Arabidopsis - A powerful model system for plant cell wall research

Plant Journal

Volumn 61, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 1107-1121

  Liepman, Aaron H ^a   Wightman, Raymond ^b   Geshi, Naomi ^c   Turner, Simon R ^b   Scheller, Henrik Vibe ^d,e  

^a EASTERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^d JOINT BIOENERGY INSTITUTE   (United States)

^e LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

Arabinogalactan proteins; Cellulose; Glycan synthases; Glycosyltransferases; Hemicellulose; Pectin

Indexed keywords

ARABIDOPSIS; ARABINOGALACTAN PROTEINS; CELL WALLS; FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERIZATION; GENES ENCODING; GENES ENCODING ENZYMES; GENOME SEQUENCES; GLYCOSYLTRANSFERASES; IN-PLANTS; MODEL SYSTEM; PLANT CELL WALL; RECENT PROGRESS; SYNTHASES;

BIOCHEMISTRY; BIOSYNTHESIS; CARBOHYDRATES; CELLULOSE; ENCODING (SYMBOLS); ENZYMES; GENES; PLANT CELL CULTURE;

CELLS;

ARABIDOPSIS PROTEIN; ARABINOGALACTAN PROTEINS; CELLULOSE; GLUCAN; MANNAN; MUCOPROTEIN; PECTIN; POLYSACCHARIDE; VEGETABLE PROTEIN; XYLAN; XYLOGLUCAN;

ARABIDOPSIS; ARTICLE; BIOSYNTHESIS; CELL WALL; ENZYMOLOGY; GENETICS; METABOLISM; PLANT GENE;

ARABIDOPSIS; ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS; CELL WALL; CELLULOSE; GENES, PLANT; GLUCANS; MANNANS; MUCOPROTEINS; PECTINS; PLANT PROTEINS; POLYSACCHARIDES; XYLANS;

ARABIDOPSIS;

EID: 77950419174     PISSN: 09607412     EISSN: 1365313X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2010.04161.x     Document Type: Article

References (162)

