Microwave makes carbon nanotubes less defective

ACS Nano

Volumn 4, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 1716-1722

  Lin, Wei ^a,b   Moon, Kyoung Sik ^a   Zhang, Shanju ^b   Ding, Yong ^a   Shang, Jintang ^c   Chen, Mingxiang ^d   Wong, Ching Ping ^a  

^a Georgia Institute of Technology   (United States)

^b GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^c Southeast University   (China)

^d HUAZHONG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (China)

Author keywords

Carbon nanotube; Defect; Electrical conductivity; Mechanical properties; Microwave

Indexed keywords

DEFECT REDUCTION; ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY; MICROWAVE ANNEALING; MICROWAVE RESPONSE; ULTRA-FAST; VERTICALLY ALIGNED CARBON NANOTUBE;

ANNEALING; DEFECT DENSITY; DEFECTS; ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY; MECHANICAL PROPERTIES; MICROWAVES; SPINNING (FIBERS); TENSILE STRENGTH; TENSILE TESTING;

CARBON NANOTUBES;

EID: 77950163830     PISSN: 19360851     EISSN: 1936086X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/nn901621c     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Kreupl, F.; Graham, A. P.; Duesberg, G. S.; Steinhogl, W.; Liebau, M.; Unger, E.; Honlein, W. Carbon Nanotubes in Interconnect Applications. Microelectron. Eng. 2002, 64, 399-408.
2. Li, J.; Ye, Q.; Cassell, A.; Ng, H. T.; Stevens, R.; Han, J.; Meyyappan, M. Bottom-Up Approach for Carbon Nanotube Interconnects. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 82, 2491-2493.
3. Nihei, M.; Kawabata, A.; Kondo, D.; Horibe, M.; Sato, S.; Awano, Y. Electrical Properties of Carbon Nanotube Bundles for Future via Interconnects. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 1 2005, 44, 1626-1628.
4. Naeemi, A.; Sarvari, R.; Meindl, J. D. Performance Comparison between Carbon Nanotube and Copper Interconnects for Gigascale Integration (GSI). IEEE Electron Device Lett. 2005, 26, 84-86.
5. Zhu, L. B.; Sun, Y. Y.; Hess, D. W.; Wong, C. P. Well-Aligned Open-Ended Carbon Nanotube Architectures: An Approach for Device Assembly. Nano Lett. 2006, 6, 243-247.
6. Biercuk, M. J.; Llaguno, M. C.; Radosavljevic, M.; Hyun, J. K.; Johnson, A. T.; Fischer, J. E. Carbon Nanotube Composites for Thermal Management. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002, 80, 2767-2769.
7. Liu, C. H.; Huang, H.; Wu, Y.; Fan, S. S. Thermal Conductivity Improvement of Silicone Elastomer with Carbon Nanotube Loading. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 84, 4248-4250.
8. Huang, H.; Liu, C. H.; Wu, Y.; Fan, S. S. Aligned Carbon Nanotube Composite Films for Thermal Management. Adv. Mater. 2005, 17, 1652-1656.
9. Xu, J.; Fisher, T. S. Enhancement of Thermal Interface Materials with Carbon Nanotube Arrays. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 2006, 49, 1658-1666.
10. Cola, B. A.; Xu, J.; Chen, C. R.; Xu, X. F.; Fisher, T. T.; Hu, H. P. Photoacoustic Characterization of Carbon Nanotube Array Thermal Interfaces. J. Appl. Phys. 2007, 101, 054313.
11. Vigolo, B.; Penicaud, A.; Coulon, C.; Sauder, C.; Pailler, R.; Journet, C.; Bernier, P.; Poulin, P. Macroscopic Fibers and Ribbons of Oriented Carbon Nanotubes. Science 2000, 290, 1331-1334.
12. Koziol, K.; Vilatela, J.; Moisala, A.; Motta, M.; Cunniff, P.; Sennett, M.; Windle, A. High-Performance Carbon Nanotube Fiber. Science 2007, 318, 1892-1895.
