Blood pressure lowering efficacy of diuretics as second-line therapy for primary hypertension

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn , Issue 4, 2009, Pages

  Chen, Jenny M H ^a   Heran, Balraj S ^b   Wright, James M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EXETER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; BENAZEPRIL; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CHLORTALIDONE; CLONIDINE; CLOPAMIDE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; FOSINOPRIL; FUROSEMIDE; GUANABENZ; GUANFACINE; HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE; INDAPAMIDE; LISINOPRIL; LOOP DIURETIC AGENT; METHYLDOPA; METOPROLOL; MOEXIPRIL; MOXONIDINE; OLMESARTAN; OXPRENOLOL; PENBUTOLOL; PERINDOPRIL; PIRETANIDE; RENIN INHIBITOR; RILMENIDINE; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALSARTAN;

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; HEART RATE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INCIDENCE; MONOTHERAPY; REVIEW; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

EID: 77949832633     PISSN: 1469493X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007187.pub2.     Document Type: Review

References (150)

1. Asplund 1981 {published data only} * Asplund J. A fixed-ratio combination of metoprolol and hydrochlorothiazide (Co-betaloc(TM)) in essential hypertension: A comparison between the individual drugs. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical & Experimental 1981;29(3):387- 394. [: EMBASE1981130462]
2. Benz 1998 {published data only} * Benz JR, Black HR, Graff A, Reed A, Fitzsimmons S, Shi Y. Valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide in patients with essential hypertension. A multiple dose, double-blind, placebo controlled trial comparing combination therapy with monotherapy. Journal of Human Hypertension 1998;12:861-6. [MEDLINE: MEDLINE 99098179; : CN-00158693]
3. Bermudez 1982 {published data only} * Bermudez J.A. Kornhauser Araujo C. Parra Carrillo J.Z. Paz Barahona M. Management of essential arterial hypertension with a single daily dose of a fixed combination of slow-release oxprenolol and chlorthalidone [MANEJO DE LA HIPERTENSION ARTERIAL ESENCIAL CON LA COMBINACION FIJA DE OXPRENOLOL DE LIBERACION LENTA MAS CLORFTALIDONA, EN UNA DOSIS AL DIA. ENSAYO COMPARATIVO Y MULTICENTRICO]. Investigacion Medica Internacional 1982;9(2):156-163.
4. Brown 1990 {published data only} * Brown CL, Backhouse CI, Grippat JC, Santoni JP. The effect of perindopril and hydrochlorothiazide alone and in combination on blood pressure and on the renin-angiotensin system in hypertensive subjects.. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1990;39(4):327-32. [MEDLINE: MEDLINE 91168986; : CN-00073926]
5. Camera 1995 {published data only} * Camera MI, Waisman GD, Galarza CR, Alfie J, Arahabety A, Saggese O, Magi MI, Mayorga LM. Multi-centre study of the antihypertensive effect of lisinopril (20 mg) and a fixed combination of lisinopril (20 mg) and hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg) once daily in mild to moderate essential hypertension.. Drug Development Research. 1995;34(suppl. 2):20-23. [: EMBASE 1995095667; CN-00169283]
6. Waisman GD, Galarza CR, Alfie J, Mayorga LM, et al.Comparison of the Haemodynamic Effects of Lisinopril and Lisinopril Plus Hydrochlorothiazide During Rest and Orthostatic Stress. Drug Development Research 1995;Suppl 2:24-29.
7. Chadha 1983 {published data only} * Chadha DR, Houtzagers JJ. A comparison of a combination of penbutolol and frusemide with the two compounds individually in the treatment of hypertension. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1983;16(5):561-4. [MEDLINE: MEDLINE6357258; : CN-00032826]
8. Chrysant 1994 {published data only} * Chrysant SG. Antihypertensive effectiveness of low-dose lisinopril-hydrochlorothiazide combination. A large multicenter study. Archives of Internal Medicine 1994;154(7):737-43. [MEDLINE: MEDLINE 94197508; : EMBASE 1994117160, CN-00100251]
9. Chrysant 1996 {published data only} * Chrysant SG, Fagan T, Glazer R, Kriegman A. Effects of benazepril and hydrochlorothiazide, given alone and in low- and high-dose combinations, on blood pressure in patients with hypertension. Archives of Family Medicine 1996;5(1):17-24; discussion 25. [MEDLINE: MEDLINE8542050; : CN-00122483]
10. Chrysant 2004 {published data only} * Chrysant SG, Weber MA, Wang AC, Hinman DJ. Evaluation of antihypertensive therapy with the combination of olmesartan medoxomil and hydrochlorothiazide.. American journal of hypertension : journal of the American Society of Hypertension 2004;17(3):252-9.
11. Drayer 1995 {published data only} * Drayer JI, Stimpel M, Fox A, Weber M. The Antihypertensive Properties of the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Moexipril Given Alone or in Combination with a Low Dose of a Diuretic [Am J Ther]. 1995 2;8:525-531.
12. Fernandez 1994 {published data only} * Fernandez M, Madero R, Gonzalez D, Camacho P, Villalpando J, Arriaga J. Combined versus single effect of fosinopril and hydrochlorothiazide in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 1994;23 (1 Suppl):I207-10. [MEDLINE: MEDLINE 94109871; : CN-00098271, EMBASE 1994025969]
13. Frei 1994 {published data only} * Frei M, Küster L, Gardosch von Krosigk PP, Koch HF, Küppers H. Moxonidine and hydrochlorothiazide in combination: a synergistic antihypertensive effect.. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology 1994;24 Suppl 1:S25-8.