1. Alonso, J.M., Stepanova, A.N., Leisse, T.J. et al. (2003) Genome-wide insertional mutagenesis of Arabidopsis thaliana. Science, 301, 653 657.
2. Andersson, S.I. Samuelson, O. (1983) Structure of the reducing end-groups in spruce xylan. Carbohydr. Res. 111, 283 288.
3. Arabidopsis Genome Initiative (2000) Analysis of the genome sequence of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature, 408, 796 815.
4. Arioli, T., Peng, L., Betzner, A.S. et al. (1998) Molecular analysis of cellulose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Science, 279, 717 720.
5. Arsovski, A.A., Popma, T.M., Haughn, G.W., Carpita, N.C., McCann, M.C. Western, T.L. (2009) AtBXL1 encodes a bifunctional β-d-xylosidase/α- l-arabinofuranosidase required for pectic arabinan modification in Arabidopsis mucilage secretory cells. Plant Physiol. 150, 1219 1234.
6. Atanassov, I.I., Pittman, J.K. Turner, S.R. (2009) Elucidating the mechanisms of assembly and subunit interaction of the cellulose synthase complex of Arabidopsis secondary cell walls. J. Biol. Chem. 284, 3833 3841.
7. Benfey, P.N., Linstead, P.J., Roberts, K., Schiefelbein, J.W., Hauser, M.T. Aeschbacher, R.A. (1993) Root development in Arabidopsis: four mutants with dramatically altered root morphogenesis. Development, 119, 57 70.
8. Bernal, A.J., Jensen, J.K., Harholt, J. et al. (2007) Disruption of ATCSLD5 results in reduced growth, reduced xylan and homogalacturonan synthase activity and altered xylan occurrence in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 52, 791 802.
9. Borner, G.H., Sherrier, D.J., Stevens, T.J., Arkin, I.T. Dupree, P. (2002) Prediction of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins in Arabidopsis. A genomic analysis. Plant Physiol. 129, 486 499.
10. Borner, G.H., Lilley, K.S., Stevens, T.J. Dupree, P. (2003) Identification of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins in Arabidopsis. A proteomic and genomic analysis. Plant Physiol. 132, 568 577.
11. Bosca, S., Barton, C.J., Taylor, N.G., Ryden, P., Neumetzler, L., Pauly, M., Roberts, K. Seifert, G.J. (2006) Interactions between MUR10/CesA7-dependent secondary cellulose biosynthesis and primary cell wall structure. Plant Physiol. 142, 1353 1363.
12. Bouton, S., Leboeuf, E., Mouille, G., Leydecker, M.T., Talbotec, J., Granier, F., Lahaye, M., Hofte, H. Truong, H.N. (2002) QUASIMODO1 encodes a putative membrane-bound glycosyltransferase required for normal pectin synthesis and cell adhesion in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell, 14, 2577 2590.
13. Brady, S.M., Song, S., Dhugga, K.S., Rafalski, J.A. Benfey, P.N. (2007) Combining expression and comparative evolutionary analysis. The COBRA gene family. Plant Physiol. 143, 172 187.
14. Brown, D.M., Zeef, L.A., Ellis, J., Goodacre, R. Turner, S.R. (2005) Identification of novel genes in Arabidopsis involved in secondary cell wall formation using expression profiling and reverse genetics. Plant Cell, 17, 2281 2295.
15. Brown, D.M., Goubet, F., Vicky, W.W.A., Goodacre, R., Stephens, E., Dupree, P. Turner, S.R. (2007) Comparison of five xylan synthesis mutants reveals new insight into the mechanisms of xylan synthesis. Plant J. 52, 1154 1168.
16. Brown, D.M., Zhang, Z.N., Stephens, E., Dupree, P. Turner, S.R. (2009) Characterization of IRX10 and IRX10-like reveals an essential role in glucuronoxylan biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 57, 732 746.
17. Burton, R.A., Wilson, S.M., Hrmova, M., Harvey, A.J., Shirley, N.J., Medhurst, A., Stone, B.A., Newbigin, E.J., Bacic, A. Fincher, G.B. (2006) Cellulose synthase-like CslF genes mediate the synthesis of cell wall (1,3;1,4)-β-d-glucans. Science, 311, 1940 1942.
18. Caffall, K.H., Pattathil, S., Phillips, S.E., Hahn, M.G. Mohnen, D. (2009) Arabidopsis thaliana T-DNA mutants implicate GAUT genes in the biosynthesis of pectin and xylan in cell walls and seed testa. Mol. Plant, 2, 1000 1014.
19. Cano-Delgado, A., Penfield, S., Smith, C., Catley, M. Bevan, M. (2003) Reduced cellulose synthesis invokes lignification and defense responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 34, 351 362.
20. Cantarel, B.L., Coutinho, P.M., Rancurel, C., Bernard, T., Lombard, V. Henrissat, B. (2009) The Carbohydrate-Active enZymes database (CAZy): an expert resource for glycogenomics. Nucleic Acids Res. 37, D233 D238.
21. Carpita, N.C. Gibeaut, D.M. (1993) Structural models of primary cell walls in flowering plants: consistency of molecular structure with the physical properties of the walls during growth. Plant J. 3, 1 30.
22. Cavalier, D.M. Keegstra, K. (2006) Two xyloglucan xylosyltransferases catalyze the addition of multiple xylosyl residues to cellohexaose. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 34197 34207.
23. Cavalier, D.M., Lerouxel, O., Neumetzler, L. et al. (2008) Disrupting two Arabidopsis thaliana xylosyltransferase genes results in plants deficient in xyloglucan, a major primary cell wall component. Plant Cell, 20, 1519 1537.