13. Motta, M.; Li, Y. L.; Kinloch, I.; Windle, A. Mechanical Properties of Continuously Spun Fibers of Carbon Nanotubes. Nano Lett. 2005, 5, 1529-1533.
14. Miaudet, P.; Badaire, S.; Maugey, M.; Derre, A.; Pichot, V.; Launois, P.; Poulin, P.; Zakri, C. Hot-Drawing of Single and Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Fibers for High Toughness and Alignment. Nano Lett. 2005, 5, 2212-2215.
15. Jiang, K. L.; Li, Q. Q.; Fan, S. S. Nanotechnology: Spinning Continuous Carbon Nanotube Yarns - Carbon Nanotubes Weave Their Way into a Range of Imaginative Macroscopic Applications. Nature 2002, 419, 801.
16. Zhang, M.; Atkinson, K. R.; Baughman, R. H. Multifunctional Carbon Nanotube Yarns by Downsizing an Ancient Technology. Science 2004, 306, 1358-1361.
17. Zhang, X. F.; Li, Q. W.; Tu, Y.; Li, Y. A.; Coulter, J. Y.; Zheng, L. X.; Zhao, Y. H.; Jia, Q. X.; Peterson, D. E.; Zhu, Y. T. Strong Carbon-Nanotube Fibers Spun from Long Carbon-Nanotube Arrays. Small 2007, 3, 244-248.
18. Baughman, R. H.; Zakhidov, A. A.; de Heer, W. A. Carbon Nanotubes - The Route toward Applications. Science 2002, 297, 787-792.
19. Barinov, A.; Gregoratti, L.; Dudin, P.; La Rosa, S.; Kiskinova, M. Imaging and Spectroscopy of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes during Oxidation: Defects and Oxygen Bonding. Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 1916-1920.
20. Mielke, S. L.; Troya, D.; Zhang, S.; Li, J. L.; Xiao, S. P.; Car, R.; Ruoff, R. S.; Schatz, G. C.; Belytschko, T. The Role of Vacancy Defects and Holes in the Fracture of Carbon Nanotubes. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2004, 390, 413-420.
21. Sammalkorpi, M.; Krasheninnikov, A.; Kuronen, A.; Nordlund, K.; Kaski, K. Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes with Vacancies and Related Defects. Phys. Rev. B 2004, 70, 8.
22. Yi, W.; Lu, L.; Zhang, D. L.; Pan, Z. W.; Xie, S. S. Linear Specific Heat of Carbon Nanotubes. Phys. Rev. B 1999, 59, R9015-R9018.
23. Hou, W. Y.; Xiao, S. P. Mechanical Behaviors of Carbon Nanotubes with Randomly Located Vacancy Defects. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2007, 7, 4478-4485.
24. Scarpa, F.; Adhikari, S.; Wang, C. Y. Mechanical Properties of Nonreconstructed Defective Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes. J. Phys. D 2009, 42, 6.
25. Che, J. W.; Cagin, T.; Goddard, W. A. Thermal Conductivity of Carbon Nanotubes. Nanotechnology 2000, 11, 6569.
26. Liu, C. H.; Fan, S. S. Effects of Chemical Modifications on the Thermal Conductivity of Carbon Nanotube Composites. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 86, 3.
27. Mingo, N.; Broido, D. A. Length Dependence of Carbon Nanotube Thermal Conductivity and the "Problem of Long Waves". Nano Lett. 2005, 5, 1221-1225.
28. Padgett, C. W.; Brenner, D. W. Influence of Chemisorption on the Thermal Conductivity of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes. Nano Lett. 2004, 4, 1051-1053.
29. Monthioux, M.; Smith, B. W.; Burteaux, B.; Claye, A.; Fischer, J. E.; Luzzi, D. E. Sensitivity of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes to Chemical Processing: An Electron Microscopy Investigation. Carbon 2001, 39, 1251-1272.