14. Frishman 1994 {published data only} * Frishman WH, Bryzinski BS, Coulson LR, DeQuattro VL, Vlachakis ND, Mroczek WJ, Dukart G, Goldberg JD, Alemayehu D, Koury K. A multifactorial trial design to assess combination therapy in hypertension. Treatment with bisoprolol and hydrochlorothiazide. Archives of Internal Medicine 1994;154(13): 1461-8. [MEDLINE: MEDLINE 94288713; : CN-00102520, EMBASE 1994210883]
15. Frishman 1995 {published data only} * Frishman WH, Burris JF, Mroczek WJ, Weir MR, Alemayehu D, Simon JS, Chen SY, Bryzinski BS. First-line therapy option with low-dose bisoprolol fumarate and low-dose hydrochlorothiazide in patients with stage I and stage II systemic hypertension. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1995;35(2):182-8. [MEDLINE: MEDLINE 95270751; : EMBASE 1995055004, CN-00114120]
16. Genthon 1994 {published data only} * Genthon R, Andrieux LA, Arnaud J, Ballade M, Billou J, Bosredon A, Boutges B, Dubon T, Goigoux B, Lalanne G, Laurentjoye F, Lion A, Lorans P, Maurat X, Moulinet P, Ricard L, Roche A, Sdrigotti D, Rangoonwala B, et al.Study of the efficacy and safety of the combination ramipril 2.5 mg plus hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension. INT J CLIN PHARMACOL RES 1994;14(1):1-9. [MEDLINE: MEDLINE7927956; : EMBASE 1994205899; CN-00170369]
17. Hart 1991 {published data only} * Hart W. Lisinopril-hydrochlorothiazide combination compared with the monocomponents in elderly hypertensive patients. Journal of Human Hypertension 1991;5 Suppl 2:85-9. [MEDLINE: MEDLINE1665184; : CN-00081965; EMBASE1992032801]
18. Homuth 1993 {published data only} Homuth V, Faulhaber HD, Loose U, Loffler K, Luft FC. Usefulness of piretanide plus ramipril for systemic hypertension: a multicenter trial. American Journal of Cardiology 1993;72(9): 666-71. [MEDLINE: MEDLINE8249842; : CN-00097410; EMBASE1993273569]
19. Kayanakis 1987 {published data only} * Kayanakis JG, Baulac L. Comparative study of once-daily administration of captopril 50 mg, hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg and their combination in mild to moderate hypertension. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1987;23 Suppl 1:89S-92S. [MEDLINE: MEDLINE 87213979; : CN-00048048]
20. Kellaway 1993 {published data only} * Kellaway GS. A comparison of the efficacy of cilazapril versus cilazapril plus hydrochlorothiazide in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. Inhibace General Practice Study Group.. European journal of clinical pharmacology 1993;44(4): 377-9.
21. Kochar 1999 {published data only} * Kochar M, Guthrie R, Triscari J, Kassler-Taub K, Reeves RA. Matrix study of irbesartan with hydrochlorothiazide in mild-to-moderate hypertension. American Journal of Hypertension 1999;12 (8 Pt 1):797-805. [MEDLINE: MEDLINE 99408350; : CN-00167270]
22. Lacourciere 1994 {published data only} * Lacourcière Y, Arnott W. Placebo-controlled comparison of the effects of nebivolol and low-dose hydrochlorothiazide as monotherapies and in combination on blood pressure and lipid profile in hypertensive patients.. Journal of human hypertension 1994 Apr;8(4):283-8.
23. Lacourciere 2005 {published data only} * Lacourcière Y, Poirier L, Hebert D, Assouline L, Stolt P, Rehel B, Khder Y. Antihypertensive efficacy and tolerability of two fixed-dose combinations of valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide compared with valsartan monotherapy in patients with stage 2 or 3 systolic hypertension: an 8-week, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial.. Clinical therapeutics 2005;27(7):1013-21.
24. Lenz 1994 {published data only} * Lenz T, Schulte KL, Wagner B, Lilienthal J, Gotzen R. Quinapril, hydrochlorothiazide, and combination in patients with moderate to severe hypertension.. European Heart Journal 1994;15(7):940-6. [: CN-00104892; EMBASE 1994237184]
25. Li 2003 {published data only} * Li Y, Liu G, Jiang B, Gao R, Chen L, Su L, Li J. A comparison of initial treatment with losartan/HCTZ versus losartan monotherapy in chinese patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension.. International Journal of Clinical Practice 2003;58(7):673-7. [: CN-00459020]
26. MacKay 1996 {published data only} * MacKay JH, Arcuri KE, Goldberg AI, Snapinn SM, Sweet CS. Losartan and low-dose hydrochlorothiazide in patients with essential hypertension. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of concomitant administration compared with individual components.. Archives of Internal Medicine 1996;156(3):278-85. [: EMBASE 1996062529; CN-00123252]
27. Schoenberger JA, Bauer J, Barden LP, Brown R, Byyny R, Cohen J, Davis A, Davis P, Popli S, Guthrie G, Herman T, Hotltzman J, Kelly D, Marbury TC, Lewis G, Littlejohn T, MacKay JH, Mulrow P, O CD, et al.Losartan with hydrochlorothiazide in the treatment of hypertension.. Journal of Hypertension, Supplement. 1995;13(1): S43-S47. [: EMBASE 1995266978]
28. Manning 1996 {published data only} * Manning G, Joy A, Mathias CJ, McDonald CJ, Millar-Craig MW. Double-blind, parallel, comparative multicentre study of a new combination of diltiazem and hydrochlorothiazide with individual components in patients with mild or moderate hypertension. Journal of human hypertension 1996 Jul;10(7):443-8.