24. Chen, C.G., Pu, Z.Y., Moritz, R.L., Simpson, R.J., Bacic, A., Clarke, A.E. Mau, S.L. (1994) Molecular cloning of a gene encoding an arabinogalactan-protein from pear (Pyrus communis) cell suspension culture. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 91, 10305 10309.
25. Chen, Z., Hong, X., Zhang, H., Wang, Y., Li, X., Zhu, J.K. Gong, Z. (2005) Disruption of the cellulose synthase gene, AtCesA8/IRX1, enhances drought and osmotic stress tolerance in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 43, 273 283.
26. Cocuron, J.C., Lerouxel, O., Drakakaki, G., Alonso, A.P., Liepman, A.H., Keegstra, K., Raikhel, N. Wilkerson, C.G. (2007) A gene from the cellulose synthase-like C family encodes a β-1,4 glucan synthase. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 8550 8555.
27. DeBolt, S., Gutierrez, R., Ehrhardt, D.W., Melo, C.V., Ross, L., Cutler, S.R., Somerville, C. Bonetta, D. (2007a) Morlin, an inhibitor of cortical microtubule dynamics and cellulose synthase movement. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 5854 5859.
28. DeBolt, S., Gutierrez, R., Ehrhardt, D.W. Somerville, C. (2007b) Nonmotile cellulose synthase subunits repeatedly accumulate within localized regions at the plasma membrane in Arabidopsis hypocotyl cells following 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile treatment. Plant Physiol. 145, 334 338.
29. Desprez, T., Vernhettes, S., Fagard, M., Refregier, G., Desnos, T., Aletti, E., Py, N., Pelletier, S. Hofte, H. (2002) Resistance against herbicide isoxaben and cellulose deficiency caused by distinct mutations in same cellulose synthase isoform CESA6. Plant Physiol. 128, 482 490.
30. Desprez, T., Juraniec, M., Crowell, E.F., Jouy, H., Pochylova, Z., Parcy, F., Hofte, H., Gonneau, M. Vernhettes, S. (2007) Organization of cellulose synthase complexes involved in primary cell wall synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 15572 15577.
31. Dhugga, K.S., Barreiro, R., Whitten, B. et al. (2004) Guar seed β-mannan synthase is a member of the cellulose synthase super gene family. Science, 303, 363 366.
32. Doblin, M.S., Pettolino, F.A., Wilson, S.M., Campbell, R., Burton, R.A., Fincher, G.B., Newbigin, E. Bacic, A. (2009) A barley cellulose synthase-like CSLH gene mediates (1,3;1,4)-β-d-glucan synthesis in transgenic Arabidopsis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 5996 6001.
33. Du, H., Simpson, R.J., Moritz, R.L., Clarke, A.E. Bacic, A. (1994) Isolation of the protein backbone of an arabinogalactan-protein from the styles of Nicotiana alata and characterization of a corresponding cDNA. Plant Cell, 6, 1643 1653.
34. Dwivany, F.M., Yulia, D., Burton, R.A., Shirley, N.J., Wilson, S.M., Fincher, G.B., Bacic, A., Newbigin, E. Doblin, M.S. (2009) The CELLULOSE-SYNTHASE LIKE C (CSLC) family of barley includes members that are integral membrane proteins targeted to the plasma membrane. Mol. Plant, 2, 1025 1039.
35. Edwards, M.E., Dickson, C.A., Chengappa, S., Sidebottom, C., Gidley, M.J. Reid, J.S.G. (1999) Molecular characterization of a membrane-bound galactosyltransferase of plant cell wall matrix polysaccharide biosynthesis. Plant J. 19, 691 697.
36. Egelund, J., Petersen, B.L., Motawia, M.S., Damager, I., Faik, A., Olsen, C.E., Ishii, T., Clausen, H., Ulvskov, P. Geshi, N. (2006) Arabidopsis thaliana RGXT1 and RGXT2 encode Golgi-localized (1,3)-α-d-xylosyltransferases involved in the synthesis of pectic rhamnogalacturonan-II. Plant Cell, 18, 2593 2607.
37. Egelund, J., Damager, I., Faber, K., Olsen, C.E., Ulvskov, P. Petersen, B.L. (2008) Functional characterisation of a putative rhamnogalacturonan II specific xylosyltransferase. FEBS Lett. 582, 3217 3222.
38. Ellis, C., Karafyllidis, I., Wasternack, C. Turner, J.G. (2002) The Arabidopsis mutant cev1 links cell wall signaling to jasmonate and ethylene responses. Plant Cell, 14, 1557 1566.
39. Endo, S., Pesquet, E., Yamaguchi, M. et al. (2009) Identifying new components participating in the secondary cell wall formation of vessel elements in zinnia and Arabidopsis. Plant Cell, 21, 1155 1165.
40. Esko, J.D. Selleck, S.B. (2002) Order out of chaos: assembly of ligand binding sites in heparan sulfate. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 71, 435 471.
41. Estevez, J.M., Kieliszewski, M.J., Khitrov, N. Somerville, C. (2006) Characterization of synthetic hydroxyproline-rich proteoglycans with arabinogalactan protein and extensin motifs in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 142, 458 470.
42. Fagard, M., Desnos, T., Desprez, T., Goubet, F., Refregier, G., Mouille, G., McCann, M., Rayon, C., Vernhettes, S. Hofte, H. (2000) PROCUSTE1 encodes a cellulose synthase required for normal cell elongation specifically in roots and dark-grown hypocotyls of Arabidopsis. Plant Cell, 12, 2409 2424.
43. Faik, A., Price, N.J., Raikhel, N.V. Keegstra, K. (2002) An Arabidopsis gene encoding an α-xylosyltransferase involved in xyloglucan biosynthesis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 7797 7802.
