ganschow, L., Miller, K., Hordubay, D. J., & Walsh, G. (1998). Benefits of multisensory structured language instruction for at-risk foreign language learners: A comparison study of high school Spanish students. Annals of Dyslexia, 48, 239 270.
92. Tett, R. P., Fox, K. E., & Wang, A. (2005). Development and validation of a self-report measure of emotional intelligence as a multidimensional trait domain. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 859 888.
93. van Daele, S 2007). Linguïstische vlotheid, accuraatheid en complexiteit in de verwerving en de verwerking van een tweede taal [Linguistic fluency, accuracy and complexity in the acquisition and processing of a second language]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Free University of Brussels.
94. Warwick, J., & Nettelbeck, T. (2004). Emotional intelligence is...? Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 1091 1100.
95. Wiklund, I. (2002). Social networks from a sociolinguistic perspective: The relationship between characteristics of the social networks of bilingual adolescents and their language proficiency. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 153, 53 92.
96. Winer, B. J., Brown, D. R., & Michels, K. M. (1991). Statistical principles in experimental design (3rd ed.). New York : McGraw-Hill.
97. Woodrow, L. (2006). Anxiety and speaking English as a second language. RELC Journal, 37 (3 308 328.
98. Yashima, T., Zenuk-Nishide, L., & Shimuzu, K. (2004). The influence of attitudes and affect on willingness to communicate and second language communication. Language Learning, 54, 119 152.