29. McGill 2001 {published data only} McGill JB. Angiotensin II receptor antagonist plus a thiazide diuretic is more efficacious for treating hypertension than either drug alone.. Blood Pressure Monitoring 2001;6(SUPPL. 1):S3-S13. * McGill JB, Reilly PA. Telmisartan plus hydrochlorothiazide versus telmisartan or hydrochlorothiazide monotherapy in patients with mild to moderate hypertension: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial. Clinical Therapeutics 2001;23(6):833-50. [MEDLINE: MEDLINE 21333338; : CN-00373202]
30. Merrill 1987 {published data only} Merrill DD, Byyny RL, Carr A, Dauer AD, Kazilionis JE, Lester FM, Miller K, Gibson TP, Whipple J. Lisinopril/HCTZ in essential hypertension [abstract]. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1987; Vol. 41, issue 2:227.
31. Mersey 1993 {published data only} * Mersey J, D'Hemecourt P, Blaze K. Once-daily fixed combination of captopril and hydrochlorothiazide as first line therapy for mild to moderate hypertension. CURR. THER. RES. CLIN. EXP. 1993;53 (5):502-512. [MEDLINE: EMBASE 1993242231; : CN-00182021]
32. Meyer 1994 {published data only} * Meyer BH, Pauly NC. Double-blind comparison of the efficacy and safety of trandolapril 2 mg and hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg in patients with mild-to-moderate essential hypertension. J CARDIOVASC PHARMACOL 1994;23(SUPPL. 4):S77-S80. [MEDLINE: MEDLINE7527107; : EMBASE 1994264217; CN-00172078]
33. Neutel 2008 {published data only} * Neutel J.M, Franklin S.S, Lapuerta P, Bhaumik A, Ptaszynska A. A comparison of the efficacy and safety of irbesartan/HCTZ combination therapy with irbesartan and HCTZ monotherapy in the treatment of moderate hypertension.. Journal of Human Hypertension 2008;22(4):266-274.
34. Oparil 1980 {published data only} * Oparil S. Multiclinic double-blind evaluation of timolol combined with hydrochlorothiazide in essential hypertension. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical & Experimental 1980;27(4): 527-537. [: CN-00333696; EMBASE 1980132951]
35. Papademetriou 2000 {published data only} * Papademetriou V, Reif M, Henry D, et al.Combination Therapy with Candesartan Cilexetil and Hydrochlorothiazide in Patients with Systemic Hypertension. Journal of Clinical Hypertension 2000; 2:372-8.
36. Papademetriou 2006 {published data only} * Papademetriou V, Hainer JW, Sugg J, Munzer D, ATTACH Study Group. Factorial antihypertensive study of an extended-release metoprolol and hydrochlorothiazide combination.. American journal of hypertension : journal of the American Society of Hypertension 2006 Dec;19(12):1217-25.
37. Parati 2006 {published data only} * Parati G, Omboni S, Castiglioni G, Cereda U, Corradi L, Fogari R, Garavelli G, Malacco E, Pisani A, Villa G. Antihypertensive efficacy of zofenopril and hydrochlorothiazide combination on ambulatory blood pressure. Blood Pressure 2006;15(Suppl 1):7-17.
38. Philipp 1997 {published data only} * Philipp T, Letzel H, Arens HJ. Dose-finding study of candesartan cilexetil plus hydrochlorothiazide in patients with mild to moderate hypertension.. Journal of human hypertension 1997 Sep;11 Suppl 2: S67-8.
39. Pool 1987 {published data only} * Pool JL, Gennari J, Goldstein R, Kochar MS, Lewin AJ, Maxwell MH, McChesney JA, Mehta J, Nash DT, Nelson EB, et al.Controlled multicenter study of the antihypertensive effects of lisinopril, hydrochlorothiazide, and lisinopril plus hydrochlorothiazide in the treatment of 394 patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 1987;9 Suppl 3:S36-42. [MEDLINE: MEDLINE2442550; : CN-00254084; EMBASE1987181938]
40. Pool 1993 {published data only} * Pool PE, Applegate WB, Woehler T, Sandall P, Cady WJ. A randomized, controlled trial comparing diltiazem, hydrochlorothiazide, and their combination in the therapy of essential hypertension. Pharmacotherapy 1993;13(5):487-93. [MEDLINE: MEDLINE 94068188; : CN-00097378]
41. Pool 1997 {published data only} * Pool JL, Cushman WC, Saini RK, Nwachuku CE, Battikha JP. Use of the factorial design and quadratic response surface models to evaluate the fosinopril and hydrochlorothiazide combination therapy in hypertension. American Journal of Hypertension 1997;10 (1):117-23. [MEDLINE: MEDLINE 97160960; : CN-00136040]
42. Pool 2007a {published data only} * Pool JL, Schmieder RE, Azizi M, Aldigier JC, Januszewicz A, Zidek W, Chiang Y, Satlin A. Aliskiren, an orally effective renin inhibitor, provides antihypertensive efficacy alone and in combination with valsartan.. American journal of hypertension : journal of the American Society of Hypertension 2007 Jan;20(1):11-20.
43. Pool 2007b {published data only} * Pool JL, Glazer R, Weinberger M, Alvarado R, Huang J, Graff A. Comparison of valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide combination therapy at doses up to 320/25 mg versus monotherapy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study followed by long-term combination therapy in hypertensive adults.. Clinical therapeutics 2007 Jan;29(1):61-73.
44. Prisant 2000 {published data only} * Prisant LM. Ambulatory Blood Pressure Profiles in Patients Treated with Once-Daily Diltiazem Extended-Release or Indapamide Alone or in Combination. American Journal of Therapeutics 2000;7:177-184.