44. Fincher, G.B. (2009) Revolutionary times in our understanding of cell wall biosynthesis and remodeling in the grasses. Plant Physiol. 149, 27 37.
45. Fincher, G.B., Stone, B.A. Clarke, A.E. (1983) Arabinogalactan-proteins: structure, biosynthesis, and function. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 34, 47 70.
46. Frei, E. Preston, R.D. (1968) Non-cellulosic structural polysaccharides in algal cell walls. III. Mannan in siphoneous green algae. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 169, 127 145.
47. Fry, S.C., York, W.S., Albersheim, P. et al. (1993) An unambiguous nomenclature for xyloglucan-derived oligosaccharides. Physiol. Plant. 89, 1 3.
48. Gardiner, J.C., Taylor, N.G. Turner, S.R. (2003) Control of cellulose synthase complex localization in developing xylem. Plant Cell, 15, 1740 1748.
49. Gaspar, Y., Johnson, K.L., McKenna, J.A., Bacic, A. Schultz, C.J. (2001) The complex structures of arabinogalactan-proteins and the journey towards understanding function. Plant Mol. Biol. 47, 161 176.
50. Giddings, T.H. Jr., Brower, D.L. Staehelin, L.A. (1980) Visualization of particle complexes in the plasma membrane of Micrasterias denticulata associated with the formation of cellulose fibrils in primary and secondary cell walls. J. Cell Biol. 84, 327 339.
51. Gillmor, C.S., Lukowitz, W., Brininstool, G., Sedbrook, J.C., Hamann, T., Poindexter, P. Somerville, C. (2005) Glycosylphosphatidylinositol - anchored proteins are required for cell wall synthesis and morphogenesis in Arabidopsis. Plant cell, 17, 1128 1140.
52. Glushka, J.N., Terrell, M., York, W.S., O'Neill, M.A., Gucwa, A., Darvill, A.G., Albersheim, P. Prestegard, J.H. (2003) Primary structure of the 2-O-methyl-α-l-fucose-containing side chain of the pectic polysaccharide, rhamnogalacturonan II. Carbohydr. Res. 338, 341 352.
53. Goubet, F., Misrahi, A., Park, S.K., Zhang, Z., Twell, D. Dupree, P. (2003) AtCslA7, a cellulose synthase-like putative glycosyltransferase, is important for pollen tube growth and embryogenesis in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 131, 547 557.
54. Goubet, F., Barton, C.J., Mortimer, J.C., Yu, X., Zhang, Z., Miles, G.P., Richens, J., Liepman, A.H., Seffen, K. Dupree, P. (2009) Cell wall glucomannan in Arabidopsis is synthesised by CSLA glycosyltransferases, and influences the progression of embryogenesis. Plant J. 60, 527 538.
55. Handford, M.G., Baldwin, T.C., Goubet, F., Prime, T.A., Miles, J., Yu, X. Dupree, P. (2003) Localisation and characterisation of cell wall mannan polysaccharides in Arabidopsis thaliana. Planta, 218, 27 36.
56. Harholt, J., Jensen, J.K., Sorensen, S.O., Orfila, C., Pauly, M. Scheller, H.V. (2006) ARABINAN DEFICIENT 1 is a putative arabinosyltransferase involved in biosynthesis of pectic arabinan in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 140, 49 58.
57. Hayashi, T. (1989) Xyloglucans in the primary cell wall. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 40, 139 168.
58. Hematy, K. Hofte, H. (2008) Novel receptor kinases involved in growth regulation. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 11, 321 328.
59. Hernandez-Blanco, C., Feng, D.X., Hu, J. et al. (2007) Impairment of cellulose synthases required for Arabidopsis secondary cell wall formation enhances disease resistance. Plant Cell, 19, 890 903.
60. Hieta, R. Myllyharju, J. (2002) Cloning and characterization of a low molecular weight prolyl 4-hydroxylase from Arabidopsis thaliana. Effective hydroxylation of proline-rich, collagen-like, and hypoxia-inducible transcription factor α-like peptides. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 23965 23971.
61. Iwai, H., Masaoka, N., Ishii, T. Satoh, S. (2002) A pectin glucuronyltransferase gene is essential for intercellular attachment in the plant meristem. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 16319 16324.
62. Jensen, J.K., Sorensen, S.O., Harholt, J. et al. (2008) Identification of a xylogalacturonan xylosyltransferase involved in pectin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell, 20, 1289 1302.
63. Jeoh, T., Ishizawa, C.I., Davis, M.F., Himmel, M.E., Adney, W.S. Johnson, D.K. (2007) Cellulase digestibility of pretreated biomass is limited by cellulose accessibility. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 98, 112 122.
64. Johansson, M.H. Samuelson, O. (1977) Reducing end groups in birch xylan and their alkaline degradation. Wood Sci. Technol. 11, 251 263.
65. Jones, M.A., Raymond, M.J. Smirnoff, N. (2006) Analysis of the root-hair morphogenesis transcriptome reveals the molecular identity of six genes with roles in root-hair development in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 45, 83 100.
66. Kato, H., Takeuchi, Y., Tsumuraya, Y., Hashimoto, Y., Nakano, H. Kovác, P. (2003) In vitro biosynthesis of galactans by membrane-bound galactosyltransferase from radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seedlings. Planta, 217, 271 282.
67. Kieliszewski, M.J. Shpak, E. (2001) Synthetic genes for the elucidation of glycosylation codes for arabinogalactan-proteins and other hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 58, 1386 1398.