30. Metenier, K.; Bonnamy, S.; Beguin, F.; Journet, C.; Bernier, P.; de La, Chapelle, M. L.; Chauvet, O.; Lefrant, S. Coalescence of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Formation of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes under High-Temperature Treatments. Carbon 2002, 40, 1765-1773.
31. Bom, D.; Andrews, R.; Jacques, D.; Anthony, J.; Chen, B. L.; Meier, M. S.; Selegue, J. P. Thermogravimetric Analysis of the Oxidation of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes: Evidence for the Role of Defect Sites in Carbon Nanotube Chemistry. Nano Lett. 2002, 2, 615-619.
32. Paton, K. R.; Windle, A. H. Efficient Microwave Energy Absorption by Carbon Nanotubes. Carbon 2008, 46, 1935-1941.
33. Salvetat, J. P.; Kulik, A. J.; Bonard, J. M.; Briggs, G. A. D.; Stockli, T.; Metenier, K.; Bonnamy, S.; Beguin, F.; Burnham, N. A.; Forro, L. Elastic Modulus of Ordered and Disordered Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes. Adv. Mater. 1999, 11, 161-165.
34. Imholt, T. J.; Dyke, C. A.; Hasslacher, B.; Perez, J. M.; Price, D. W.; Roberts, J. A.; Scott, J. B.; Wadhawan, A.; Ye, Z.; Tour, J. M. Nanotubes in Microwave Fields: Light Emission, Intense Heat, Outgassing, and Reconstruction. Chem. Mater. 2003, 15, 3969-3970.
35. Wadhawan, A.; Garrett, D.; Perez, J. M. Nanoparticle-Assisted Microwave Absorption by Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 83, 2683-2685.
36. Naab, F.; Dhoubhadel, M.; Holland, O. W.; Duggan, J. L.; Roberts, J.; McDaniel, F. D. In The Role of Metallic Impurities in the Interaction of Carbon Nanotubes with Microwave Radiation, 10th International Conference on Particle Induced X-ray Emission and its Analytical Applications, Portoroz, Slovenia, 2004; Wiley Interscience: Portoroz, Slovenia, 2004; pp 601.1-601.4.
37. Babaei, S.; Solari, M. S. Microwave Attenuation of Hydrogen Plasma in Carbon Nanotubes. J. Appl. Phys. 2008, 104, 124315.
38. Ye, Z.; Deering, W. D.; Krokhin, A.; Roberts, J. A. Microwave Absorption by an Array of Carbon Nanotubes: A Phenomenological Model. Phys. Rev. B 2006, 74, 075425.
39. Kim, J.; So, H. M.; Kim, N.; Kim, J. J.; Kang, K. Microwave Response of Individual Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes. Phys. Rev. B 2004, 70, 153402.
40. Vazquez, E.; Prato, M. Carbon Nanotubes and Microwaves: Interactions, Responses, and Applications. ACS Nano 2009, 3, 3819-3824.
41. Delgado, J. L.; De la Cruz, P.; Langa, F.; Urbina, A.; Casado, J.; Lopez Navarrete, J. T. Microwave-Assisted Sidewall Functionalization of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes by Diels-Alder Cycloaddition. Chem. Commun. 2004, 1734-1735.
42. Wang, Y.; Iqbal, Z.; Mitra, S. Rapidly Functionalized, Water-Dispersed Carbon Nanotubes at High Concentration. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 95-99.
43. Raghuveer, M. S.; Agrawal, S.; Bishop, N.; Ramanath, G. Microwave-Assisted Single-Step Functionalization and in Situ Derivatization of Carbon Nanotubes with Gold Nanoparticles. Chem. Mater. 2006, 18, 1390-1393.
44. Brunetti, F. G.; Herrero, M. A.; de, M; Munoz, J.; Giordani, S.; Diaz-Ortiz, A.; Filippone, S.; Ruaro, G.; Meneghetti, M.; Prato, P.; Va'zquez, E. Reversible Microwave-Assisted Cycloaddition of Aziridines to Carbon Nanotubes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 14580-14581.