45. Romero 1995 {published data only} * Romero R, Castellote E, Ocon J, Wagner B. Controlled multicenter study with quinapril, hydrochlorothiazide, and combination in patients with moderate to severe hypertension.. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 1995;26(1):114-8. [MEDLINE: MEDLINE 96057138; : CN-00120025]
46. Rosenthal 1990 {published data only} * Rosenthal T, Grossman E, Rathaus M, Bernheim J, Zevin D, Levi J, Weinstein J, Rogel S. Treatment of hypertension by enalapril and hydrochlorothiazide separately and together: a multicenter study. Israel Journal of Medical Sciences 1990;26(2):63-6. [MEDLINE: MEDLINE2180849; : CN-00066622; EMBASE1990104829]
47. Safar 1973 {published data only} * Safar M, Maiz HB, Weiss Y, Lagrue G, Milliez P. [Antihypertensive action of a beta-blocker: value of a controlled therapeutic trial] [Action anti-hypertensive d'un bêta-bloqueur: intérêt d'un essai thérapeutique contrôlé.]. Therapeutique (La Semaine des hôpitaux) 1973 Sep-Oct;49(7):459-62.
48. Safar M, Weiss Y, Sobel A, Lagrue G, Milliez P. [Antihypertensive properties of a beta blocking agent, pindolol] [Action anti-hypertensive d'un bêta-bloqueur, le pindolol.]. La Nouvelle presse médicale 1973 Nov;2(40):2685-8.
49. Safar 1994 {published data only} Safar M, Zanchetti A, Sever PS, et al.Perindopril and Indapamide as a Combination in the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Hypertension - A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled European Multicenter Study [POSTER]. AJH 1994; Vol. 7, issue 4:43A.
50. Saruta 2007 {published data only} * Saruta T, Ogihara T, Matsuoka H, et al.Antihypertensive Efficacy and Safety of Fixied-Dose Combination Therapy with Losartan Plus Hydrochlorothiazide in Japanese Patients with Essential Hypertension. Hypertens Res 2007;30:729-739.
51. Saul 1995 {published data only} * Saul P. Efficacy and tolerability of a once-daily low-dose lisinopril /hydrochlorothiazide preparation: Comparison with its monocomponents. Drug Development Research. 1995;34(suppl. 2): 8-13. [: EMBASE 1995095665; CN-00173176]
52. Schoenberger 1986 {published data only} * Schoenberger JA, Wilson DJ. Once-daily treatment of essential hypertension with captopril.. Journal of Clinical Hypertension 1986; 2(4):379-87. [: CN-00046328]
53. Thijs 1995 {published data only} * Thijs L, Celis H, Kiowski W, Loffler K, Middeke M, Schulz W, Staessen J, Amery A. Double-blind comparison of antihypertensive treatment with ramipril and piretanide, given alone or in combination. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 1995;26(1): 33-8. [MEDLINE: MEDLINE7564362; : EMBASE 1995198201; CN-00120021]
54. Vaicaitis 1980 {published data only} * Vaicaitis JS. VVaicaitis JS. Evaluation of a beta-blocker, timolol maleate, combined with hydrochlorothiazide in essential hypertension.. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical & Experimental 1980;27(3):365-373. [: EMBASE1980107978 EMBASE1980107978]
55. Villamil 2007 {published data only} * Villamil A, Chrysant Sg, Calhoun D, et al.Renin Inhibition with Aliskiren Provides Additive Antihypertensive Efficacy When Used in Combination with Hydrochlorothiazide. Journal of Hypertension 2007;25:217-226.
56. von Manteuffel 1995 {published data only} * von Manteuffel GE, Rakette S, Woll EM, Reinfrank J, Schiemann J. Effectiveness and tolerance of combined verapamil retard and hydrochlorothiazide. Results of a double-blind, randomized study [Wirksamkeit und Vertraglichkeit der Kombination Verapamil retard und Hydrochlorothiazid. Ergebnisse einer doppelblinden, randomisierten Studie.]. Fortschritte der Medizin 1995;113(26): 374-8.
57. Weinberger 1982 {published data only} * Weinberger MH. Comparison of captopril and hydrochlorothiazide alone and in combination in mild to moderate essential hypertension.. British journal of clinical pharmacology 1982;14 Suppl 2:127S-131S.
58. Weir 1992 {published data only} * Weir MR, Weber MA, Punzi HA, Serfer HM, Rosenblatt S, Cady WJ. A dose escalation trial comparing the combination of diltiazem SR and hydrochlorothiazide with the monotherapies in patients with essential hypertension. Journal of Human Hypertension 1992;6 (2):133-8. [MEDLINE: MEDLINE1597846; : CN-00084591; EMBASE1992151099]
59. Yodfat 1994 {published data only} * Yodfat Y, Zimilchman R. Dose-finding and dose justification of once-daily cilazapril in combination with hydrochlorothiazide in non-obese patients with mild-to-moderate essential hypertension. J. DRUG DEV. 1993;6(3):117-121. [: EMBASE 1994092035; CN-00179498]
60. Agrawal 1979 {published data only} The treatment of hypertension with propranolol and bendrofluazide. Agrawal RL, Alliott RJ, George M, Gomez G, Trafford JA, Jequier PW, Lishman JD, Turner JR, Baber NS, Dawes PM. Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners 1979;29 (207):602-6.
61. Agrawal 1987 {published data only} Agrawal RL. Double-blind comparison of Inderal LA (160mg), Half-Inderal LA (80 mg), and Half-Inderal LA plus bendrofluazide (2.5mg) in the treatment of elderly hypertensive patients. The British Journal of Clinical Practice 1987;41:916-920.
62. Anderton 1988 {published data only} Anderton JL, Vallance BD, Stanley NN, Crowe PF, Mittra B, Perks WH. Atenolol and Sustained Release Nifedipine Alone and in Combination in Hypertension. Drugs 1988;35 (suppl. 4):22-26.
63. Bainbridge 1993 {published data only} Bainbridge AD, Macfadyen RJ, Stark S, Lees KR, Reid JL. The antihypertensive efficacy and tolerability of a low dose combination of ramipril and felodipine ER in mild to moderate essential hypertension.. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1993;36(4):323-30.