68. Kong, Y., Zhou, G., Avci, U., Gu, X., Jones, C., Yin, Y., Xu, Y. Hahn, M.G. (2009) Two poplar glycosyltransferase genes, PdGATL1.1 and PdGATL1.2, are functional orthologs to PARVUS/AtGATL1 in Arabidopsis. Mol. Plant, 2, 1040 1050.
69. Lalanne, E., Honys, D., Johnson, A., Borner, G.H., Lilley, K.S., Dupree, P., Grossniklaus, U. Twell, D. (2004) SETH1 and SETH2, two components of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor biosynthetic pathway, are required for pollen germination and tube growth in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell, 16, 229 240.
70. Lane, D.R., Wiedemeier, A., Peng, L. et al. (2001) Temperature-sensitive alleles of RSW2 link the KORRIGAN endo-1,4-β-glucanase to cellulose synthesis and cytokinesis in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 126, 278 288.
71. Lee, C.H., O'Neill, M.A., Tsumuraya, Y., Darvill, A.G. Ye, Z.H. (2007) The irregular xylem9 mutant is deficient in xylan xylosyltransferase activity. Plant Cell Physiol. 48, 1624 1634.
72. Lee, C.H., Teng, Q., Huang, W.L., Zhong, R.Q. Ye, Z.H. (2009) The F8H glycosyltransferase is a functional paralog of FRA8 involved in glucuronoxylan biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Physiol. 50, 812 827.
73. Lerouxel, O., Choo, T.S., Seveno, M., Usadel, B., Faye, L., Lerouge, P. Pauly, M. (2002) Rapid structural phenotyping of plant cell wall mutants by enzymatic oligosaccharide fingerprinting. Plant Physiol. 130, 1754 1763.
74. Lertpiriyapong, K. Sung, Z.R. (2003) The elongation defective1 mutant of Arabidopsis is impaired in the gene encoding a serine-rich secreted protein. Plant Mol. Biol. 53, 581 595.
75. Li, X.M., Cordero, I., Caplan, J., Molhoj, M. Reiter, W.D. (2004) Molecular analysis of 10 coding regions from Arabidopsis that are homologous to the MUR3 xyloglucan galactosyltransferase. Plant Physiol. 134, 940 950.
76. Liepman, A.H., Wilkerson, C.G. Keegstra, K. (2005) Expression of cellulose synthase-like (Csl) genes in insect cells reveals that CslA family members encode mannan synthases. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 102, 2221 2226.
77. Liepman, A.H., Nairn, C.J., Willats, W.G., Sørensen, I., Roberts, A.W. Keegstra, K. (2007) Functional genomic analysis supports conservation of function among cellulose synthase-like A gene family members and suggests diverse roles of mannans in plants. Plant Physiol. 143, 1881 1893.
78. Ma, S., Gong, Q. Bohnert, H.J. (2007) An Arabidopsis gene network based on the graphical Gaussian model. Genome Res. 17, 1614 1625.
79. Madson, M., Dunand, C., Li, X.M., Verma, R., Vanzin, G.F., Calplan, J., Shoue, D.A., Carpita, N.C. Reiter, W.D. (2003) The MUR3 gene of Arabidopsis encodes a xyloglucan galactosyltransferase that is evolutionarily related to animal exostosins. Plant Cell, 15, 1662 1670.
80. Maeda, Y., Awano, T., Takabe, K. Fujita, M. (2000) Immunolocalization of glucomannans in the cell wall of differentiating tracheids in Chamaecyparis obtusa. Protoplasma, 213, 148 156.
81. Majewska-Sawka, A. Nothnagel, E.A. (2000) The multiple roles of arabinogalactan proteins in plant development. Plant Physiol. 122, 3 10.
82. McCann, M.C. Carpita, N.C. (2008) Designing the deconstruction of plant cell walls. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 11, 314 320.
83. McCann, M., Wells, B. Roberts, K. (1990) Direct visualization of cross-links in the primary plant cell wall. J. Cell Sci. 96, 323 334.
84. Meier, H. Reid, J.S.G. (1982) Reserve polysaccharides other than starch in higher plants. In Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology (Loewus, F.A. Tanner, W., eds).
85. Mohnen, D. (2008) Pectin structure and biosynthesis. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 11, 266 277.
86. Moller, I., Sørensen, I., Bernal, A.J. et al. (2007) High-throughput mapping of cell-wall polymers within and between plants using novel microarrays. Plant J. 50, 1118 1128.
87. Mouille, G., Ralet, M.C., Cavelier, C. et al. (2007) Homogalacturonan synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana requires a Golgi-localized protein with a putative methyltransferase domain. Plant J. 50, 605 614.
88. Mueller, S.C. Brown, R.M. Jr. (1980) Evidence for an intramembrane component associated with a cellulose microfibril-synthesizing complex in higher plants. J. Cell Biol. 84, 315 326.
89. Nicol, F., His, I., Jauneau, A., Vernhettes, S., Canut, H. Hofte, H. (1998) A plasma membrane-bound putative endo-1,4-β-d-glucanase is required for normal wall assembly and cell elongation in Arabidopsis. EMBO J. 17, 5563 5576.
90. Oka, T., Saito, F., Shimma, Y.-I., Yokoo, T., Nomura, Y., Matsuoka, K. Jigami, Y. (2010) Characterization of endoplasmic reticulum-localized UDP-d-galactose:hydroxyproline-O-galactosyltransferase using synthetic peptide substrates in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 152, 332 340.