45. Liu, J.; Zubiri, M. R. I.; Vigolo, B.; Dossot, M.; Fort, Y.; Ehrhardt, J. J.; McRae, E. Efficient Microwave-Assisted Radical Functionalization of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes. Carbon 2007, 45, 885-891.
46. Kakade, B. A.; Pillai, V. K. An Efficient Route towards the Covalent Functionalization of Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2008, 254, 4936-4943.
47. Colomer, J. F.; Marega, R.; Traboulsi, H.; Meneghetti, M.; Tendeloo, G. V.; Bonifazi, D. Microwave-Assisted Bromination of Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Chem. Mater. 2009, 21, 4747-4749.
48. Lin, W.; Zhang, R. W.; Moon, K. S.; Wong, C. P. Molecular Phonon Couplers at Carbon Nanotube/Substrate Interface to Enhance Interfacial Thermal Transport. Carbon 2010, 48, 107-113.
49. Economopoulos, S. P.; Pagona, G.; Yudasaka, M.; Iijima, S.; Tagmatarchis, N. Solvent-Free Microwave-Assisted Bingel Reaction in Carbon Nanohorns. J. Mater. Chem. 2009, 19, 7326-7331.
50. Zhu, L. B.; Hess, D. W.; Wong, C. P. Monitoring Carbon Nanotube Growth by Formation of Nanotube Stacks and Investigation of the Diffusion-Controlled Kinetics. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 5445-5449.
51. Lin, W.; Xiu, Y. G.; Jiang, H. J.; Zhang, R. W.; Hildreth, O.; Moon, K. S.; Wong, C. P. Self-Assembled Monolayer-Assisted Chemical Transfer of in Situ Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 9636-9637.
52. Zhu, L. B.; Xiu, Y. H.; Hess, D. W.; Wong, C. P. Aligned Carbon Nanotube Stacks by Water-Assisted Selective Etching. Nano Lett. 2005, 5, 2641-2645.
53. Dresselhaus, M. S.; Dresselhaus, G.; Saito, R.; Jorio, A. Raman Spectroscopy of Carbon Nanotubes. Phys. Rep. 2005, 409, 47-99.
54. Curran, S. A.; Talla, J. A.; Zhang, D.; Carroll, D. L. Defect-Induced Vibrational Response of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Using Resonance Raman Spectroscopy. J. Mater. Res. 2005, 20, 3368-3373.
55. de los Arcos, T.; Garnier, M. G.; Oelhafen, P.; Mathys, D.; Seo, J. W.; Domingo, C.; Garci-Ramos, J. V.; Sanchez-Cortes, S. Strong Influence of Buffer Layer Type on Carbon Nanotube Characteristics. Carbon 2004, 42, 187-190.
56. Pang, L. S. K.; Saxby, J. D.; Chatfield, S. P. Thermogravimetric Analysis of Carbon Nanotubes and Nanoparticles. J. Phys. Chem. 1993, 97, 6941-6942.
57. McKee, G. S. B.; Flowers, J. S.; Vecchio, K. S. Length and the Oxidation Kinetics of Chemical-Vapor-Deposition-Generated Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 10108-10113.
58. Rinzler, A. G.; Liu, J.; Dai, H.; Nikolaev, P.; Huffman, C. B.; Rodriguez-Macias, F. J.; Boul, P. J.; Lu, A. H.; Heymann, D.; Colbert, D. T.; et al. Large-Scale Purification of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes: Process, Product, and Characterization. Appl. Phys. A 1998, 67, 29-37.
59. Bundy, F. P.; Kasper, J. S. Hexagonal Diamond - A New Form of Carbon. J. Chem. Phys. 1967, 46, 3437-3446.
60. + Ion Bombardment. Acta Phys. Sin. 2000, 49, 1524-1527.
61. Chen, L. Y.; Chau-Nan Hong, F. Diamond-like Carbon Nanocomposite Films. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 82, 3526-3528.
62. Sarangi, D.; Godon, C.; Granier, A.; Moalic, R.; Goullet, A.; Turban, G.; Chauvet, O. Carbon Nanotubes and Nanostructures Grown from Diamond-like Carbon and Polyethylene. Appl. Phys. A 2001, 73, 765-768.