64. Bateman 1979 {published data only} Bateman DN, Dean CR, Mucklow JC. Atenolol and Chlorthalidone in Combination for Hypertension. Br. J. Clin. Pharmac 1979;7:357-363.
65. Bauer 1984 {published data only} Bauer JH, Gaddy P. Effects of Enalapril Alone, and in Combination with Hydrochlorothiazide, on Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone, Renal Function, Salt and Water Excretion, and Body Fluid Composition. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 1985;6(4):222-32.
66. * Comparative studies: enalapril versus hydrochlorothiazide as firststep therapy for the treatment of primary hypertension. Bauer JH, Jones LB. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 1984;4(1):55-62.
67. Bertrand 1982 {published data only} Bertrand Ed, Dienot B, Ravinet L. Study of treatment of arterial hypertension with oxprenolol (compared with placebo) and chlortalidone [Etude du traitement de l'hypertension artérielle par Oxprénolol (comparé à un placebo) et par Chlortalidone]. Médecine d'Afrique Noire 1982;29(4): 271-274.
68. Boike1982 {published data only} Boike SC, Durley Y, Cubberley RB. Atenolol and Chlorthalidone Administered Alone and in Combination for Essential Hypertension. Clinical Pharmacy 1982;1:449-53.
69. Bolzano 1984 {published data only} Bolzano K, Krempler F, Sandhofer F. [A combination of methyldopa, hydrochlorothiazide and amiloride in the treatment of essential hypertension] [Eine Kombination von Methyldopa, Hydrochlorothiazid und Amilorid bei der Behandlung der essentiellen Hypertonie.]. Acta medica Austriaca 1984;11(2):49-53.
70. Cajochen 1984 {published data only} Cajochen C, Krauchi K, Von AMA, Mori D, Graw P, Wirz-Justice A. A multicenter comparison of the antihypertensive effects of atenolol and chlorthalidone given alone and in combination. CURR THER RES, CLIN EXP 1984;35(1):31-39.
71. Canter 1994 {published data only} Canter D, Frank GJ, Knapp LE, Phelps M, Quade M, Texter M. Quinapril and hydrochlorothiazide combination for control of hypertension:assessment by factorial design. Quinapril InvestigatorGroup [see comments]. Journal of Human Hypertension 1994;8(3):155-62.
72. Cappuccio 1993 {published data only} Cappuccio FP, Markandu ND, Singer DRJ, MacGregor GA. Amlodipine and Lisinopril in Combination for the Treatment of Essential Hypertension: Efficacy and Predictors of Response. Journal of Hypertension 1993;11:839-47.
73. Chalmers 1982 {published data only} Chalmers JP, Wing LMH, Grygiel JJ, West MJ, Graham JR, Bune AJ. Effects of Once Daily Indapamide and Pindolol on Blood Pressure, Plasma Aldosterone Concentration and Plasma Renin Activity in a General Practice Setting. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1982;22:191-6.
74. Chalmers 1986 {published data only} Chalmers JP, Wing LMH,West MJ, Bune AJC, Elliott JM. Effects of Enalpril and Hydrochlorothiazide on Blood Pressure, Reninangiotensin System, and Atrial Natriuretic Factor in Essential Hypertension: A Double-blind Factorial Cross-over Study. Aust NZ J Med 1986;16:475-480.
75. Chrysant 1992 {published data only} Chrysant SG, Chappel C, Farnham DJ, Levin B, Lueg M, McCluskey D, Steiner C. Antihypertensive and metabolic effects of single and combined atenolol regimens. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1992;32(1):61-5. [MEDLINE: MEDLINE 1740538; : CN-00081715; EMBASE1992169096]
76. Crowe 1987 {published data only} Crowe PF, Finnegan OC, Rusell CJMcL, Varma MPS. A Double-blind Study of INderex in the Treatment of Essential Hypertension. The British Journal of Clinical Practice 1987;41(10):967-970.
77. Dahlof 1993 {published data only} Dahlof B, Jonsson L, Borgholst O, Ekblad G, Engstrand C, Grundestam I, Lindh A. Improved antihypertensive efficacy of the felodipine-metoprolol extended-release tablet compared with each drug alone.. Blood Pressure Supplement 1993;1:37-45.
78. Dargie 1986 {published data only} Dargie H, Cleland J, Findlay I, et al.Combination of Verapamil and Beta Blockers in Systemic Hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1986;57:80D-82D.
79. Dargie HJ. Verapamil and Beta-Blockers in Hypertension: A Beneficial Drug Interaction?. British Journal of Clinical Practice 1985;39(6 SUPPL. 42):44-47.
80. De Divitiis 1981 {published data only} De Divitiis O, Petitto M, Di Somma S, et al.Atenolol, chlorthalidone, and reserpine in mild-moderate hypertension: Double-blind comparison. Drugs Under Experimental & Clinical Research 1981;7(6):773-779.
81. De Divitiis 1983 {published data only} De Divitiis O, Di Somma S, Petitto M, Fazio S, Ligouri V. Indapamide and Atenolol in the Treatment of Hypertension: Double-blind Comparative and Combination Study. Current Medical Research Opinion 1983;8(7):493-500.
82. Durel 1992 {published data only} Durel LA, Hayashi PJ, Weidler DJ, Schneiderman N. Effectiveness of Antihypertensive Medications in Office and Ambulatory Settings: A Placebo-Controlled Comparison of Atenolol, Metroprolol, Chlorthalidone, Verapamil, and an Atenolol-Chlorthalidone Combination. J Clin Pharmacol 1992;32:564-570.
83. Erwteman 1984 {published data only} Erwteman TM, Nagelkerke N, Lubsen J, Koster M, Dunning AJ. Beta blockade, diuretics, and salt restriction for the management of mild hypertension: a randomised double blind trial. British medical journal (Clinical research ed.) 1984 Aug;289(6442):406-9.