91. Orfila, C., Sorensen, S.O., Harholt, J., Geshi, N., Crombie, H., Truong, H.N., Reid, J.S., Knox, J.P. Scheller, H.V. (2005) QUASIMODO1 is expressed in vascular tissue of Arabidopsis thaliana inflorescence stems, and affects homogalacturonan and xylan biosynthesis. Planta, 222, 613 622.
92. Oxley, D. Bacic, A. (1999) Structure of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor of an arabinogalactan protein from Pyrus communis suspension-cultured cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 96, 14246 14251.
93. Pagant, S., Bichet, A., Sugimoto, K., Lerouxel, O., Desprez, T., McCann, M., Lerouge, P., Vernhettes, S. Hofte, H. (2002) KOBITO1 encodes a novel plasma membrane protein necessary for normal synthesis of cellulose during cell expansion in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell, 14, 2001 2013.
94. Paredez, A.R., Somerville, C.R. Ehrhardt, D.W. (2006) Visualization of cellulose synthase demonstrates functional association with microtubules. Science, 312, 1491 1495.
95. Paredez, A.R., Persson, S., Ehrhardt, D.W. Somerville, C.R. (2008) Genetic evidence that cellulose synthase activity influences microtubule cortical array organization. Plant Physiol. 147, 1723 1734.
96. Parker, J.S., Cavell, A.C., Dolan, L., Roberts, K. Grierson, C.S. (2000) Genetic interactions during root hair morphogenesis in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell, 12, 1961 1974.
97. Pauly, M., Albersheim, P., Darvill, A. York, W.S. (1999) Molecular domains of the cellulose/xyloglucan network in the cell walls of higher plants. Plant J. 20, 629 639.
98. Pear, J.R., Kawagoe, Y., Schreckengost, W.E., Delmer, D.P. Stalker, D.M. (1996) Higher plants contain homologs of the bacterial celA genes encoding the catalytic subunit of cellulose synthase. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 93, 12637 12642.
99. Pena, M.J., Ryden, P., Madson, M., Smith, A.C. Carpita, N.C. (2004) The galactose residues of xyloglucan are essential to maintain mechanical strength of the primary cell walls in Arabidopsis during growth. Plant Physiol. 134, 443 451.
100. Peña, M.J., Zhong, R., Zhou, G.-K., Richardson, E.A., O'Neill, M.A., Darvill, A.G., York, W.S. Ye, Z.-H. (2007) Arabidopsis irregular xylem8 and irregular xylem9: implications for the complexity of glucuronoxylan biosynthesis. Plant Cell, 19, 549 563.
101. Penfield, S., Meissner, R.C., Shoue, D.A., Carpita, N.C. Bevan, M.W. (2001) MYB61 is required for mucilage deposition and extrusion in the Arabidopsis seed coat. Plant Cell, 13, 2777 2791.
102. Peng, L., Kawagoe, Y., Hogan, P. Delmer, D. (2002) Sitosterol-β- glucoside as primer for cellulose synthesis in plants. Science, 295, 147 150.
103. Perrin, R.M., DeRocher, A.E., Bar-Peled, M., Zeng, W.Q., Norambuena, L., Orellana, A., Raikhel, N.V. Keegstra, K. (1999) Xyloglucan fucosyltransferase, an enzyme involved in plant cell wall biosynthesis. Science, 284, 1976 1979.
104. Perrin, R.M., Jia, Z.H., Wagner, T.A., O'Neill, M.A., Sarria, R., York, W.S., Raikhel, N.V. Keegstra, K. (2003) Analysis of xyloglucan fucosylation in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 132, 768 778.
105. Persson, S., Wei, H.R., Milne, J., Page, G.P. Somerville, C.R. (2005) Identification of genes required for cellulose synthesis by regression analysis of public microarray data sets. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 102, 8633 8638.
106. Persson, S., Caffall, K.H., Freshour, G., Hilley, M.T., Bauer, S., Poindexter, P., Hahn, M.G., Mohnen, D. Somerville, C. (2007a) The Arabidopsis irregular xylem8 mutant is deficient in glucuronoxylan and homogalacturonan, which are essential for secondary cell wall integrity. Plant Cell, 19, 237 255.
107. Persson, S., Paredez, A., Carroll, A., Palsdottir, H., Doblin, M., Poindexter, P., Khitrov, N., Auer, M. Somerville, C.R. (2007b) Genetic evidence for three unique components in primary cell-wall cellulose synthase complexes in Arabidopsis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 15566 15571.
108. Popper, Z.A. (2008) Evolution and diversity of green plant cell walls. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 11, 286 292.
109. Qu, Y., Egelund, J., Gilson, P.R., Houghton, F., Gleeson, P.A., Schultz, C.J. Bacic, A. (2008) Identification of a novel group of putative Arabidopsis thalianaβ-(1,3)-galactosyltransferases. Plant Mol. Biol. 68, 43 59.
110. Reiter, W.D. (2008) Biochemical genetics of nucleotide sugar interconversion reactions. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 11, 236 243.
111. Reiter, W.D., Chapple, C.C. Somerville, C.R. (1993) Altered growth and cell walls in a fucose-deficient mutant of Arabidopsis. Science, 261, 1032 1035.
112. Reiter, W.D., Chapple, C. Somerville, C.R. (1997) Mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana with altered cell wall polysaccharide composition. Plant J. 12, 335 345.
113. Reyes, F. Orellana, A. (2008) Golgi transporters: opening the gate to cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 11, 244 251.
114. Rhee, S.Y., Beavis, W., Berardini, T.Z. et al. (2003) The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR): a model organism database providing a centralized, curated gateway to Arabidopsis biology, research materials and community. Nucleic Acids Res. 31, 224 228.