63. Tang, Y. H.; Lin, L. W.; Guo, C. Hydrogen Storage Mechanism of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Bundles Studied by X-ray Absorption Spectra. Acta Phys. Sin. 2006, 55, 4197-4201.
64. Nikitin, A.; Li, X. L.; Zhang, Z. Y.; Ogasawara, H.; Dai, H. J.; Nilsson, A. Hydrogen Storage in Carbon Nanotubes through the Formation of Stable C-H Bonds. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 162-167.
65. Kundu, S.; Wang, Y. M.; Xia, W.; Muhler, M. Thermal Stability and Reducibility of Oxygen-Containing Functional Groups on Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Surfaces: A Quantitative High-Resolution XPS and TPD/TPR Study. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 16869-16878.
66. Young, D. D.; Nichols, J.; Kelly, R. M.; Deiters, A. Microwave Activation of Enzymatic Catalysis. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 10048-10049.
67. Kappe, C. O. Controlled Microwave Heating in Modern Organic Synthesis. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 6250-6284.
68. Zhang, S.; Zhu, L.; Minus, M. L.; Chae, H. G.; Jagannathan, S.; Wong, C. P.; Kowalik, J.; Roberson, L. B.; Kumar, S. Solid-State Spun Fibers and Yarns from 1-mm Long Carbon Nanotube Forests Synthesized by Water-Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition. J. Mater. Sci. 2008, 43, 4356-4362.
69. Motta, M.; Moisala, A.; Kinloch, I. A.; Windle, A. H. High Performance Fibres from "Dog Bone" Carbon Nanotubes. Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 3721-3726.
70. Li, Y. L.; Kinloch, I. A.; Windle, A. H. Direct Spinning of Carbon Nanotube Fibers from Chemical Vapor Deposition Synthesis. Science 2004, 304, 276-278.
71. Ma, W. J.; Liu, L. Q.; Yang, R.; Zhang, T. H.; Zhang, Z.; Song, L.; Ren, Y.; Shen, J.; Niu, Z. Q.; Zhou, W. Y.; Xie, S. S. Monitoring a Micromechanical Process in Macroscale Carbon Nanotube Films and Fibers. Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 603-608.
72. Lin, W.; Wong, C. P. Comment on "The Effect of Stress Transfer within Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes upon Their Ability to Reinforce Composites". Adv. Mater., published online December 4, 2009, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.200902189.
73. Shim, B. S.; Zhu, J.; Jan, E.; Critchley, K.; Ho, S. S.; Podsiadlo, P.; Sun, K.; Kotov, N. A. Multiparameter Structural Optimization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Composites: Toward Record Strength, Stiffness, and Toughness. ACS Nano 2009, 3, 1711-1722.
74. Tawfick, S.; O'Brien, K.; Hart, A. J. Flexible High-Conductivity Carbon-Nanotube Interconnects Made by Rolling and Printing. Small 2009, 5, 2467-2473.
75. Zhu, L. B.; Xu, J. W.; Xiu, Y. H.; Sun, Y. Y.; Hess, D. W.; Wong, C. P. Growth and Electrical Characterization of High-Aspect-Ratio Carbon Nanotube Arrays. Carbon 2006, 44, 253-258.
76. Lin, W.; Moon, K. S.; Wong, C. P. A Combined Process of in Situ Functionalization and Microwave Treatment to Achieve Ultrasmall Thermal Expansion of Aligned Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Nanocomposites: Toward Applications as Thermal Interface Materials. Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 2421-2424.
77. Lin, W.; Zhang, R. W.; Moon, K. S.; Wong, C. P. Synthesis of High-Quality Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes on Bulk Copper Substrate for Thermal Management, submitted for publication.