84. Fernandez 1980 {published data only} Fernandez PG, Zachariah PK, Bryant DG, Missan SS. Anithypertensive efficacy of alpah-methyldopa, chlorothiazide and Supres-150 (alpha-methyldopa- chlorothiazide). CMA Journal 1980;123:284-287.
85. Forette 1979 {published data only} Forette F, Henry JF, Hervy MP, Forette B, Berthaux P. The treatment of hypertension in the elderly using a beta-blocker: acebutolol [Traitement de l'hypertension artérielle du sujet âgé par un bêta-bloquant: l'acébutolol.]. La Nouvelle presse médicale 1979;8(36):2881-4.
86. Frishman 1987 {published data only} Frishman WH, Goldberger J, Sherman D. Enalapril, hydrochlorothiazide, and combination therapy in patients with moderate hypertension.. Journal of Clinical Hypertension 1987;3(4):520-7.
87. Hart 1985 {published data only} Hart HC, Van dLDL, Lustermans FAT, et al.Double-blind comparison of dytenzide, atenolol and the combination of dytenzide and atenolol in patients with essential hypertension.. CURR-THER-RES,-CLIN-EXP 1985;38(5):702-709. [: CN-00175975; EMBASE 1986040698]
88. Hunter 1999 {published data only} Hunter SJ, Wiggam MI, Ennis CN, Whitehead HM, Sheridan B, Atkinson AB, Bell PM. Comparison of effects of captopril used either alone or in combination with a thiazide diuretic on insulin action in hypertensive Type 2 diabetic patients: a double-blind crossover study.[see comment].. Diabetic Medicine 1999;16(6):482- 7.
89. Jaattela 1979 {published data only} Jaattela A. The Fixed Combination of Propanolol and Bendrofluazide in the Treatment of Hypertension. Annals of Clinical Research 1979;11:80-82.
90. Jackson 1986 {published data only} Jackson G, Rowland M, Adam G, MacFarlane E, Jackson PG. Placebo Controlled Double-blind Randomised Cross-over Trial of Atenolol, Hydrochlorothiazide and Amiloride, and the Combination (Kalten) in Patients Over 60 Years of Age. The British Journal of Clinical Practice 1986;40(6):230-234.
91. Khalil 1982 {published data only} Khalil SI, El Zein O, El Mahadi Bella M. A double-blind, crossover study of acebutolol and hydrochlorothiazide/amiloride diuretic in Sudanese patients with essential hypertension.. Current medical research and opinion 1982;1:39-43.
92. Kieso 1983 {published data only} Kieso HA, Gould BA, Mann S, Hornung RS, Altman DG, Raftery EB. Effect on Intra-aterial Blood Pressure of Slow Release Metoprolol Combined with Placebo or Chlorthalidone. British Medical Journal 1983;287:717-720.
93. Koh 2007 {published data only} Koh KK, Quon MJ, Lee Y, et al.Additive Beneficial Cardiovascular and Metabolic Effects of Combination Therapy with Ramipril and Candesartan in Hypertensive Patients. European Heart Journal 2007;28:1440-7.
94. Kubik 1979 {published data only} Kubik M, Kendall M, Ebbutt A, John V. Metoprolol with and without chlorthalidone in hypertension. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics 1979;25(1):25-32.
95. Lang 1991 {published data only} Lang H. The results of a large multicentre study comparing lowdose lisinopril-hydrochlorothiazide with the monocomponents.. Journal of Human Hypertension 1991;5 Suppl 2:73-6.
96. Lechi 1982 {published data only} Lechi A, Pomari S, Berto R, et al.Clinical Evaluation of Labetolol Alone and Combined with Chlorthalidone in Essential Hypertension: A Double-blind Multicentre Controlled Study. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1982;22:289-93.
97. Leonetti 1986 {published data only} Leonetti G, Pasotti C, Capra A. Low-dose atenolol-chlorthalidone combination for treatment of mild hypertension.. International journal of clinical pharmacology, therapy, and toxicology 1986 Jan;24(1):43-7.
98. Magee 1986 {published data only} Magee PFA, Freis ED. Is Low-Dose Hydrochlorothiazide Effective?. Hypertension 1986;8 (suppl II):135-139.
99. Mehta 1988 {published data only} Mehta J, Lopez LM, Thorman AD. Lisinopril Versus Lisinopril plus Phydrochlorothiazide in Essential Hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1988;61:803-6.
100. Middlemost 1994 {published data only} Middlemost SJ, Tager R, Davis J, Sareli P. Effectiveness of enalapril in combination with low-dose hydrochlorothiazide versus enalapril alone for mild to moderate systemic hypertension in black patients.. American Journal of Cardiology 1994;73(15):1092-7.
101. Moncloa 1980 {published data only} Moncloa F, Hwang IK, Muccilli AC. Multiclinic evaluation of the antihypertensive effect of a methyldopa, hydrochlorothiazide, and amiloride combination.. Clinical Therapeutics 1980;3(3):168-75. [MEDLINE: MEDLINE7006811; : CN-00024331; EMBASE1981086995]
102. Morgan 1992 {published data only} * Morgan TO, Anderson A. Hemodynamic Comparisons of Enalapril and Felodipine and Their Combination. Kidney International 1992;41 (Suppl 36):S78-81.
103. Morgan TO, Anderson A, Jones E. Comparison and Interaction of Low Dose Felodipine and Enalapril in the Treatmetn of Essential Hypertension in Elderly Subjects. American Journal of Hypertension 1992;5:238-43.
104. Morgan 2002 {published data only} Morgan T, Anderson A. A comparison of candesartan, felodipine, and their combination in the treatment of elderly patients with systolic hypertension.. American Journal of Hypertension 2002;15(6):544-9.