115. Richmond, T. (2000) Higher plant cellulose synthases. Genome Biol. 1, 3001 3006.
116. Richmond, T. Somerville, C.R. (2000) The cellulose synthase superfamily. Plant Physiol. 124, 495 498.
117. Roudier, F., Schindelman, G., DeSalle, R. Benfey, P.N. (2002) The COBRA family of putative GPI-anchored proteins in Arabidopsis. A new fellowship in expansion. Plant Physiol. 130, 538 548.
118. Roudier, F., Fernandez, A.G., Fujita, M. et al. (2005) COBRA, an Arabidopsis extracellular glycosyl-phosphatidyl inositol-anchored protein, specifically controls highly anisotropic expansion through its involvement in cellulose microfibril orientation. Plant Cell, 17, 1749 1763.
119. Sarria, R., Wagner, T.A., O'Neill, M.A., Faik, A., Wilkerson, C.G., Keegstra, K. Raikhel, N.V. (2001) Characterization of a family of Arabidopsis genes related to xyloglucan fucosyltransferase 1. Plant Physiol. 127, 1595 1606.
120. Sato, S., Kato, T., Kakegawa, K. et al. (2001) Role of the putative membrane-bound endo-1,4-β-glucanase KORRIGAN in cell elongation and cellulose synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Physiol. 42, 251 263.
121. Scheible, W.R., Eshed, R., Richmond, T., Delmer, D. Somerville, C. (2001) Modifications of cellulose synthase confer resistance to isoxaben and thiazolidinone herbicides in Arabidopsis Ixr1 mutants. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 98, 10079 10084.
122. Scheller, H.V. Ulvskov, P. (2010) Hemicelluloses. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 61, in press.
123. Scheller, H.V., Jensen, J.K., Sorensen, S.O., Harholt, J. Geshi, N. (2007) Biosynthesis of pectin. Physiol. Plant. 129, 283 295.
124. Schindelman, G., Morikami, A., Jung, J., Baskin, T.I., Carpita, N.C., Derbyshire, P., McCann, M.C. Benfey, P.N. (2001) COBRA encodes a putative GPI-anchored protein, which is polarly localized and necessary for oriented cell expansion in Arabidopsis. Genes Dev. 15, 1115 1127.
125. Schrick, K., Fujioka, S., Takatsuto, S., Stierhof, Y.D., Stransky, H., Yoshida, S. Jurgens, G. (2004) A link between sterol biosynthesis, the cell wall, and cellulose in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 38, 227 243.
126. Schultz, C.J., Rumsewicz, M.P., Johnson, K.L., Jones, B.J., Gaspar, Y.M. Bacic, A. (2002) Using genomic resources to guide research directions. The arabinogalactan protein gene family as a test case. Plant Physiol. 129, 1448 1463.
127. Schultz, C.J., Ferguson, K.L., Lahnstein, J. Bacic, A. (2004) Post-translational modifications of arabinogalactan-peptides of Arabidopsis thaliana. Endoplasmic reticulum and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor signal cleavage sites and hydroxylation of proline. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 45503 45511.
128. Seifert, G.J. Roberts, K. (2007) The biology of arabinogalactan proteins. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 58, 137 161.
129. Seki, M., Narusaka, M., Kamiya, A. et al. (2002) Functional annotation of a full-length Arabidopsis cDNA collection. Science, 296, 141 145.
130. Showalter, A.M. (1993) Structure and function of plant-cell wall proteins. Plant Cell, 5, 9 23.
131. Somerville, C. (2006) Cellulose synthesis in higher plants. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 22, 53 78.
132. Somerville, C., Bauer, S., Brininstool, G. et al. (2004) Toward a systems approach to understanding plant cell walls. Science, 306, 2206 2211.
133. Sterling, J.D., Atmodjo, M.A., Inwood, S.E., Kumar Kolli, V.S., Quigley, H.F., Hahn, M.G. Mohnen, D. (2006) Functional identification of an Arabidopsis pectin biosynthetic homogalacturonan galacturonosyltransferase. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 5236 5241.
134. Suzuki, S., Li, L., Sun, Y.H. Chiang, V.L. (2006) The cellulose synthase gene superfamily and biochemical functions of xylem-specific cellulose synthase-like genes in Populus trichocarpa. Plant Physiol. 142, 1233 1245.
135. Szyjanowicz, P.M., McKinnon, I., Taylor, N.G., Gardiner, J., Jarvis, M.C. Turner, S.R. (2004) The irregular xylem 2 mutant is an allele of korrigan that affects the secondary cell wall of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 37, 730 740.
136. Takahashi, J., Rudsander, U.J., Hedenstrom, M. et al. (2009) KORRIGAN1 and its aspen homolog PttCel9A1 decrease cellulose crystallinity in Arabidopsis stems. Plant Cell Physiol. 50, 1099 1115.
137. Tan, L., Qiu, F., Lamport, D.T. Kieliszewski, M.J. (2004) Structure of a hydroxyproline (Hyp)-arabinogalactan polysaccharide from repetitive Ala-Hyp expressed in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 13156 13165.
138. Tanaka, K., Murata, K., Yamazaki, M., Onosato, K., Miyao, A. Hirochika, H. (2003) Three distinct rice cellulose synthase catalytic subunit genes required for cellulose synthesis in the secondary wall. Plant Physiol. 133, 73 83.
139. Taylor, N.G. (2008) Cellulose biosynthesis and deposition in higher plants. New Phytol. 178, 239 252.