105. Muiesan 1976 {published data only} Muiesan G, Magnani B, Agabiti-Rosei E, Alicandri C, Ambrosioni E, Miele N. Evaluation of the effect of timolol alone and in combination with hydrochlorothiazide and amiloride in the treatment of mild to moderate arterial hypertension: a doubleblind, controlled study. Clinical Science & Molecular Medicine - Supplement 1976;3:529s-531s. [MEDLINE: MEDLINE799563; : CN-00015916]
106. Neutel 2006 {published data only} Neutel JM, Smith DHG,Weber MA, et al.Efficacy of Combination Therapy With Amlodipine Besylate/Benazepril Hydrochloride for Lowering Systolic Blood Pressure in Stage 2 Hypertension. The American Journal of Geriatric Cardiology 2006;15(3):142-50.
107. Petrie 1975 {published data only} Petrie JC, Galloway DB, Webster J, Simpson WT, Lewis JA. Atenolol and Bendrofluazide in Hypertension. BritishMedical Journal 1975;4:133-5.
108. Ricciardelli 1985 {published data only} Hemodynamic effects of the antihypertensive treatment with atenolol plus chlortalidone in fixed combination: A double-blind crossover comparison with atenolol. Ricciardelli B, Cuocolo A, De LN, et al. Current Therapeutic Resesarch 1985;37(5):901-11.
109. Rosenthal 1989 {published data only} Rosenthal J, Letzel H, Blumner E, Volger K-D. Antihypertensive Therapy - Dose-Effect Relationship Between a Combination of Triamterene/Hydrochlorothiazide and Verapamil. Munch. med. Wschr 1989;131(16):319-22.
110. Salako 1990 {published data only} Salako LA, Falase AO, Aderounmu AF,Walker O. Assessment of a Fixed-dosage Combination of Atenolol and Chlorthalidone (Tenoretic) in Hypertensive Nigerians. Afr. J. Med. Sci 1990;19:57-61.
111. Salvetti 1987 {published data only} Salvetti A, Innocenti PF, Iardella M, Pambianco F, Saba GC, Rossetti M, Botta GF. Captopril and nifedipine interactions in the treatment of essential hypertensives: a crossover study.. Journal of Hypertension - Supplement 1987;5(4):S139-42.
112. Salvetti 1989 {published data only} * Salvetti A, Magagna A, Innocenti, et al.Chlorthalidone does not increase the hypotensive effect of nifedipine in essential hypertensives: a crossover multicentre study. Journal of hypertension 1989;7 (suppl 6):S250-1.
113. Salvetti A, Magagna A, Innocenti, et al.The Combination of Chlorthalidone with Nifedipine Does Not Exert an Additive Antiypertensive Effect in Essential Hypertensives: A Crossover Multicenter Study. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 1991;17:332-335.
114. Scholze 1993 {published data only} Scholze J, Breitstadt A, Cairns V, Bauer B, Bender N, Priestley C, Moreadith C, Phillips J, Vander Elst E, Koch G. Short report: ramipril and hydrochlorothiazide combination therapy in hypertension: a clinical trial of factorial design. The East Germany Collaborative Trial Group. Journal of hypertension 1993;11(2):217- 21.
115. Singer 1987 {published data only} Singer DRJ, Markandu ND, Shore AC, MacGregor GA. Nifeidipine and Acebutolol in COmbination for the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Essential Hypertension. Journal of Human Hypertension 1987;1:31-7.
116. Tonkin 1990 {published data only} Tonkin AL, Wing LMH, Russell AE, et al.Diltiazem and atenolol in essential hypertension: additivity of effect on blood pressure and cardiac conduction with combination therapy. Journal of Hypertension 1990;8:1015-1019.
117. Topouchian 1999 {published data only} Topouchian J, Asmar R, Sayegh F, Rudnicki A, Benetos A, Bacri AM, Safar ME. Changes in arterial structure and function under trandolapril-verapamil combination in hypertension.. Stroke 1999;5:1056-64.
118. VACSGAA 1977 {published data only} Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Aggents. Propanolol in the Treatment of Essential Hypertension. JAMA 1977;237(21): 2303-10.
119. Van Staden 1983 {published data only} Van Staden DA, Van Gelder LW, Van Der Lingen RE. Trial of Bendrofluazide Compared to Propranolol plus Bendrofluazide (Inderetic) for the Treatment of Essential Hypertension in Blacks. Current Therapeutic Research 1983;34(4):620-626.
120. Viskoper 1997 {published data only} Viskoper RJ, Compagnone D, Dies R, Zilles P. Verapamil and trandolapril alone and in fixed combination on 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure profiles of patients with moderate essential hypertension. Current Therapeutic Research - Clinical and Experimental 1997;58(6):343-51.
121. Weinberger 1983 {published data only} Weinberger MH. Influence of an angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibitor on diuretic-induced metabolic effects in hypertension.. Hypertension 1983;5(5 Pt 2):III132-8.
122. Wing 1988 {published data only} Wing LMH, Chalmers JP, West MJ, et al.Enalapril and Atenolol in Essential Hypertension: Attenuation of Hypotensive Effects in Combination. Clin. and Exper. Hyper. -Theory and Practice 1988;10(1):119-133.
123. Wing 1994 {published data only} Wing LM, Russell AE, Tonkin AL, Bune AJ, West MJ, Chalmers JP. Felodipine, metoprolol and their combination compared with placebo in isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly.. Blood Pressure 1994;3(1-2):82-9.
124. Azizi 2000 Azizi M, Linhart A, Alexander J, Goldberg A, Menten J, Sweet C, Menard J. Pilot study of combined blockade of the reninangiotensin system in essential hypertensive patients.. Journal of Hypertension 2000;18(8):1139-47.
125. Bucher 1997 Bucher HC, Guyatt GH, Griffith LE, Walker SD. The results of direct and indirect treatment comparisons in meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1997;50(6):683-691.
126. Chan 1997 Chan P, Lin CN, Tomlinson B, Lin TH, Lee YS. Additive effects of diltiazem and lisinopril in the treatment of elderly patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension. American Journal of Hypertension 1997;10(7 Pt 1):743-9.
127. Chen 2008a Chen JMH, Heran BS, Perez MI, Wright JM. Blood pressure lowering efficacy of drugs inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system as second-line therapy for primary hypertension. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007188]
128. Chen 2008b Chen JMH, Heran BS, Perez MI, Wright JM. Blood pressure lowering efficacy of beta-blockers as second-line therapy for primary hypertension. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 2. [DOI: DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007185]
129. Chen 2008c Chen JMH, Heran BS, Perez MI, Wright JM. Blood pressure lowering efficacy of calcium-channel blockers as second-line therapy for primary hypertension. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007186]
130. Farsang 2001 Farsang, C. Kawecka-Jaszcz K. Langan J. Maritz F. Zannad F. Antihypertensive effects and tolerability of candesartan cilexetil alone and in combination with amlodipine. Clinical Drug Investigation 2001;21(1):17-23.
131. Franklin 1999 Franklin SS, Khan SA,Wong ND, Larson MG, Levy D. Is Pulse Pressure Useful in Predicting Risk for Coronary Heart Disease?: The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1999;100:354-360.
132. Haider 2003 Haider AW, Larson MG, FranklinSS, Levy D, FraminghamHeart Study. Systolic bloodpressure, diastolic blood pressure, and pulse pressure as predictors of risk for congestiveheart failure in the Framingham Heart Study. Ann Intern Med 2003;138(1):10-16.
133. Heran 2009a Heran BS, Wong MMY, Heran IK,Wright JM. Blood pressure lowering efficacy of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors for primary hypertension. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/ 14651858.CD003823.pub2]
134. Heran 2009b Heran BS, Wong MMY, Heran IK,Wright JM. Blood pressure lowering efficacy of angiotensin receptor blockers for primary hypertension. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 20098, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003822.pub2]
135. Higgins 2008 Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.0.1 [updated September 2008]. The Cochrane Collaboration 2008; Vol. Available from www.cochrane- handbook.org.
136. Kuschnir 2004 Kuschnir E, Bendersky M, Resk J, Panart MS, Guzman L, Plotquin Y, Grassi G, Mancia G, Wagener G. Effects of the combination of low-dose Nifedipine GITS 20mg and Losartan 50mg in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology 2004;43:300-305.
137. Lessem 1989 Lessem JN, Barone EJ, Berl T, Detwiler J, Lewin AT, Lubash GD, Margolis R, McGowan RL, Ram CV, Vlachakis N, et al.Nicardipine and propranolol in the treatment of essential hypertension.. American Journal of Hypertension 1989;2(3 Pt 1):146-53.
138. Levine 1995 Levine JH, Ferdinand KC, Cargo P, Laine H, Lefkowitz M. Additive effects of verapamil and enalapril in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension. American Journal of Hypertension 1995;8 (5 Pt 1):494-9.
139. Materson 1993 Materson BJ, Reda DJ, Cushman WC, et al.Single-drug therapy for hypertension in men: comparison of six antihypertensive agents with placebo. N Engl J Med 1993;328:914-21.
140. Messerli 1998 Messerli F, Frishman WH, Elliott WJ. Effects of verapamil and trandolapril in the treatment of hypertension. American Journal of Hypertension 1998;11(3 Pt 1):322-7.
141. Musini 2002 Musini VM. A systematic review of the blood pressure lowering efficacy of thiazide diuretics in the treatment of adult patients with primary hypertension. MSc Thesis. The University of British Columbia. 2000.
142. Musini 2009 Musini VM, Wright JM. Factors Affecting Blood Pressure Variability: Lessons Learned from Two Systematic Reviews of Randomized ControlledTrials. PLoS ONE 2009;4(5):e5673. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005673]
143. Pittrow 1997 Pittrow DB. Antlsperger A. Welzel D. Wambach G. Schardt W. Weidinger G. Evaluation of the efficacy and tolerability of a low-dose combination of isradipine and spirapril in the first-line treatment of mild to moderate essential hypertension. Cardiovascular Drugs & Therapy 1997;11(5):619-627.
144. Psaty 2003 Psaty BM, Lumley T, Furberg CD, Schellenbaum G, Pahor M, Alderman MH, Weiss NS. Health outcomes associated with various antihypertensive therapies used as first-line agents: A network meta-analysis. JAMA 2003;289:2534-2544.
145. Scholze 1998 Scholze J, Zilles P, Compagnone D. Verapamil SR and trandolapril combination therapy in hypertension - A clinical trial of factorial design. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1998;45(5):491- 495.
146. Scholze 1999 Scholze J, Bauer B, Massaro J. Antihypertensive profiles with ascending dose combinations of ramipril and felodipine ER. Clinical & Experimental Hypertension (New York) 1999;21(8): 1447-62.
147. Song 2003 Song F, Altman DG, Glenny A-M, Deeks JJ. Validity of indirect comparison for estimating efficacy of competing interventions: empirical evidence from published meta-analyses. BMJ 2003;325:472- 476.
148. Wong 2007 Wong MMY. A systematic review of the blood pressure lowering efficacy of calcium channel blockers for primary hypertension. MSc Thesis. The Univeristy of British Columbia. 2007.
149. Wright 1999 Wright JM. Cheng-Han Lee, Chambers KC. Systematic review of antihypertensive therapies: does the evidence assist in choosing a first-line drug?. CMAJ 1999;161(1):25-32. [MEDLINE: 99349345]
150. Wright 2009 Wright JM, Musini VM. First-line drugs for hypertension. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001841.pub2]