140. Taylor, N.G., Scheible, W.R., Cutler, S., Somerville, C.R. Turner, S.R. (1999) The irregular xylem3 locus of Arabidopsis encodes a cellulose synthase required for secondary cell wall synthesis. Plant Cell, 11, 769 780.
141. Taylor, N.G., Laurie, S. Turner, S.R. (2000) Multiple cellulose synthase catalytic subunits are required for cellulose synthesis in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell, 12, 2529 2540.
142. Taylor, N.G., Howells, R.M., Huttly, A.K., Vickers, K. Turner, S.R. (2003) Interactions among three distinct CesA proteins essential for cellulose synthesis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 100, 1450 1455.
143. Tiainen, P., Myllyharju, J. Koivunen, P. (2005) Characterization of a second Arabidopsis thaliana prolyl 4-hydroxylase with distinct substrate specificity. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 1142 1148.
144. Timmers, J., Vernhettes, S., Desprez, T., Vincken, J.-P., Visser, R.G.F. Trindade, L.M. (2009) Interactions between membrane-bound cellulose synthases involved in the synthesis of the secondary cell wall. FEBS Lett. 583, 978 982.
145. Ubeda-Tomas, S., Edvardsson, E., Eland, C. et al. (2007) Genomic-assisted identification of genes involved in secondary growth in Arabidopsis utilising transcript profiling of poplar wood-forming tissues. Physiol. Plant. 129, 415 428.
146. Vanzin, G.F., Madson, M., Carpita, N.C., Raikhel, N.V., Keegstra, K. Reiter, W.D. (2002) The mur2 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana lacks fucosylated xyloglucan because of a lesion in fucosyltransferase AtFUT1. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 3340 3345.
147. Vincken, J.P., York, W.S., Beldman, G. Voragen, A.G. (1997) Two general branching patterns of xyloglucan, XXXG and XXGG. Plant Physiol. 114, 9 13.
148. Vogel, J. (2008) Unique aspects of the grass cell wall. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 11, 301 307.
149. Wightman, R. Turner, S.R. (2008) The roles of the cytoskeleton during cellulose deposition at the secondary cell wall. Plant J. 54, 794 805.
150. Wightman, R., Marshall, R. Turner, S.R. (2009) A cellulose synthase-containing compartment moves rapidly beneath sites of secondary wall synthesis. Plant Cell Physiol. 50, 584 594.
151. Wu, A.M., Rihouey, C., Seveno, M., Hornblad, E., Singh, S.K., Matsunaga, T., Ishii, T., Lerouge, P. Marchant, A. (2009) The Arabidopsis IRX10 and IRX10-LIKE glycosyltransferases are critical for glucuronoxylan biosynthesis during secondary cell wall formation. Plant J. 57, 718 731.
152. Yang, B. Wyman, C.E. (2004) Effect of xylan and lignin removal by batch and flowthrough pretreatment on the enzymatic digestibility of corn stover cellulose. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 86, 88 95.
153. York, W.S. O'Neill, M.A. (2008) Biochemical control of xylan biosynthesis - which end is up? Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 11, 258 265.
154. Zablackis, E., Huang, J., Muller, B., Darvill, A.G. Albersheim, P. (1995) Characterization of the cell-wall polysaccharides of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. Plant Physiol. 107, 1129 1138.
155. Zabotina, O.A., van de Ven, W.T.G., Freshour, G., Drakakaki, G., Cavalier, D., Mouille, G., Hahn, M.G., Keegstra, K. Raikhel, N.V. (2008) Arabidopsis XXT5 gene encodes a putative α-1,6-xylosyltransferase that is involved in xyloglucan biosynthesis. Plant J. 56, 101 115.
156. Zandleven, J., Sørensen, S.O.l., Harholt, J., Beldman, G., Schols, H.A., Scheller, H.V. Voragen, A.J. (2007) Xylogalacturonan exists in cell walls from various tissues of Arabidopsis thaliana. Phytochemistry, 68, 1219 1226.
157. Zhong, R. Ye, Z.H. (2007) Regulation of cell wall biosynthesis. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 10, 564 572.
158. Zhong, R., Morrison, W.H. 3rd., Freshour, G.D., Hahn, M.G. Ye, Z.H. (2003) Expression of a mutant form of cellulose synthase AtCesA7 causes dominant negative effect on cellulose biosynthesis. Plant Physiol. 132, 786 795.
159. Zhong, R.Q., Pena, M.J., Zhou, G.K., Nairn, C.J., Wood-Jones, A., Richardson, E.A., Morrison, W.H., Darvill, A.G., York, W.S. Ye, Z.H. (2005) Arabidopsis fragile fiber8, which encodes a putative glucuronyltransferase, is essential for normal secondary wall synthesis. Plant Cell, 17, 3390 3408.
160. Zhou, G.K., Zhong, R., Richardson, E.A., Morrison, W.H. 3rd., Nairn, C.J., Wood-Jones, A. Ye, Z.H. (2006) The poplar glycosyltransferase GT47C is functionally conserved with Arabidopsis fragile fiber8. Plant Cell Physiol. 47, 1229 1240.
161. Zhou, G.K., Zhong, R., Himmelsbach, D.S., McPhail, B.T. Ye, Z.H. (2007) Molecular characterization of PoGT8D and PoGT43B, two secondary wall-associated glycosyltransferases in poplar. Plant Cell Physiol. 48, 689 699.
162. Zhu, Y., Nam, J., Carpita, N., Matthysse, A.G. Gelvin, S.B. (2003) Agrobacterium-mediated root transformation is inhibited by mutation of an Arabidopsis cellulose synthase-like gene. Plant Physiol. 133, 1000 1010.